A Comparative Study on Philosophy, Epistemology, and Methods of Teaching in Design Studios in the Beaux Art, Polytechnique, and Bauhaus: Regeneration, Development, or Transformation?

Abstract

This paper aims to investigate some philosophical and epistemological foundations in collecting knowledge in three important schools of architecture including Beaux Art, Polytechnique, and Bauhaus. Those three schools not only had differentiation in the time and location but also different ontological views of the built environment. Despite the less philosophical arguments on the architecture education, the curriculum and structure of the design studios (ateliers) referred to the beliefs, ideology, and philosophy even though they were not explicit. The content analysis, logical argument, and interpretation techniques were applied in this research to compare, investigate, and analyze the content of design studios and curricula to demonstrate the epistemological approach and the philosophical foundations in those three schools. The findings of the research show some linkages between the contextual and philosophical movements in the times of the schools and the structure of teaching. The effective philosophical foundations in those schools included neoclassicism, idealism, and romanticism for Beaux Art, rationalism, empiricism, and functionalism for Polytechnique, and socialism, modernism, and constructivism for Bauhaus. While it was not possible to draw a distinctive line between other philosophical thoughts from the schools, however, those philosophical schools were more related. In conclusion, the research realized a significant connection between four factors that form any architecture school, curriculum, and studio including philosophical and ontological context, epistemological discourses on knowledge, architecture projects and context, and architect’s beliefs and ideology. These four factors orient architecture education. The results could be useful for architecture schools, which will guide the other schools to select their orientation in the future.

Keywords

• Philosophy
• Epistemology
• Design studio
• Beaux Art
• Polytechnique
• Bauhaus

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