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Determination of Nutritional Quality and Aerobic Stability of Sorghum, Maize, and Sorghum-Maize Mixture Silages

Year 2022, Volume: 19 Issue: 1, 61 - 69, 26.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.889657

Abstract

The current study aimed to determine the nutritional quality and aerobic stability of sorghum, maize, and their mixture silages without any additives. Sorghum and maize were harvested at dough stage from a local farm in Tekirdağ. Fresh plant materials were chopped to a length of 2-3 cm and packed into polythene bags, and vacuumed. A total of 12 vacuum-packed silos (4 replications in each treatment) were prepared with sorghum (S), maize (M), and a mixture of sorghum-maize (SM) forage (w:w, 50:50 according to dry matter) and stored at room temperature for 60 days. The chemical and microbiological composition of silages with the rate of aerobic deterioration upon aerobic exposure were evaluated. Based on the pH and ammonia nitrogen concentration, all silages could be classified as good quality. The water-soluble carbohydrate level of the SM group increased due to mixing S and M forages, leading to improved lactic acid content. The NDF and ADF values of silages varied between 520.52-588.32 and 234.98-309.01 g kg-1, and the differences between silages were significant (P<0.01). The Hemicellulose/Cellulose ratio of S, M, and SM silages were found 0.94, 1.49, and 1.18, respectively. The lactobacilli and yeast content of silages were significant and varied between 5.18-7.41 and 5.18-7.29 log cfu g-1, and the highest and lowest values were observed in SM and S silages, respectively (P<0.01). No visible mold was detected in all silages after 5 days of aerobic exposure (P>0.05). The pH, CO2, and yeast numbers were varied in groups between 4.88-6.74, 55.71-119.33 g kg-1, and 8.40-9.01 log cfu g-1. It was concluded that it is possible to improve the nutritional and fermentation characteristics of sorghum and maize silage by ensiling their mixture. However, it is highly recommended that silage additives should be used to guarantee and strengthen the fermentation and aerobic stability of silage mostly made by a mixture of these two energetic forage crops.

References

  • Alhaag, H., Yuan, X., Mala, A., Bai, J., Shao, T. (2019). Fermentation characteristics of Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus species isolated from sweet sorghum silage and their application as silage inoculants. Applied Sciences (Switzerland) 9(6):1247.
  • Anonymous. (1986). The analysis of agricultural material. Reference Book. P. 427-428, London, United Kingdom
  • AOAC. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. 15th Edition. Association of Official Analytical Chemist, Washington DC
  • Ashbell, G. Z.G. Weinberg. A. Azrieli. Y. Hen. and B. Horev. (1991). A simple system to study the aerobic deterioration of silages. Canadian Agricultural Engineering 33. 391-393.
  • Başkavak, S., Özdüven, M.L., Polat, C., Koç, F. (2008). The effects of lactic acid bacteria+ enzyme mixture silage inoculant on wheat silage. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 5(3):291-296.
  • Büyüktosun, N., Tan, F. ( 2015).Farklı özelliklerdeki Polietilen Malzemelerin paket silajlarda kullanımı ve yem kalitesi üzerine etkileri. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 12(3):62-67.
  • Carvalho, W.G., Costa, K.A.D.P., Epifanio, P.S., Perim, R.C., Teixeira, D.A.A., Medeiros, L.T. (2016). Silage quality of corn and sorghum added with forage peanuts. Revista Caatinga 29 (2): 465–472
  • Chen, J., Stokes, M.R., Wallace, C.R. (1994). Effects of enzyme-inoculant systems on preservation and nutritive value of hay, crop and corn silages. Journal of Dairy Science 77: 501-512
  • Da Silva, T.C., Santos, E.M., Macedo, C.H.O., De Lima, M.A., Bezerra, H.F.C., Azevêdo, J.A.G., Rodrigues J.A.S., De Oliveira, J.S. (2012). Divergence of the fermentative and bromatological characteristics of 25 sorghum hybrid silages. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 41(5): 1127-1133
  • Daniel, B., Branislav, G., Miroslav, J., Milan, Š., Jaroslava, M., Erika, G., Michal, T. (2008). Fermentation process characteristics of different maize silage hybrids. Journal of Central European Agriculture 9 (3): 463–467
  • Demirel, M., Cengiz, F., Erdoğan, S., Çelik, S. (2003). Değişik oranlarda sudan otu ve macar fiğinden yapılan silajların kalitatif özellikleri ve rumende parçalanabilirlikleri üzerine bir araştırma. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 27 (4): 853-859
  • Dundar, M., Yucel, C., Unlu, M., Oluk, A. (2020). Çukurova Koşullarında Farklı Su Düzeylerinin Tatlı Sorgumun Biyokütle Verimine ve Yem Kalitesine Etkileri. Derim, 37 (1):86-94
  • Ferreira, G., Mertens, D.R. (2007) Measuring detergent fibre and in- soluble protein in corn silage using crucibles or filter bags. Animal Feed Science and Technology 133 (3-4):335-340
  • Filya, I., Sucu, E., Karabulut, A. (2004).The effect of Propionibacterium acidipropionici, with or without Lactobacillus plantarum, on the fermentation and aerobic stability of wheat, sorghum and maize silages. Journal of Applied Microbiology 97: 818-826
  • Gonçalves, J.R.S., Pires, A.V., Susin, I., Lima, L.G., Mendes, C.Q., Ferreira, E.M. (2010). Substituição do grão de milho pelo grão de milheto em dietas contendo silagem de milho ou silagem de capim- elefante na alimentação de bovinos de corte. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 39 (9): 2032-2039
  • Kaewpila, C., Gunun, P., Kesorn, P., Subepang, S., Thip-Uten, S., Cai, Y.,Pholsen, S., Cherdthong, A., Khota, W. (2021). Improving ensiling characteristics by adding lactic acid bacteria modifies in vitro digestibility and methane production of forage-sorghum mixture silage. Scientific Reports, 11 (1):1-9.
  • Kaplan, M. (2013). The Effect of Variety on the Chemical Composition and Ensiling Characteristics of Sorghum Plant. KSU Journal of Agriculture and Nature 16 (2): 34-38
  • Kaplan, M., Kökten, K., Akçura, M. (2014). Determination of silage characteristics and nutritional values of some triticale genotypes. Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences 1(2): 102-107
  • Kaya, Ö., Polat, C. (2010). Tekirdağ ili koşullarında I. ve II. ürün olarak yetiştirilen bazı mısır çeşitlerinin silaj fermantasyon özellikleri ve yem değerinin belirlenmesi. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 7(3): 129-136.
  • Khota, W., Pholsen, S., Higgs, D. Cai, Y. (2017). Fermentation quality and in vitro methane production of sorghum silage prepared with cellulase and lactic acid bacteria. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 30:1568-1574
  • Kızılşimşek, M., Günaydın, T., Aslan A., Keklik, K., Açıkgöz, H. (2020). Improving Silage Feed Quality of Maize Intercropped with Some Legumes. Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences 7(1): 165–169
  • Koç, F., Coşkuntuna, L. (2003). The comparison of the two different methods on the determination of organic acids in silage fodders. Journal of Animal Production 44 (2): 37-47
  • Li, M., Shan, G., Zhou, H., Buescher, W., Maack, C., Jungbluth, K.H., Lipski, A., Grantz, D.A., Fan, Y., Ma, D., Wang, Z., Cheng, Q., Sun, Y. (2017). CO2 production, dissolution and pressure dynamics during silage production: multi-sensor-based insight into parameter interactions. Scientific Reports 7(1): 14721
  • Liang, H., Zhang, J., Liu, G., Li, Y., You, Y., Zhao, H., Yang, Y., Fa, Y., Zhang, J., Zeng, B. (2018). Effects of mixed modes on fermentation quality and In vitro gas dynamics of sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor× S. sudanense) silage. Semina: Ciências Agrárias 39 (6): 2807-2820
  • Minitab. (2014). Minitab I: Statistical software for Windows, Release 17. Minitab Incorparation, USA
  • Moore, J.E., Undersander, D.J. (2002). Relative forage quality: An alternative to relative feed value and quality index. Proceedings 13th Annual Florida Ruminant Nutrition Symposium. 10-11 January, P. 16-29. Florida, USA.
  • Nakao, A.H., Andreotti, M., Soares, D.A., Modesto, V.C., Dickmann, L. (2018). Intercropping Urochloa brizantha and sorghum inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense for silage. Revista Ciencia Agronomica 49 (3): 501–511
  • Neto, A.B., Dos Reis, R.H.P., Da Silva Cabral, L., De Abreu, J.G., De Paula Sousa, D., Pedreira, B.C., Mombach, M.A., Balbinot, E., De Carvakho, P., Da Silva Carvalho, A.P. (2017). Fermentation characteristics of different purposes sorghum silage. Semina:Ciencias Agrarias 38 (4): 2607–2618
  • Neves, A.L.A., Santos, R.D., Pereira, L.G.R., Oliveira, G.F., Scherer, C.B., Verneque, R.S., McAllister, T. (2015). Agronomic characteristics, silage quality, intake and digestibility of five new Brazilian sorghum cultivars. Journal of Agricultural Science 153(2): 371–380
  • Nurk, L., Bühle, L., Wachendorf, M. (2016). Degradation of Fibre and Non-fibre Fractions During Anaerobic Digestion in Silages of Maize, Sunflower and Sorghum-Sudangrass of Different Maturities. Bioenergy Research 9 (3): 720–730.
  • Perazzo, A.F., De Carvalho, G.G.P., Santos, E.M., Pinho, R.M.A., Campos, F.S., Macedo, C.H.O., Azevêdo, J.A.G., Tabosa, J.N. (2014). Agronomic evaluation of 32 sorghum cultivars in the Brazilian semi-arid region. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 43 (5): 232–237
  • Pinho, R.M.A., Santos, E.M., De Oliveira, J.S., Bezerra, H.F.C., De Freitas, P.M.D., Perazzo, A.F., Da Silva Ramos, R.C., Da Silva, A.P.G. (2015). Sorghum cultivars of different purposes silage. Ciência Rural 45 (2): 298-303.
  • Rocateli, A.C., Raper, R.L., Balkcom, K.S., Arriaga, F.J., Bransby, D.I. (2012). Biomass sorghum production and components under different irrigation/tillage systems for the southeastern US. Industrial Crops and Products 36 (1): 589-598
  • Ruppel, K.A., Pitt, R.E., Chase, L.E., Galton, D.M. (1995). Bunker silo management and its relationship to forage preservation on dairy farms. Journal of Dairy Science 78: 141-153
  • Seale, D.R., Pahlow, G., Spoelstra, S.F., Lindgren, S., Dellaglio, F., Lowe, J.F. (1990). Methods for the microbiological analysis of silage. The Eurobac Conference. 12-16 August, P.147. Uppsala, Sweden.
  • Sucu, E., Kalkan, H., Canbolat, O., Filya, I. (2016). Effects of ensiling density on nutritive value of maize and sorghum silages. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 45 (10) 596–603.
  • Szymańska, G., Sulewska, H., Selwet, M. (2014). Hygienic condition of maize silage (Zea mays L.) depending on cutting height and ensiling additive. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 38(3): 354–361
  • Tan, F. (2021).Laboratory type silage making Technique. Sustaınable Agriculture And Livestock For Food Security Under The Changing Clımate.
  • Toruk, F., Koç, F., Gönüol, E. (2010). Aerobik stabilite süresince paket silajlarında renk değişimi. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 7(1):23-30.
  • Van Dyke, N.J., Anderson, P.M. (2002). Interpreting a forage analysis. Alabama Cooperative Extension, Circular ANR-890.
  • Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B., Lewis, B.A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 1991 74: 3583-3597
  • Veriato, F.T., De Assis Pires, D.A., Tolentino, D.C., Alves, D.D., Jayme, D.G., Moura, M.M.A. (2018). Fermentation characteristics and nutritive values of sorghum silages. Acta Scientiarum - Animal Sciences 40, 1-9.
  • Vissers, M.M.M., Driehuis, F., Te Giffel, M.C., De Jong, P., Lankveld, J.M.G. (2007). Concentrations of butyric acid bacteria spores in silage and relationships with aerobic deterioration. Journal of Dairy Science 90: 928-936
  • Zurak, D., Grbeša, D., Kljak, K. (2018). Physical properties and fermentation profile of maize silage on large farms in Croatia. Journal of Central European Agriculture 19 (1): 126–141

Determination of Nutritional Quality and Aerobic Stability of Sorghum, Maize, and Sorghum-Maize Mixture Silages

Year 2022, Volume: 19 Issue: 1, 61 - 69, 26.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.889657

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, katkı maddesi içermeyen sorgum, mısır ve bunların karışımından oluşan silajların silaj kaliteleri ve aerobik stabilite özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Sorgum ve mısır hamur olum döneminde Tekirdağ’daki lokal bir işletmeden temin edilmiştir. Taze bitki materyalleri 2-3 cm uzunlunda doğranarak ve polietilen torbalara konulmuş ve vakumlanmıştır. Sorgum (S), mısır (M) ve sorgum-mısır karışımından (kuru madde düzeyine göre 50:50) her bir muamele grubu için 4 tekerrür olmak üzere toplamda 12 adet vakumlanmış paket silo hazırlanmış ve oda sıcaklığında 60 gün silolanmıştır. Silajların kimyasal ve mikrobiyolojik kompozisyonları ile oksijene maruz kalması sonrası aerobik bozulma oranları birlikte değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen pH ve amonyak nitrojen konsantrasyonuna göre tüm silajlar iyi kaliteli sınıfında yer almıştır. S ve M’nin karışımından oluşan SM grubunda, suda çözünebilir karbonhidrat oranının artması laktik asit içeriğinin artmasını sağlamıştır. Silajların NDF ve ADF içeriğindeki farklar önemli olmakla birlikte sırasıyla 520.52-588.32 ve 234.98-309.01 g kg-1 arasında değişim göstemiştir (P<0.01). Hemiselüloz/selüloz oranı S, M ve SM gruplarında sırasıyla 0.94, 1.49 ve 1.18 olarak bulunmuştur. Silajların laktobasil ve maya içerikleri arasındaki farklar önemli olup 5.17-7.41 ve 5.18-7.29 log kob g-1 arasında değişiklik göstermiş ve en yüksek ile en düşük değerler sırasıyla SM ve S silajlarında gözlemlenmiştir (P<0.01). Beş günlük aerobik maruziyet sonrasında tüm silaj gruplarında küf tespit edilmemiştir (P>0.05). Silaj gruplarında pH, CO2 ve maya sayısı sırasıyla 4.88-6.74, 55.71-119.33 g kg-1 ve 8.40-.01 log kob g-1 arasında değişmiştir. Sorgum ve mısırın birlikte silolanması ile besin ve fermantasyon kalitesini iyileştirmenin mümkün olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Bununla birlikte enerji bakımından zengin bu iki bitkinin birlikte silolanmasını garanti altına almak ve fermentasyon ve aerobic stabilitesini güçlendirmek amacıyla katkı maddelerinin kullanılması önerilmektedir.

References

  • Alhaag, H., Yuan, X., Mala, A., Bai, J., Shao, T. (2019). Fermentation characteristics of Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus species isolated from sweet sorghum silage and their application as silage inoculants. Applied Sciences (Switzerland) 9(6):1247.
  • Anonymous. (1986). The analysis of agricultural material. Reference Book. P. 427-428, London, United Kingdom
  • AOAC. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. 15th Edition. Association of Official Analytical Chemist, Washington DC
  • Ashbell, G. Z.G. Weinberg. A. Azrieli. Y. Hen. and B. Horev. (1991). A simple system to study the aerobic deterioration of silages. Canadian Agricultural Engineering 33. 391-393.
  • Başkavak, S., Özdüven, M.L., Polat, C., Koç, F. (2008). The effects of lactic acid bacteria+ enzyme mixture silage inoculant on wheat silage. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 5(3):291-296.
  • Büyüktosun, N., Tan, F. ( 2015).Farklı özelliklerdeki Polietilen Malzemelerin paket silajlarda kullanımı ve yem kalitesi üzerine etkileri. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 12(3):62-67.
  • Carvalho, W.G., Costa, K.A.D.P., Epifanio, P.S., Perim, R.C., Teixeira, D.A.A., Medeiros, L.T. (2016). Silage quality of corn and sorghum added with forage peanuts. Revista Caatinga 29 (2): 465–472
  • Chen, J., Stokes, M.R., Wallace, C.R. (1994). Effects of enzyme-inoculant systems on preservation and nutritive value of hay, crop and corn silages. Journal of Dairy Science 77: 501-512
  • Da Silva, T.C., Santos, E.M., Macedo, C.H.O., De Lima, M.A., Bezerra, H.F.C., Azevêdo, J.A.G., Rodrigues J.A.S., De Oliveira, J.S. (2012). Divergence of the fermentative and bromatological characteristics of 25 sorghum hybrid silages. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 41(5): 1127-1133
  • Daniel, B., Branislav, G., Miroslav, J., Milan, Š., Jaroslava, M., Erika, G., Michal, T. (2008). Fermentation process characteristics of different maize silage hybrids. Journal of Central European Agriculture 9 (3): 463–467
  • Demirel, M., Cengiz, F., Erdoğan, S., Çelik, S. (2003). Değişik oranlarda sudan otu ve macar fiğinden yapılan silajların kalitatif özellikleri ve rumende parçalanabilirlikleri üzerine bir araştırma. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 27 (4): 853-859
  • Dundar, M., Yucel, C., Unlu, M., Oluk, A. (2020). Çukurova Koşullarında Farklı Su Düzeylerinin Tatlı Sorgumun Biyokütle Verimine ve Yem Kalitesine Etkileri. Derim, 37 (1):86-94
  • Ferreira, G., Mertens, D.R. (2007) Measuring detergent fibre and in- soluble protein in corn silage using crucibles or filter bags. Animal Feed Science and Technology 133 (3-4):335-340
  • Filya, I., Sucu, E., Karabulut, A. (2004).The effect of Propionibacterium acidipropionici, with or without Lactobacillus plantarum, on the fermentation and aerobic stability of wheat, sorghum and maize silages. Journal of Applied Microbiology 97: 818-826
  • Gonçalves, J.R.S., Pires, A.V., Susin, I., Lima, L.G., Mendes, C.Q., Ferreira, E.M. (2010). Substituição do grão de milho pelo grão de milheto em dietas contendo silagem de milho ou silagem de capim- elefante na alimentação de bovinos de corte. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 39 (9): 2032-2039
  • Kaewpila, C., Gunun, P., Kesorn, P., Subepang, S., Thip-Uten, S., Cai, Y.,Pholsen, S., Cherdthong, A., Khota, W. (2021). Improving ensiling characteristics by adding lactic acid bacteria modifies in vitro digestibility and methane production of forage-sorghum mixture silage. Scientific Reports, 11 (1):1-9.
  • Kaplan, M. (2013). The Effect of Variety on the Chemical Composition and Ensiling Characteristics of Sorghum Plant. KSU Journal of Agriculture and Nature 16 (2): 34-38
  • Kaplan, M., Kökten, K., Akçura, M. (2014). Determination of silage characteristics and nutritional values of some triticale genotypes. Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences 1(2): 102-107
  • Kaya, Ö., Polat, C. (2010). Tekirdağ ili koşullarında I. ve II. ürün olarak yetiştirilen bazı mısır çeşitlerinin silaj fermantasyon özellikleri ve yem değerinin belirlenmesi. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 7(3): 129-136.
  • Khota, W., Pholsen, S., Higgs, D. Cai, Y. (2017). Fermentation quality and in vitro methane production of sorghum silage prepared with cellulase and lactic acid bacteria. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 30:1568-1574
  • Kızılşimşek, M., Günaydın, T., Aslan A., Keklik, K., Açıkgöz, H. (2020). Improving Silage Feed Quality of Maize Intercropped with Some Legumes. Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences 7(1): 165–169
  • Koç, F., Coşkuntuna, L. (2003). The comparison of the two different methods on the determination of organic acids in silage fodders. Journal of Animal Production 44 (2): 37-47
  • Li, M., Shan, G., Zhou, H., Buescher, W., Maack, C., Jungbluth, K.H., Lipski, A., Grantz, D.A., Fan, Y., Ma, D., Wang, Z., Cheng, Q., Sun, Y. (2017). CO2 production, dissolution and pressure dynamics during silage production: multi-sensor-based insight into parameter interactions. Scientific Reports 7(1): 14721
  • Liang, H., Zhang, J., Liu, G., Li, Y., You, Y., Zhao, H., Yang, Y., Fa, Y., Zhang, J., Zeng, B. (2018). Effects of mixed modes on fermentation quality and In vitro gas dynamics of sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor× S. sudanense) silage. Semina: Ciências Agrárias 39 (6): 2807-2820
  • Minitab. (2014). Minitab I: Statistical software for Windows, Release 17. Minitab Incorparation, USA
  • Moore, J.E., Undersander, D.J. (2002). Relative forage quality: An alternative to relative feed value and quality index. Proceedings 13th Annual Florida Ruminant Nutrition Symposium. 10-11 January, P. 16-29. Florida, USA.
  • Nakao, A.H., Andreotti, M., Soares, D.A., Modesto, V.C., Dickmann, L. (2018). Intercropping Urochloa brizantha and sorghum inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense for silage. Revista Ciencia Agronomica 49 (3): 501–511
  • Neto, A.B., Dos Reis, R.H.P., Da Silva Cabral, L., De Abreu, J.G., De Paula Sousa, D., Pedreira, B.C., Mombach, M.A., Balbinot, E., De Carvakho, P., Da Silva Carvalho, A.P. (2017). Fermentation characteristics of different purposes sorghum silage. Semina:Ciencias Agrarias 38 (4): 2607–2618
  • Neves, A.L.A., Santos, R.D., Pereira, L.G.R., Oliveira, G.F., Scherer, C.B., Verneque, R.S., McAllister, T. (2015). Agronomic characteristics, silage quality, intake and digestibility of five new Brazilian sorghum cultivars. Journal of Agricultural Science 153(2): 371–380
  • Nurk, L., Bühle, L., Wachendorf, M. (2016). Degradation of Fibre and Non-fibre Fractions During Anaerobic Digestion in Silages of Maize, Sunflower and Sorghum-Sudangrass of Different Maturities. Bioenergy Research 9 (3): 720–730.
  • Perazzo, A.F., De Carvalho, G.G.P., Santos, E.M., Pinho, R.M.A., Campos, F.S., Macedo, C.H.O., Azevêdo, J.A.G., Tabosa, J.N. (2014). Agronomic evaluation of 32 sorghum cultivars in the Brazilian semi-arid region. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 43 (5): 232–237
  • Pinho, R.M.A., Santos, E.M., De Oliveira, J.S., Bezerra, H.F.C., De Freitas, P.M.D., Perazzo, A.F., Da Silva Ramos, R.C., Da Silva, A.P.G. (2015). Sorghum cultivars of different purposes silage. Ciência Rural 45 (2): 298-303.
  • Rocateli, A.C., Raper, R.L., Balkcom, K.S., Arriaga, F.J., Bransby, D.I. (2012). Biomass sorghum production and components under different irrigation/tillage systems for the southeastern US. Industrial Crops and Products 36 (1): 589-598
  • Ruppel, K.A., Pitt, R.E., Chase, L.E., Galton, D.M. (1995). Bunker silo management and its relationship to forage preservation on dairy farms. Journal of Dairy Science 78: 141-153
  • Seale, D.R., Pahlow, G., Spoelstra, S.F., Lindgren, S., Dellaglio, F., Lowe, J.F. (1990). Methods for the microbiological analysis of silage. The Eurobac Conference. 12-16 August, P.147. Uppsala, Sweden.
  • Sucu, E., Kalkan, H., Canbolat, O., Filya, I. (2016). Effects of ensiling density on nutritive value of maize and sorghum silages. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 45 (10) 596–603.
  • Szymańska, G., Sulewska, H., Selwet, M. (2014). Hygienic condition of maize silage (Zea mays L.) depending on cutting height and ensiling additive. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 38(3): 354–361
  • Tan, F. (2021).Laboratory type silage making Technique. Sustaınable Agriculture And Livestock For Food Security Under The Changing Clımate.
  • Toruk, F., Koç, F., Gönüol, E. (2010). Aerobik stabilite süresince paket silajlarında renk değişimi. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 7(1):23-30.
  • Van Dyke, N.J., Anderson, P.M. (2002). Interpreting a forage analysis. Alabama Cooperative Extension, Circular ANR-890.
  • Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B., Lewis, B.A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 1991 74: 3583-3597
  • Veriato, F.T., De Assis Pires, D.A., Tolentino, D.C., Alves, D.D., Jayme, D.G., Moura, M.M.A. (2018). Fermentation characteristics and nutritive values of sorghum silages. Acta Scientiarum - Animal Sciences 40, 1-9.
  • Vissers, M.M.M., Driehuis, F., Te Giffel, M.C., De Jong, P., Lankveld, J.M.G. (2007). Concentrations of butyric acid bacteria spores in silage and relationships with aerobic deterioration. Journal of Dairy Science 90: 928-936
  • Zurak, D., Grbeša, D., Kljak, K. (2018). Physical properties and fermentation profile of maize silage on large farms in Croatia. Journal of Central European Agriculture 19 (1): 126–141
There are 44 citations in total.

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Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Selim Esen 0000-0003-4953-7960

Berrin Okuyucu 0000-0001-8322-5050

Fisun Koc 0000-0002-5978-9232

Levent Özdüven 0000-0002-8951-8054

Early Pub Date January 26, 2022
Publication Date January 26, 2022
Submission Date March 2, 2021
Acceptance Date June 16, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 19 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Esen, S., Okuyucu, B., Koc, F., Özdüven, L. (2022). Determination of Nutritional Quality and Aerobic Stability of Sorghum, Maize, and Sorghum-Maize Mixture Silages. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(1), 61-69. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.889657
AMA Esen S, Okuyucu B, Koc F, Özdüven L. Determination of Nutritional Quality and Aerobic Stability of Sorghum, Maize, and Sorghum-Maize Mixture Silages. JOTAF. January 2022;19(1):61-69. doi:10.33462/jotaf.889657
Chicago Esen, Selim, Berrin Okuyucu, Fisun Koc, and Levent Özdüven. “Determination of Nutritional Quality and Aerobic Stability of Sorghum, Maize, and Sorghum-Maize Mixture Silages”. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 19, no. 1 (January 2022): 61-69. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.889657.
EndNote Esen S, Okuyucu B, Koc F, Özdüven L (January 1, 2022) Determination of Nutritional Quality and Aerobic Stability of Sorghum, Maize, and Sorghum-Maize Mixture Silages. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 19 1 61–69.
IEEE S. Esen, B. Okuyucu, F. Koc, and L. Özdüven, “Determination of Nutritional Quality and Aerobic Stability of Sorghum, Maize, and Sorghum-Maize Mixture Silages”, JOTAF, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 61–69, 2022, doi: 10.33462/jotaf.889657.
ISNAD Esen, Selim et al. “Determination of Nutritional Quality and Aerobic Stability of Sorghum, Maize, and Sorghum-Maize Mixture Silages”. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 19/1 (January 2022), 61-69. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.889657.
JAMA Esen S, Okuyucu B, Koc F, Özdüven L. Determination of Nutritional Quality and Aerobic Stability of Sorghum, Maize, and Sorghum-Maize Mixture Silages. JOTAF. 2022;19:61–69.
MLA Esen, Selim et al. “Determination of Nutritional Quality and Aerobic Stability of Sorghum, Maize, and Sorghum-Maize Mixture Silages”. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 19, no. 1, 2022, pp. 61-69, doi:10.33462/jotaf.889657.
Vancouver Esen S, Okuyucu B, Koc F, Özdüven L. Determination of Nutritional Quality and Aerobic Stability of Sorghum, Maize, and Sorghum-Maize Mixture Silages. JOTAF. 2022;19(1):61-9.