The Relationship between Agriculture and Carbon Dioxide Emission in Türkiye: A Non-Linear Evidence

Year 2024, Volume: 21 Issue: 1, 94 - 110, 30.01.2024

İbrahim Ürkmez Ahmet Sevim Abdurrahman Çatık

https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1239615

Abstract

Agricultural production has both increased and become more efficient with the development of technology. However, greenhouse gases such as CO2 released into the air during production cause climate change. This situation also affects agricultural productivity. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is the examine the interaction between agricultural sector activity and CO2 emissions in Türkiye in a non-linear framework. For this purpose, the Maki cointegration test and the Single Fourier frequency Toda & Yamamoto causality test were used to investigate the interplay between agricultural value added and CO2 using time series data covering the period from 1968 to 2018. In addition to the empirical analysis developed in the paper, our study adds to the literature by studying the relationship between CO2 and energy consumption in the agricultural sector, as opposed to studies that use aggregate CO2 emissions as an indicator of climate change. In addition, the short- and long-run interactions between CO2 and agricultural productivity were investigated by estimating two separate equations where agricultural productivity and CO2 emissions are used as dependent variables. The Maki cointegration test cointegration test shows the existence of a long-run relationship between agricultural value added and CO2 emissions under structural breaks. The detected significant breaks are associated with significant events affecting the Türkiye economy. For instance, when agricultural value added is the dependent variable, the break dates of 1971 and 1974 coincide with the oil crisis, while the breaking dates of 2002 and 2008 coincide with Türkiye’s 2001 financial crisis and the 2008 global financial crisis. Similarly, the break dates of 1973 and 1977 obtained in the CO2 equation are associated with the 1970s’ global oil crisis. Long-run parameter estimates derived from FMOLS and CCR estimators indicated that CO2 emissions have a long-run, positive and significant impact on agricultural productivity. In addition, the long-run results support the existence of a positive and significant impact of agricultural productivity on environmental degradation. The gradual shift causality test also supports the presence of one-way causality, running from agriculture output to CO2.

Keywords

Agriculture Sector, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Structural Break Analysis, Nonlinear analysis

Türkiye'de Tarım Sektörü ve Karbondioksit Emisyonu Arasındaki İlişki: Doğrusal Olmayan Bir Kanıt

Abstract

Tarımsal üretim, teknolojinin gelişmesi ile hem artmıştır hem de daha verimli hale geldiği gerçeği yadsınamaz. Ancak üretim esnasında havaya salınan CO2 gibi sera gazları iklim değişikliğine neden olmaktadır. Bu durum da tarımsal verimliliği etkilemektedir. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmada Türkiye’de tarım sektörü aktivitesi ile CO2 emisyonları arasındaki karşılıklı etkileşimi doğrusal olmayan bir çerçevede incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla, Maki eşbütünleşme testi ve Tek Fourier frekansı Toda & Yamamoto nedensellik testi, 1968'den 2018'e kadar olan dönemi kapsayan zaman serileri kullanarak tarımsal katma değer ile CO2 arasındaki etkileşimi araştırmak için kullanılmıştır. Makalede yapılan ampirik analize ek olarak, çalışmamız, toplam CO2 emisyonlarını iklim değişikliğinin bir göstergesi olarak kullanan çalışmaların aksine, tarım sektöründe CO2 ve enerji tüketimi arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyerek literatüre katkıda bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca, CO2 ve tarımsal verimlilik arasındaki kısa ve uzun vadeli etkileşimler, tarımsal verimlilik ve CO2 emisyonlarının bağımlı değişkenler olarak kullanıldığı iki ayrı denklemin tahmini ile araştırılmaktadır. Maki eşbütünleşme testi, tarımsal katma değer ile yapısal kırılmalar altındaki CO2 emisyonları arasında uzun dönemli bir ilişkinin varlığını göstermektedir. Tespit edilen önemli kırılmalar, Türkiye ekonomisini etkileyen önemli olaylarla ilişkilidir. Örneğin, tarımsal katma değerin bağımlı değişken olduğu modelde, 1971 ve 1974 yıllarının kırılma tarihleri petrol kriziyle çakışırken, 2002 ve 2008 yıllarının kırılma tarihleri Türkiye'nin 2001 mali krizi ve 2008 küresel mali krizi ile çakışmaktadır. Benzer şekilde, CO2 denkleminde elde edilen 1973 ve 1977'nin kırılma tarihleri, 1970'lerin küresel petrol krizi ile ilişkilidir. FMOLS ve CCR tahmincilerinden türetilen uzun dönemli parametre tahminleri, CO2 emisyonlarının tarımsal verimlilik üzerinde uzun vadeli, olumlu ve önemli bir etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Bunun yanında, uzun dönemli sonuçlar, tarımsal verimliliğin çevresel bozulma üzerinde olumlu ve önemli bir etkisinin varlığını desteklemektedir. Kademeli kayma nedensellik testi ise, tarımsal üretimden CO2’ye kadar uzanan tek yönlü nedenselliğin varlığını desteklemektedir. Bu bulgular Türkiye’de tarımsal verimlilik ve CO2’nin birbirini desteklediğini göstermektedir. Her ne kadar CO2’nin tarımsal verimliliği pozitif etkilemesi olumlu görünse de çevreci olmayan bir tarıma işaret etmektedir.

Keywords

Tarım sektörü, Karbondioksit emisyonları, Yapısal kırılma analizi, Doğrusal olmayan analiz

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