Madencilik ve Jeolojik Ortamlarda Ağır Metal Kirliliğinin Giderilmesinde Kullanılan Nanomalzemeler: Adsorpsiyon, Arıtma ve Çevresel Uygulamalar

Abstract

Madencilik ve jeolojik ortamdaki ağır metal kirliliği, ekosistem ve insanlar üzerinde kronik etkilere yol açan başlıca çevre sorunlarından biridir. Madencilik süreci, cevher konsantrasyonu, metalurjik işleme ve asitli maden drenajı, Ni, Cu, Cd, Pb, As, Cr, Zn ve Hg gibi çevre açısından önemli metallerin ve metaloidlerin toprak ve su ortamına salınmasına neden olmaktadır. Geleneksel arıtma yöntemleri bir dereceye kadar etkili olsa da, pahalı olmaları, seçici olmamaları ve ikincil atık oluşturmaları gibi dezavantajları bulunmaktadır. Bu nedenle, nanomalzemeler geniş özgül yüzey alanları, kontrol edilebilir yüzey kimyası, yüksek adsorpsiyon kapasitesi ve yeniden kullanılabilirlik özellikleri sayesinde ağır metallerin giderilmesinde giderek daha önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu derleme, madencilik ve jeolojik sistemlerdeki ağır metal kirliliğinin kaynaklarına, bu kirliliğin çevresel etkilerine ve kirliliğin başlıca unsurlarına odaklanmaktadır; ağır metallerin giderilmesi açısından metal oksit, manyetik, karbonlu, silika ve kil bazlı, biyopolimer bazlı, MOF/COF ve hibrit nanomalzemelerin performansları karşılaştırılmıştır. Ayrıca, elektrostatik etkileşimler, iyon değişimi, yüzey kompleksleşmesi, çökelme ve fiziksel adsorpsiyon gibi uzaklaştırma mekanizmalarının yanı sıra nanoteknolojiyle ilgili geliştirme yöntemleri ve çevresel uygulamalar da ele alınmıştır. Madencilik ve jeolojik sistemlerdeki ağır metal kirliliği konusunda, hem verimlilik hem de sürdürülebilirlik açısından nanoteknolojiye dayalı yöntemlerin kullanımının umut verici olduğu sonucuna varılabilir. Ancak, bu tür yöntemlerin endüstriyel ölçekte uygulanmasından önce, nanomalzemelerin kararlılığı, çevresel güvenliği, yeniden kullanılabilirliği ve maliyet etkinliği ayrıntılı olarak değerlendirilmelidir.

Keywords

• Ağır metal kirliliği
• nanomalzemeler
• adsorpsiyon
• nano-iyileştirme
• çevresel iyileştirme.

Nanomaterials used for remediating heavy metal contamination in mining and geological environments: Adsorption, treatment, and environmental applications

Abstract

Pollution from heavy metals in the mining and geological environment is one of the major environmental issues, which result in chronic effects on the ecosystem and human beings. The mining process, ore concentration, metallurgy processing, and acid mine drainage results in the release of environmentally relevant metals and metalloids such as Ni, Cu, Cd, Pb, As, Cr, Zn, and Hg into the soil and water environment. Although conventional treatment methods are effective in some extent, they are faced with the disadvantages of being expensive, non-selective, and resulting in secondary waste. It is for this reason that nanomaterials play an increasingly important role in heavy metal removal because of their large specific surface area, controllable surface chemistry, high adsorption capacity, and reusability. This review focuses on the sources of heavy metal contamination in mining and geological systems, the environmental impact of such contamination, and the major elements of such contamination; the performances of metal oxide, magnetic, carbonaceous, silica- and clay-based, biopolymer-based, MOF/COF and hybrid nanomaterials in terms of removal of heavy metals have been compared. Moreover, removal mechanisms, including electrostatic interactions, ion-exchange, surface complexation, precipitation, and physical adsorption, as well as nanotechnology-related enhancement methods and environmental applications have been considered. It can be concluded that the use of nanotechnology-based methods is promising in view of both efficiency and sustainability regarding heavy metal contamination in mining and geological systems. However, before the implementation of such methods on an industrial scale, the stability, environmental safety, reusability, and cost-effectiveness of nanomaterials should be assessed in detail.

Keywords

• Heavy metal contamination
• nanomaterials
• adsorbtion
• nanoremediation
• environmental remediation.

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