THE ACTORS AND DYNAMICS OF ADMINISTRATION IN ITALIAN CITY STATES AS ROOT OF MODERN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS

Abstract

Following the collapse of the Roman Empire the Italian cities experienced the conditions under which they undertook some administrative responsibilities that generally were implemented by the emperor as a part of Regalian rights. In this period administrative power of the church increased considerably and it became prominent actor of local administration.  On the other hand, in those cities a new manufacture oriented traders and artisans emerged as a class claimed to be the primary actor of local administrative affairs.  The novel economic conditions and rising administrative understanding, based upon the priorities of the cities, facilitated the defeat of the church. Following the elimination of the church, city councils were accepted as institution which protected city dwellers’ benefit.  However, the claim of city councils to be the chief actor of local administration deeply contradicted with the traditional Regalian rights of the kings.  In this article, the struggle between emperor and city states, on the axis of Regalian rights and city-oriented interests, and the framework for power sharing patterns are analyzed as an earlier form of central versus local relations. Such an approach could be meaningful to comprehend the origin and the development of the framework for modern central-local government relations’  patterns.

Keywords

• Italian City States,Regalian Rights,City Councils,Centralization,Central vs. Local Government Relations

YEREL YÖNETİMLERİN KÖKENİ BAĞLAMINDA İTALYAN ŞEHİR DEVLETLERİNDE YÖNETİM VE AKTÖRLER

Öz

Roma İmparatorluğu’nun yıkılmasından sonra imparatorluk boşluğu olarak adlandırılan dönemde İtalyan şehirleri uzunca bir süre şehir ölçekli faaliyetleri kendileri yürütmüşlerdir. İmparatorluk döneminde merkezi yönetim (imparator) tarafından yapılmakta olan bu faaliyetler genellikle yerel bağlamda kilise tarafından yerine getirilmiştir ki bu sürecin sonunda kilise yerel yönetim faaliyetlerinin asli aktörü haline gelmiştir. Ancak 900’lü yılların ortalarından sonra kendilerini toparlayan şehirlerde imalat ekonomisi ve zenaatçılar öncülüğünde yeni ekonomik dinamikler ön plana çıkmaya başlamıştır. Uzun bir süredir kendi ayakları üzerinde duran şehirlerde şehir aidiyeti ekseninde ortaya çıkan yönetim anlayışı şehir ölçekli üretimin de etkisiyle oldukça güçlenmiştir. Gelinen noktada şehir yönetiminin birincil aktörü olma bağlamında kilise ile çatışma kaçınılmaz olmuştur ve bu çatışmanın galibi yeni ekonomik ve sosyal dinamiklerin temsilcisi olan şehir konsülleri olmuştur. Ancak şehir konsüllerinin şehirlerin birincil temsilcisi olma iddiası Regalyan haklar bağlamında şehirler üzerinde idari ve vergi toplama hakları olan imparatorlar tarafından kabul edilmemiştir. Bu makale imparator ile şehirlerin Regalyan haklar-yerel çıkarlar bağlamında ortaya çıkan çatışmalarının sebepleri ve bu çatışmalar sonucunda şekillenen merkez-yerel yönetim yetki paylaşım çerçevesini ve bu çerçevenin bölgesel merkezileşme bağlamında dönüşümünü analiz ederek modern yerel yönetim-merkezi yönetim ilişki modellerinin anlaşılmasına katkı sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İtalyan Şehir Devletleri,Regalyan Haklar,Şehir Konsülleri,Merkezileşme,Merkezi-Yerel Yönetim İlkeleri

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