Madencilik ve Jeolojik Ortamlarda Ağır Metal Kirliliğinin Giderilmesinde Kullanılan Nanomalzemeler: Adsorpsiyon, Arıtma ve Çevresel Uygulamalar

Öz

Madencilik ve jeolojik ortamdaki ağır metal kirliliği, ekosistem ve insanlar üzerinde kronik etkilere yol açan başlıca çevre sorunlarından biridir. Madencilik süreci, cevher konsantrasyonu, metalurjik işleme ve asitli maden drenajı, Ni, Cu, Cd, Pb, As, Cr, Zn ve Hg gibi çevre açısından önemli metallerin ve metaloidlerin toprak ve su ortamına salınmasına neden olmaktadır. Geleneksel arıtma yöntemleri bir dereceye kadar etkili olsa da, pahalı olmaları, seçici olmamaları ve ikincil atık oluşturmaları gibi dezavantajları bulunmaktadır. Bu nedenle, nanomalzemeler geniş özgül yüzey alanları, kontrol edilebilir yüzey kimyası, yüksek adsorpsiyon kapasitesi ve yeniden kullanılabilirlik özellikleri sayesinde ağır metallerin giderilmesinde giderek daha önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu derleme, madencilik ve jeolojik sistemlerdeki ağır metal kirliliğinin kaynaklarına, bu kirliliğin çevresel etkilerine ve kirliliğin başlıca unsurlarına odaklanmaktadır; ağır metallerin giderilmesi açısından metal oksit, manyetik, karbonlu, silika ve kil bazlı, biyopolimer bazlı, MOF/COF ve hibrit nanomalzemelerin performansları karşılaştırılmıştır. Ayrıca, elektrostatik etkileşimler, iyon değişimi, yüzey kompleksleşmesi, çökelme ve fiziksel adsorpsiyon gibi uzaklaştırma mekanizmalarının yanı sıra nanoteknolojiyle ilgili geliştirme yöntemleri ve çevresel uygulamalar da ele alınmıştır. Madencilik ve jeolojik sistemlerdeki ağır metal kirliliği konusunda, hem verimlilik hem de sürdürülebilirlik açısından nanoteknolojiye dayalı yöntemlerin kullanımının umut verici olduğu sonucuna varılabilir. Ancak, bu tür yöntemlerin endüstriyel ölçekte uygulanmasından önce, nanomalzemelerin kararlılığı, çevresel güvenliği, yeniden kullanılabilirliği ve maliyet etkinliği ayrıntılı olarak değerlendirilmelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ağır metal kirliliği
• nanomalzemeler
• adsorpsiyon
• nano-iyileştirme
• çevresel iyileştirme.

Nanomaterials used for remediating heavy metal contamination in mining and geological environments: Adsorption, treatment, and environmental applications

Öz

Pollution from heavy metals in the mining and geological environment is one of the major environmental issues, which result in chronic effects on the ecosystem and human beings. The mining process, ore concentration, metallurgy processing, and acid mine drainage results in the release of environmentally relevant metals and metalloids such as Ni, Cu, Cd, Pb, As, Cr, Zn, and Hg into the soil and water environment. Although conventional treatment methods are effective in some extent, they are faced with the disadvantages of being expensive, non-selective, and resulting in secondary waste. It is for this reason that nanomaterials play an increasingly important role in heavy metal removal because of their large specific surface area, controllable surface chemistry, high adsorption capacity, and reusability. This review focuses on the sources of heavy metal contamination in mining and geological systems, the environmental impact of such contamination, and the major elements of such contamination; the performances of metal oxide, magnetic, carbonaceous, silica- and clay-based, biopolymer-based, MOF/COF and hybrid nanomaterials in terms of removal of heavy metals have been compared. Moreover, removal mechanisms, including electrostatic interactions, ion-exchange, surface complexation, precipitation, and physical adsorption, as well as nanotechnology-related enhancement methods and environmental applications have been considered. It can be concluded that the use of nanotechnology-based methods is promising in view of both efficiency and sustainability regarding heavy metal contamination in mining and geological systems. However, before the implementation of such methods on an industrial scale, the stability, environmental safety, reusability, and cost-effectiveness of nanomaterials should be assessed in detail.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Heavy metal contamination
• nanomaterials
• adsorbtion
• nanoremediation
• environmental remediation.

Kaynakça

1. [1] M. B. Mensah, D. J. Lewis, N. O. Boadi, and J. A. M. Awudza, “Heavy metal pollution and the role of inorganic nanomaterials in environmental remediation,” R. Soc. Open Sci., vol. 8, no. 10, p. 201485, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.1098/RSOS.201485.
2. [2] A. Alengebawy, S. T. Abdelkhalek, S. R. Qureshi, and M. Q. Wang, “Heavy Metals and Pesticides Toxicity in Agricultural Soil and Plants: Ecological Risks and Human Health Implications,” Toxics, vol. 9, no. 3, p. 42, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.3390/TOXICS9030042.
3. [3] K. Gupta, P. Joshi, R. Gusain, and O. P. Khatri, “Recent advances in adsorptive removal of heavy metal and metalloid ions by metal oxide-based nanomaterials,” Coord. Chem. Rev., vol. 445, p. 214100, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.1016/J.CCR.2021.214100.
4. [4] H. Ali, E. Khan, and I. Ilahi, “Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology of Hazardous Heavy Metals: Environmental Persistence, Toxicity, and Bioaccumulation,” J. Chem., vol. 2019, no. 1, p. 6730305, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.1155/2019/6730305.
5. [5] D. K. Nordstrom, “Acid rock drainage and climate change,” J. Geochemical Explor., vol. 100, no. 2–3, pp. 97–104, Feb. 2009, doi: 10.1016/J.GEXPLO.2008.08.002.
6. [6] Ü. Gemici, G. Tarcan, C. Helvaci, and A. M. Somay, “High arsenic and boron concentrations in groundwaters related to mining activity in the Bigadiç borate deposits (Western Turkey),” Appl. Geochemistry, vol. 23, no. 8, pp. 2462–2476, Aug. 2008, doi: 10.1016/J.APGEOCHEM.2008.02.013.
7. [7] S. Rajendran et al., “A critical and recent developments on adsorption technique for removal of heavy metals from wastewater-A review,” Chemosphere, vol. 303, p. 135146, Sep. 2022, doi: 10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2022.135146.
8. [8] S. Ethaib, S. Al-Qutaifia, N. Al-Ansari, and S. L. Zubaidi, “Function of Nanomaterials in Removing Heavy Metals for Water and Wastewater Remediation: A Review,” Environ. 2022, Vol. 9, Page 123, vol. 9, no. 10, p. 123, Sep. 2022, doi: 10.3390/ENVIRONMENTS9100123.

9. [9] S. Adabi, A. Yazdanbakhsh, A. Shahsavani, A. Sheikhmohammadi, and M. Hadi, “Removal of heavy metals from the aqueous solution by nanomaterials: a review with analysing and categorizing the studies,” J. Environ. Heal. Sci. Eng., vol. 21, no. 2, p. 305, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.1007/S40201-023-00863-0.
10. [10] N. O. Egiebor and B. Oni, “Acid rock drainage formation and treatment: A review,” Asia-Pacific J. Chem. Eng., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 47–62, Jan. 2007, doi: 10.1002/APJ.57;JOURNAL:JOURNAL:19322143A;ISSUE:ISSUE:DOI.
11. [11] J. Retka, G. Rzepa, T. Bajda, and L. Drewniak, “The Use of Mining Waste Materials for the Treatment of Acid and Alkaline Mine Wastewater,” Miner. 2020, Vol. 10, Page 1061, vol. 10, no. 12, p. 1061, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.3390/MIN10121061.
12. [12] J. Baloyi, N. Ramdhani, R. Mbhele, and D. Ramutshatsha-Makhwedzha, “Recent Progress on Acid Mine Drainage Technological Trends in South Africa: Prevention, Treatment, and Resource Recovery,” Water 2023, Vol. 15, Page 3453, vol. 15, no. 19, p. 3453, Sep. 2023, doi: 10.3390/W15193453.
13. [13] R. Roy et al., “An Overview of Bacteria-Mediated Heavy Metal Bioremediation Strategies,” Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 2023 1963, vol. 196, no. 3, pp. 1712–1751, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.1007/S12010-023-04614-7.
14. [14] Z. Rahman, V. Pal Singh, Z. Rahman, and V. P. Singh, “The relative impact of toxic heavy metals (THMs) (arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr)(VI), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb)) on the total environment: an overview,” Environ. Monit. Assess. 2019 1917, vol. 191, no. 7, pp. 419-, Jun. 2019, doi: 10.1007/S10661-019-7528-7.
15. [15] A. Punia, “Role of temperature, wind, and precipitation in heavy metal contamination at copper mines: a review,” Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2020 284, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 4056–4072, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.1007/S11356-020-11580-8.
16. [16] B. Kříbek, I. Nyambe, O. Sracek, M. Mihaljevič, and I. Knésl, “Impact of Mining and Ore Processing on Soil, Drainage and Vegetation in the Zambian Copperbelt Mining Districts: A Review,” Minerals, vol. 13, no. 3, p. 384, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.3390/MIN13030384/S1.
17. [17] I. Mary Ugwu and O. Anthony Igbokwe, “Sorption of Heavy Metals on Clay Minerals and Oxides: A Review,” Adv. Sorption Process Appl., Feb. 2019, doi: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80989.
18. [18] B. A. Marinho, R. O. Cristóvão, R. A. R. Boaventura, and V. J. P. Vilar, “As(III) and Cr(VI) oxyanion removal from water by advanced oxidation/reduction processes—a review,” Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2018 263, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 2203–2227, Nov. 2018, doi: 10.1007/S11356-018-3595-5.
19. [19] J. Liu et al., “Chemical speciation determines combined cytotoxicity: Examples of biochar and arsenic/chromium,” J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 448, p. 130855, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2023.130855.
20. [20] A. M. Zayed and N. Terry, “Chromium in the environment: factors affecting biological remediation,” Plant Soil 2003 2491, vol. 249, no. 1, pp. 139–156, Feb. 2003, doi: 10.1023/A:1022504826342.
21. [21] M.-K. Lee, J. A. Saunders, M.-K. Lee, and J. A. Saunders, “Effects of pH on Metals Precipitation and Sorption: Field Bioremediation and Geochemical Modeling Approaches,” Vadose Zo. J., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 177–185, May 2003, doi: 10.2136/VZJ2003.1770.
22. [22] M. S. Kalmakhanova, Y. K. Reimbayev, Z. E. Karimbayeva, A. P. Ferreira, and H. T. Gomes, “Permeable Reactive Barriers in Groundwater Remediation: A Review of Efficiency in Removing Pharmaceuticals and Heavy Metals,” Sustain. 2026, Vol. 18, Page 4508, vol. 18, no. 9, p. 4508, May 2026, doi: 10.3390/SU18094508.
23. [23] G. F. Capra et al., “Impact of Biochar and Its Modification on Heavy Metals and Drought in Rice: Knowns, Unknowns, and Research Directions,” Agron. 2026, Vol. 16, Page 1254, vol. 16, no. 13, p. 1254, Jun. 2026, doi: 10.3390/AGRONOMY16131254.
24. [24] A. Zarei et al., “Metal(oid)s in Vegetables: Human Health Risks Though Vegetable Consumption,” Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2025 2044, vol. 204, no. 4, pp. 2244–2260, Sep. 2025, doi: 10.1007/S12011-025-04816-6.
25. [25] V. Yadav, B. Ahmad, M. Musa Khan, B. Qiu, and Z. Zhu, “Heavy Metals in Agriculture: Sources, Industrial Applications, Plant Toxicity, and Remediation Approaches,” Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, Vol. 27, Page 6192, vol. 27, no. 14, p. 6192, Jul. 2026, doi: 10.3390/IJMS27146192.
26. [26] S. Giri, A. Roy, A. Kumar, S. Ghosh, A. Bhunia, and S. Patra, “Cadmium toxicity-related metabolic bone disease: a clinical conundrum of five cases,” Osteoporos. Int. 2025 372, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 525–531, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.1007/S00198-025-07810-9.
27. [27] A. Cirovic, P. Milovanovic, and S. Satarug, “Cadmium, Iron Deficiency Anemia and Hypophosphatemic Osteomalacia Due to Intravenous Iron Supplementation,” Biomed. 2026, Vol. 14, Page 292, vol. 14, no. 2, p. 292, Jan. 2026, doi: 10.3390/BIOMEDICINES14020292.
28. [28] K. Gupta, S. Mishra, A. Kumar, and K. Gupta, “Biomonitoring of heavy metals and metalloids using plants: an artificial intelligence perspective,” All Life, vol. 19, no. 1, Dec. 2026, doi: 10.1080/26895293.2026.2663218.
29. [29] R. Rej, A. Ganguly, and P. Rajak, “Heavy Metals and Cancer: Unraveling the Environmental Sources and Molecular Carcinogenic Mechanisms,” J. Appl. Toxicol., vol. 46, no. 7, pp. 2209–2223, Jul. 2026, doi: 10.1002/JAT.70155.
30. [30] M. M. Youssif, H. G. El-Attar, V. Hessel, and M. Wojnicki, “Recent Developments in the Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions Using Various Nanomaterials,” Materials (Basel)., vol. 17, no. 21, p. 5141, Nov. 2024, doi: 10.3390/MA17215141.
31. [31] F. Nur Maran et al., “Nanotechnology, and its versatile applications in medicine, environment, energy, textiles, food industry,” Int. J. Boron Sci. Nanotechnol., vol. 18, 2023.
32. [32] M. Bekmezci et al., “Bimetallic Biogenic Pt-Ag Nanoparticle and Their Application for Electrochemical Dopamine Sensor,” Biosens. 2023, Vol. 13, Page 531, vol. 13, no. 5, p. 531, May 2023, doi: 10.3390/BIOS13050531.
33. [33] R. M. Al-Maliki, S. B. Khazal, and A. Al Hinai, “A Review of Historical Nanoscience, Low-Dimensional Nanomaterials: The Art of Fabrication, Characteristics, and Applications in Wastewater,” J. Water Environ. Nanotechnol., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 104–143, Jan. 2026, doi: 10.22090/JWENT.2026.01.09.
34. [34] A. Aygun, G. Sahin, R. N. E. Tiri, Y. Tekeli, and F. Sen, “Colorimetric sensor based on biogenic nanomaterials for high sensitive detection of hydrogen peroxide and multi-metals,” Chemosphere, vol. 339, p. 139702, Oct. 2023, doi: 10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2023.139702.
35. [35] G. K. Sarma, S. Sen Gupta, and K. G. Bhattacharyya, “Nanomaterials as versatile adsorbents for heavy metal ions in water: a review,” Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2019 267, vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 6245–6278, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.1007/S11356-018-04093-Y.
36. [36] R. Baby, B. Saifullah, and M. Z. Hussein, “Carbon Nanomaterials for the Treatment of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Water and Environmental Remediation,” Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2019 141, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 341-, Nov. 2019, doi: 10.1186/S11671-019-3167-8.
37. [37] J. M. do Nascimento, J. J. S. Otaviano, H. S. de Sousa, J. D. de Oliveira, and Y. T. Hung, “Use of Biosorption of Agro-Industrial Wastes and Microorganisms for Removal of Potentially Toxic Metals,” Control Heavy Met. Environ. Recent Adv. Met. Toxicity, Pollut. Control. Remediat. Tech., pp. 400–457, Jan. 2025, doi: 10.1201/9781003541615-12/ADVANCES-REMOVAL-HEAVY-METALS-CONTAMINATED-SOIL-MU-HAO-SUNG-WANG-NAZIH-SHAMMAS-LAWRENCE-WANG.
38. [38] S. S. Jeyakumar and R. Vashishth, “Next-generation adsorbents for heavy metal removal: organic, inorganic, and hybrid materials,” Environ. Sci. Eur. 2026 381, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 72-, Feb. 2026, doi: 10.1186/S12302-026-01330-X.
39. [39] G. Crini, E. Lichtfouse, L. D. Wilson, and N. Morin-Crini, “Conventional and non-conventional adsorbents for wastewater treatment,” Environ. Chem. Lett. 2018 171, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 195–213, Jul. 2018, doi: 10.1007/S10311-018-0786-8.
40. [40] D. B. Olawade et al., “Metal and metal oxide nanomaterials for heavy metal remediation: novel approaches for selective, regenerative, and scalable water treatment,” Front. Nanotechnol., vol. 6, p. 1466721, Oct. 2024, doi: 10.3389/FNANO.2024.1466721/FULL.
41. [41] Husaini M, “Metal Oxide Montmorillonite Nanocomposites for Heavy Metal Ion Removal: Mechanisms, Performance and Environmental Applications,” J. Mater. Environ. Sci, vol. 2026, no. 3, pp. 406–423, 2026, [Online]. Available: http://www.jmaterenvironsci.com
42. [42] C. Sui, W. Xie, Y. Bian, and X. Li, “Recent Progress in Adsorption Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Wastewater Using Biomass-Based Materials,” Gels 2026, Vol. 12, Page 311, vol. 12, no. 4, p. 311, Apr. 2026, doi: 10.3390/GELS12040311.
43. [43] H. Farooqi et al., “Advances in the synthesis, properties, and applications of iron oxide nanoparticles,” Discov. Sensors 2026 21, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 12-, Feb. 2026, doi: 10.1007/S44397-026-00043-3.
44. [44] S. Ozdemir, Z. Turkan, E. Kilinc, R. Bayat, M. Soylak, and F. Sen, “Preconcentrations of Cu (II) and Mn (II) by magnetic solid-phase extraction on Bacillus cereus loaded γ-Fe2O3 nanomaterials,” Environ. Res., vol. 209, p. 112766, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.1016/J.ENVRES.2022.112766.
45. [45] I. A. Baba, S. Mustapha, A. S. Abdulkareem, and J. O. Tijani, “Nigerian clays as sustainable adsorbents for heavy metal removal from industrial wastewater: Adsorption mechanisms, performance evaluation, challenges, and future prospects,” J. Hazard. Mater. Adv., vol. 22, p. 101136, May 2026, doi: 10.1016/J.HAZADV.2026.101136.
46. [46] A. Yang, Y. Jiang, H. Ju, T. Li, J. Lyu, and X. Guo, “Unveiling the Boron Adsorption Mechanism on Fe3O4 Nanoparticles by Fine-Tuning Hydroxyl Density with Oleic Acid,” Langmuir, vol. 41, no. 48, pp. 33037–33048, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.1021/ACS.LANGMUIR.5C05190.
47. [47] M. A. Rahman, “Nanocomposite Adsorbents for Heavy Metal and Dye Removal: Performance, Mechanisms, and Regeneration Challenges,” Heat Transf., vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 3076–3094, Jul. 2026, doi: 10.1002/HTJ.70243;REQUESTEDJOURNAL:JOURNAL:26884542;PAGEGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION.
48. [48] W. Iqbal et al., “Advancements and obstacles in SiO2 fiber aerogels: enhanced fabrication, mechanics, and novel applications,” Adv. Compos. Hybrid Mater. 2026 92, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 119-, Feb. 2026, doi: 10.1007/S42114-026-01620-1.
49. [49] K. A. Ahmed, A. Author Bio-Titania, and S. Publishing Ahmed, “Recent Advances in Titanium Dioxide (TiO₂): Properties, Synthesis, and Multifunctional Applications: A Review,” J. Life Sci. Public Heal., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 127–140, Jun. 2026, doi: 10.69739/JLSPH.V2I1.1895.
50. [50] M. El Mchaouri et al., “Engineering TiO2 photocatalysts for enhanced visible-light activity in wastewater treatment applications,” Tetrahedron Green Chem, vol. 6, p. 100084, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.1016/J.TGCHEM.2025.100084.
51. [51] N. S. Allen, N. Mahdjoub, V. Vishnyakov, P. J. Kelly, and R. J. Kriek, “The effect of crystalline phase (anatase, brookite and rutile) and size on the photocatalytic activity of calcined polymorphic titanium dioxide (TiO2),” Polym. Degrad. Stab., vol. 150, pp. 31–36, Apr. 2018, doi: 10.1016/J.POLYMDEGRADSTAB.2018.02.008.
52. [52] Y. A. Shaban, “Effective Photocatalytic Reduction of Cr(VI) by Carbon Modified (CM)-n-TiO2 Nanoparticles under Solar Irradiation,” World J. Nano Sci. Eng., vol. 2013, no. 04, pp. 154–160, Dec. 2013, doi: 10.4236/WJNSE.2013.34018.
53. [53] Z. Zahid et al., “Photocatalytic Reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue and Antifungal Activity of Ag/TiO2 Composites Synthesized via the Template Induced Route,” Inorganics 2023, Vol. 11, Page 133, vol. 11, no. 3, p. 133, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.3390/INORGANICS11030133.
54. [54] D. Li, D. Shi, Z. Liu, H. Liu, and Z. Guo, “TiO2 nanoparticles on nitrogen-doped graphene as anode material for lithium ion batteries,” J. Nanoparticle Res., vol. 15, no. 5, May 2013, doi: 10.1007/S11051-013-1674-6.
55. [55] A. Haleem, A. Shafiq, S. Q. Chen, and M. Nazar, “A Comprehensive Review on Adsorption, Photocatalytic and Chemical Degradation of Dyes and Nitro-Compounds over Different Kinds of Porous and Composite Materials,” Molecules, vol. 28, no. 3, p. 1081, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.3390/MOLECULES28031081.
56. [56] D. L. Puspitarum et al., “Novel magnetically recoverable MnFe2O4/TiO2 nanocomposites synthesized using green route for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue,” Water Cycle, vol. 6, pp. 49–60, Jan. 2025, doi: 10.1016/J.WATCYC.2024.11.001.
57. [57] A. Nawaz et al., “Zinc oxide nanoparticles: Pathways to micropollutant adsorption, dye removal, and antibacterial actions - A study of mechanisms, challenges, and future prospects,” J. Mol. Struct., vol. 1312, p. 138545, Sep. 2024, doi: 10.1016/J.MOLSTRUC.2024.138545.
58. [58] A. Sanmugam, D. Vikraman, H. J. Park, and H. S. Kim, “One-Pot Facile Methodology to Synthesize Chitosan-ZnO-Graphene Oxide Hybrid Composites for Better Dye Adsorption and Antibacterial Activity,” Nanomater. 2017, Vol. 7, Page 363, vol. 7, no. 11, p. 363, Nov. 2017, doi: 10.3390/NANO7110363.
59. [59] M. O. Fatehah, H. A. Aziz, and S. Stoll, “Stability of ZnO Nanoparticles in Solution. Influence of pH, Dissolution, Aggregation and Disaggregation Effects,” J. Colloid Sci. Biotechnol., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 75–84, Sep. 2014, doi: 10.1166/JCSB.2014.1072.
60. [60] A. Thakur, Nancy, R. Verma, A. Ali, A. Chauhan, and P. Thakur, “Manganese ferrite based materials for wastewater treatment: Mechanisms, performance, and future perspectives,” Next Mater., vol. 12, p. 102237, Jul. 2026, doi: 10.1016/J.NXMATE.2026.102237.
61. [61] Z. Gong, H. T. Chan, Q. Chen, and H. Chen, “Application of Nanotechnology in Analysis and Removal of Heavy Metals in Food and Water Resources,” Nanomaterials, vol. 11, no. 7, p. 1792, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.3390/NANO11071792.
62. [62] X. Qi, H. Yin, M. Zhu, X. Yu, P. Shao, and Z. Dang, “MgO-loaded nitrogen and phosphorus self-doped biochar: High-efficient adsorption of aquatic Cu2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ and its remediation efficiency on heavy metal contaminated soil,” Chemosphere, vol. 294, May 2022, doi: 10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2022.133733.
63. [63] M. De Silva, G. Cao, and K. C. Tam, “Nanomaterials for the removal and detection of heavy metals: a review,” Environ. Sci. Nano, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 2154–2176, Apr. 2025, doi: 10.1039/D4EN01041H.
64. [64] H. K. Hami, R. F. Abbas, E. M. Eltayef, and N. I. Mahdi, “Applications of aluminum oxide and nano aluminum oxide as adsorbents: review,” Samarra J. Pure Appl. Sci., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 19–32, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.54153/SJPAS.2020.V2I2.109.
65. [65] R. Kumar et al., “Surface coating and functionalization of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications,” Met. Oxides Biomed. Biosens. Appl., pp. 205–231, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-823033-6.00007-7.
66. [66] Z. Li, D. Jia, W. Zhang, Y. Li, M. Wang, and D. Zhang, “Enhanced photocatalytic performance by regulating the Ce3+/Ce4+ ratio in cerium dioxide,” Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., vol. 18, no. 3, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.1007/S11705-024-2394-4.
67. [67] M. Kumar, A. Rahman, and V. P. Singh, “An efficient p-n type based (NiO/CeO2) hybrid composite photocatalyst and its performance for cationic dye degradation: Probable degradation pathways, optimization activities, and depth mechanism insights,” Next Energy, vol. 7, p. 100228, Apr. 2025, doi: 10.1016/J.NXENER.2024.100228.
68. [68] E. B. Hussein, F. A. Rasheed, A. S. Mohammed, and K. F. Kayani, “Emerging nanotechnology approaches for sustainable water treatment and heavy metals removal: a comprehensive review,” RSC Adv., vol. 15, no. 48, pp. 41061–41107, Oct. 2025, doi: 10.1039/D5RA06914A.
69. [69] M. Khan et al., “Mechanistic breakthroughs in affordable adsorbents for heavy metal remediation: An in-depth exploration of next-generation sustainable water purification technologies,” J. Hazard. Mater. Adv., vol. 19, p. 100847, Aug. 2025, doi: 10.1016/J.HAZADV.2025.100847.
70. [70] A. Rasulov et al., “Fe3O4 based magnetic nanomaterials for heavy metal removal: comprehensive review (2020–2024 years),” Emergent Mater. 2026 94, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 95-, Apr. 2026, doi: 10.1007/S42247-026-01374-Y.
71. [71] S. Ozdemir, E. Kılınc, M. S. Yalcin, M. Soylak, and F. Sen, “A new magnetized thermophilic bacteria to preconcentrate uranium and thorium from environmental samples through magnetic solid-phase extraction,” J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., vol. 186, p. 113315, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.1016/J.JPBA.2020.113315.
72. [72] A. S. S., S. S. Kosalge, and P. G. Bhatia, “Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Heavy Metal Ion Removal from Wastewater: A Review,” ChemSci Adv., vol. 01, no. 04, pp. 196–208, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.69626/CSA.2024.0196.
73. [73] N. Lu et al., “A Review on the Application of Magnetic Nanomaterials for Environmental and Ecological Remediation,” Toxics 2025, Vol. 13, Page 814, vol. 13, no. 10, p. 814, Sep. 2025, doi: 10.3390/TOXICS13100814.
74. [74] C. Liosis, A. Papadopoulou, E. Karvelas, T. E. Karakasidis, and I. E. Sarris, “Heavy Metal Adsorption Using Magnetic Nanoparticles for Water Purification: A Critical Review,” Materials (Basel)., vol. 14, no. 24, p. 7500, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.3390/MA14247500.
75. [75] A. Karnwal and T. Malik, “Nano-revolution in heavy metal removal: engineered nanomaterials for cleaner water,” Front. Environ. Sci., vol. 12, 2024, doi: 10.3389/FENVS.2024.1393694.
76. [76] T. Abbas et al., “Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Efficent Removal of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Water,” Kashf J. Multidiscip. Res., vol. 2, no. 06, pp. 50–59, Jun. 2025, doi: 10.71146/KJMR500.
77. [77] Fatima Mujahid et al., “Carbon Based Nanomaterials for Detection of Heavy Metals and Water Treatment,” Indus J. Biosci. Res., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 272–287, Feb. 2025, doi: 10.70749/IJBR.V3I2.594.
78. [78] B. Y. Danu et al., “Carbon-based materials for the removal of organic dyes from wastewater,” Discov. Nano 2026 211, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 29-, Feb. 2026, doi: 10.1186/S11671-026-04445-5.
79. [79] H. Maikano et al., “Advances in nanomaterials for efficient petrochemical wastewater treatment: Synergistic removal of organic and inorganic pollutants,” Chem. Eng. J. Adv., vol. 26, p. 101144, May 2026, doi: 10.1016/J.CEJA.2026.101144.
80. [80] S. Velusamy, A. Roy, S. Sundaram, and T. Kumar Mallick, “A Review on Heavy Metal Ions and Containing Dyes Removal Through Graphene Oxide-Based Adsorption Strategies for Textile Wastewater Treatment,” Chem. Rec., vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 1570–1610, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.1002/TCR.202000153.
81. [81] A. Abu-Nada, G. McKay, and A. Abdala, “Recent Advances in Applications of Hybrid Graphene Materials for Metals Removal from Wastewater,” Nanomaterials, vol. 10, no. 3, p. 595, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.3390/NANO10030595.
82. [82] H. M. Solayman et al., “Carbon quantum dots: Comparative analysis of synthesis strategies and their environmental application,” Next Mater., vol. 8, p. 100787, Jul. 2025, doi: 10.1016/J.NXMATE.2025.100787.
83. [83] N. Kasirajan and K. Krishna, “Carbon quantum dots as fluorescent probes: recent developments and applications in environmental and biomedical fields,” Discov. Sensors 2026 21, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 38-, Jun. 2026, doi: 10.1007/S44397-026-00055-Z.
84. [84] A. Aygun, I. Cobas, R. N. E. Tiri, and F. Sen, “Hydrothermal synthesis of B, S, and N-doped carbon quantum dots for colorimetric sensing of heavy metal ions,” RSC Adv., vol. 14, no. 16, pp. 10814–10825, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.1039/D4RA00397G.
85. [85] A. Mamun, M. Kiari, and L. Sabantina, “A Recent Review of Electrospun Porous Carbon Nanofiber Mats for Energy Storage and Generation Applications,” Membr. 2023, Vol. 13, Page 830, vol. 13, no. 10, p. 830, Oct. 2023, doi: 10.3390/MEMBRANES13100830.
86. [86] M. S. Lal and R. Sundara, “Electrospun porous carbon nanofibers/TiO2 composite coated over carbon cloth- A flexible electrode for capacitive deionization,” Ceram. Int., vol. 48, no. 14, pp. 20351–20361, Jul. 2022, doi: 10.1016/J.CERAMINT.2022.03.319.
87. [87] R. Darabi, F. Karimi, R. Bayat, M. Bekmezci, S. Cheraghi, and F. Sen, “Carbon Nanofibre Modified Platinum Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Characterization and Their Applications toward C1 to C3 Alcohols for Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells,” Top. Catal. 2024 679, vol. 67, no. 9, pp. 650–660, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.1007/S11244-024-01905-Z.
88. [88] I. Curcio, R. Gigli, F. Mormile, and C. Mormile, “A comprehensive review on biochar, with a particular focus on nano properties and applications,” Nano Trends, vol. 10, p. 100117, Jun. 2025, doi: 10.1016/J.NWNANO.2025.100117.
89. [89] J. Silvestre-Albero et al., “Biochar in Agriculture: A Review on Sources, Production, and Composites Related to Soil Fertility, Crop Productivity, and Environmental Sustainability,” C 2025, Vol. 11, Page 50, vol. 11, no. 3, p. 50, Jul. 2025, doi: 10.3390/C11030050.
90. [90] A. S. Hamda, H. A. Areti, R. L. Gudeta, L. D. Abo, and M. Jayakumar, “Carbon-based nanomaterials for water treatment: A comprehensive review of recent advances and mechanisms,” Chem. Eng. J. Adv., vol. 23, p. 100834, Aug. 2025, doi: 10.1016/J.CEJA.2025.100834.
91. [91] S. A. Atanda, I. O. Lawal, M. O. Oladeinde, R. O. Shaibu, and F. O. Agunbiade, “Metal and carbon-based nanoparticles for environmental remediation: performance metrics, reaction mechanisms, and ecotoxicological implications,” Discov. Mater. 2026 61, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 161-, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.1007/S43939-026-00634-2.
92. [92] M. A. Taleb, R. Kumar, M. A. Barakat, T. Almeelbi, M. K. Seliem, and A. Ahmad, “Recent advances in heavy metals uptake by tailored silica-based adsorbents,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 955, p. 177093, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2024.177093.
93. [93] V. M. Correlo, J. M. Oliveira, J. F. Mano, N. M. Neves, and R. L. Reis, “Natural Origin Materials for Bone Tissue Engineering – Properties, Processing, and Performance,” Princ. Regen. Med. Second Ed., pp. 557–586, Jan. 2010, doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-381422-7.10032-X.
94. [94] A. Bourliva, “Heavy Metal Adsorption and Desorption Behavior of Raw Sepiolite: A Study on Cd(II), Cu(II), and Ni(II) Ions,” Minerals, vol. 15, no. 11, p. 1110, Nov. 2025, doi: 10.3390/MIN15111110/S1.
95. [95] H. A. Karabulut, Y. Kalpakli, Y. T. Üniversitesi, K.-M. Fakültesi, and K. M. Bölümü, “Sepiyolit Cevherinin Genel Özellikleri ve Isıl Davranışı,” Konya J. Eng. Sci., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 249–273, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.36306/KONJES.1040430.
96. [96] C. Zhang, X. Han, F. Wang, L. Wang, and J. Liang, “A Facile Fabrication of ZnFe2O4/Sepiolite Composite with Excellent Photocatalytic Performance on the Removal of Tetracycline Hydrochloride,” Front. Chem., vol. 9, p. 736369, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.3389/FCHEM.2021.736369.
97. [97] B. Zhang et al., “Recent advances of application of bentonite-based composites in the environmental remediation,” J. Environ. Manage., vol. 362, Jun. 2024, doi: 10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2024.121341.
98. [98] C. O. Ijagbemi, M. H. Baek, and D. S. Kim, “Montmorillonite surface properties and sorption characteristics for heavy metal removal from aqueous solutions,” J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 166, no. 1, pp. 538–546, Jul. 2009, doi: 10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2008.11.085.
99. [99] Q. Chen et al., “From used montmorillonite to carbon monolayer–montmorillonite nanocomposites,” Appl. Clay Sci., vol. 100, no. C, pp. 112–117, Oct. 2014, doi: 10.1016/J.CLAY.2014.04.011.
100. [100] G. Biddeci, G. Spinelli, P. Colomba, and F. Di Blasi, “Nanomaterials: A Review about Halloysite Nanotubes, Properties, and Application in the Biological Field,” Int. J. Mol. Sci., vol. 23, no. 19, p. 11518, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.3390/IJMS231911518.
101. [101] J. C. Miranda-Trevino and C. A. Coles, “Kaolinite properties, structure and influence of metal retention on pH,” Appl. Clay Sci., vol. 23, no. 1–4, pp. 133–139, 2003, doi: 10.1016/S0169-1317(03)00095-4.
102. [102] D. Ewis, M. M. Ba-Abbad, A. Benamor, and M. H. El-Naas, “Adsorption of organic water pollutants by clays and clay minerals composites: A comprehensive review,” Appl. Clay Sci., vol. 229, p. 106686, Nov. 2022, doi: 10.1016/J.CLAY.2022.106686.
103. [103] P. Wang, X. Shen, S. Qiu, L. Zhang, Y. Ma, and J. Liang, “Clay-Based Materials for Heavy Metals Adsorption: Mechanisms, Advancements, and Future Prospects in Environmental Remediation,” Crystals, vol. 14, no. 12, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.3390/CRYST14121046.
104. [104] A. Alam, A. Hassan, Z. Sultana, and N. Das, “Natural polymer-based bioadsorbents for wastewater treatment,” RSC Sustain., vol. 3, no. 11, pp. 5027–5050, Sep. 2025, doi: 10.1039/D5SU00369E.
105. [105] A. Dambuza, P. P. Mokolokolo, M. E. Makhatha, and M. A. Sibeko, “Chitosan-Based Materials as Effective Materials to Remove Pollutants,” Polym. 2025, Vol. 17, Page 2447, vol. 17, no. 18, p. 2447, Sep. 2025, doi: 10.3390/POLYM17182447.
106. [106] R. Si, J. Pu, H. Luo, C. Wu, and G. Duan, “Nanocellulose-Based Adsorbents for Heavy Metal Ion,” Polym. 2022, Vol. 14, Page 5479, vol. 14, no. 24, p. 5479, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.3390/POLYM14245479.
107. [107] S. Akshaya and A. J. Nathanael, “A Review on Hydrophobically Associated Alginates: Approaches and Applications,” ACS Omega, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 4246–4262, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.1021/ACSOMEGA.3C08619.
108. [108] Annu, M. Mittal, S. Tripathi, and D. K. Shin, “Biopolymeric Nanocomposites for Wastewater Remediation: An Overview on Recent Progress and Challenges,” Polym. 2024, Vol. 16, Page 294, vol. 16, no. 2, p. 294, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.3390/POLYM16020294.
109. [109] J. I. Gutierrèz et al., “Recent Advances in Sustainable Biopolymer-Based Nanocomposites for Heavy Metal Removal from Water,” Sustain., vol. 18, no. 8, p. 3827, Apr. 2026, doi: 10.3390/SU18083827/S1.
110. [110] X. Liu et al., “Advanced porous nanomaterials as superior adsorbents for environmental pollutants removal from aqueous solutions,” Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 53, no. 13, pp. 1289–1309, 2023, doi: 10.1080/10643389.2023.2168473.
111. [111] K. Patra, S. Dey, C. Solanki, A. Sengupta, and V. K. Mittal, “Harnessing Advanced Porous Materials, Covalent Organic Frameworks, and Porous Organic Polymers as Next-Generation Porous Frameworks for Targeted Removal of Emerging Water Contaminants,” ACS Appl. Eng. Mater., vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 1130–1165, May 2025, doi: 10.1021/ACSAENM.5C00187.
112. [112] N. A. A. Qasem, R. H. Mohammed, and D. U. Lawal, “Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater: a comprehensive and critical review,” npj Clean Water 2021 41, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 36-, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.1038/s41545-021-00127-0.
113. [113] S. Raghav, S. Yadav, V. Chavda, P. Jain, and D. Kumar, “Metal-organic frameworks for catalysis, gas separation, and biomedical applications: Synthesis strategies, recent advances, and future prospects,” Next Mater., vol. 11, p. 101832, Apr. 2026, doi: 10.1016/J.NXMATE.2026.101832.
114. [114] S. N. A. Bukhari et al., “Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) as Multi-Target Multifunctional Frameworks,” Polymers (Basel)., vol. 15, no. 2, p. 267, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.3390/POLYM15020267.
115. [115] A. Hikmat, “Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Future Applications,” J. Turkish Chem. Soc. Sect. A Chem., vol. 2026, no. 2, pp. 1–21, Jul. 2026, doi: 10.18596/jotcsa.1926285.
116. [116] C. F. de Carvalho, A. F. Oliveira, M. E. L. Gonzalez, V. A. dos S. Ribeiro, and C. H. C. Carvalho, “Graphene Oxide–TiO2 composite materials for photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in water treatment,” J. Appl. Mater. Technol., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 74–84, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.31258/JAMT.7.2.74-84.
117. [117] L. Q. Vo, A. T. Vu, T. D. Le, C. D. Huynh, and H. V. Tran, “Fe3O4/Graphene Oxide/Chitosan Nanocomposite: A Smart Nanosorbent for Lead(II) Ion Removal from Contaminated Water,” ACS Omega, vol. 9, no. 15, p. 17506, 2024, doi: 10.1021/ACSOMEGA.4C00486.
118. [118] E. Pargoletti and Y. Gogotsi, “MXene-Based Nanozymes: Current Challenges and Future Prospects,” ChemCatChem, vol. 17, no. 15, Aug. 2025, doi: 10.1002/CCTC.202500730.
119. [119] H. Loc Nguyen, T. Bich, and N. Nguyen, “Engineering Catalytic Nanozymes for Antimicrobial Food Systems: Structure–Activity Relationships, Safe-by-Design Principles, and Industrial Translation,” Nanomater. 2026, Vol. 16, Page 887, vol. 16, no. 14, p. 887, Jul. 2026, doi: 10.3390/NANO16140887.
120. [120] G. Shrivastava et al., “Bridging science and sustainability: Applications of nanomaterials in wastewater remediation,” Next Nanotechnol., vol. 9, p. 100470, Jun. 2026, doi: 10.1016/J.NXNANO.2026.100470.
121. [121] K. Jayaramulu et al., “Graphene-Based Metal–Organic Framework Hybrids for Applications in Catalysis, Environmental, and Energy Technologies,” Chem. Rev., vol. 122, no. 24, p. 17241, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.1021/ACS.CHEMREV.2C00270.
122. [122] S. Feng et al., “MXene/MOF-Derived Composites with Multidimensional Nanostructures: Synthesis Methods, Performance, and Applications in the Field of Energy Storage,” Nanomater. 2025, Vol. 15, Page 841, vol. 15, no. 11, p. 841, May 2025, doi: 10.3390/NANO15110841.
123. [123] M. Z. A. Zaimee, M. S. Sarjadi, and M. L. Rahman, “Heavy metals removal from water by efficient adsorbents,” Water (Switzerland), vol. 13, no. 19, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.3390/W13192659.
124. [124] N. Sheraz, A. Shah, A. Haleem, and F. J. Iftikhar, “Comprehensive assessment of carbon-, biomaterial- and inorganic-based adsorbents for the removal of the most hazardous heavy metal ions from wastewater,” RSC Adv., vol. 14, no. 16, pp. 11284–11310, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.1039/D4RA00976B.
125. [125] S. Parida, L. B. Sukla, and D. P. K. Samal, “Biosorption of heavy metals from wastewater via agro waste derived biosorbents emphasizing mechanisms kinetics isotherm models and modification strategies,” Discov. Appl. Sci. 2026 83, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 316-, Feb. 2026, doi: 10.1007/S42452-026-08341-6.
126. [126] S. A. Razzak, “Recent advances in chitosan-biochar composites for heavy metal and hazardous pollutant removal from wastewater,” Chem. Eng. J. Green Sustain., vol. 3, p. 100099, Sep. 2026, doi: 10.1016/J.CEJGAS.2026.100099.
127. [127] G. L. Klimchitskaya, “Comment on ‘Revisiting the divergent multipole expansion of atom-surface interactions: Hydrogen and positronium, $α$-quartz, and physisorption’ (arXiv:2308.04656v3),” Jan. 2025, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.111.016801.
128. [128] J. Li et al., “Comparative Study on the Adsorption Characteristics of Heavy Metal Ions by Activated Carbon and Selected Natural Adsorbents,” Sustain., vol. 14, no. 23, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.3390/SU142315579.
129. [129] S. Wu, F. Xie, S. Chen, and B. Fu, “The removal of Pb (II) and Cd (II) with hydrous manganese dioxide: mechanism on zeta potential and adsorption behavior,” Environ. Technol., vol. 41, no. 24, pp. 3219–3232, Oct. 2020, doi: 10.1080/09593330.2019.1604814.
130. [130] T. K. Sen, “Agricultural Solid Wastes Based Adsorbent Materials in the Remediation of Heavy Metal Ions from Water and Wastewater by Adsorption: A Review,” Molecules, vol. 28, no. 14, p. 5575, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.3390/MOLECULES28145575.
131. [131] G. Taha, R. A. Baseer, and M. Sultan, “Chitosan nanocomposites for the removal of pollutants from waste water,” Discov. Appl. Sci. 2025 711, vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 1306-, Oct. 2025, doi: 10.1007/S42452-025-07689-5.
132. [132] M. Leroy, A. Avellan, M. Legnani, E. Flahaut, and C. Larue, “Unravelling the physicochemical drivers of heavy metal adsorption on carbonaceous nanomaterials: Implications for the environmental fate of contaminants in mixtures,” Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Asp., vol. 733, p. 139352, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.1016/J.COLSURFA.2025.139352.
133. [133] J. Wang and X. Guo, “Adsorption kinetics and isotherm models of heavy metals by various adsorbents: An overview,” Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 53, no. 21, pp. 1837–1865, 2023, doi: 10.1080/10643389.2023.2221157.
134. [134] M. G. Fadl, “Prediction of heavy metal biosorption mechanism through studying isotherm kinetic equations,” Sci. Reports 2023 131, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 1576-, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-28655-4.
135. [135] O. A. O. Abiodun et al., “Remediation of Heavy Metals Using Biomass-Based Adsorbents: Adsorption Kinetics and Isotherm Models,” Clean Technol. 2023, Vol. 5, Pages 934-960, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 934–960, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.3390/CLEANTECHNOL5030047.
136. [136] X. Chen et al., “Isotherm models for adsorption of heavy metals from water - A review,” Chemosphere, vol. 307, p. 135545, Nov. 2022, doi: 10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2022.135545.
137. [137] S. Essalmi, S. Lotfi, A. BaQais, M. Saadi, M. Arab, and H. Ait Ahsaine, “Design and application of metal organic frameworks for heavy metals adsorption in water: a review,” RSC Adv., vol. 14, no. 13, pp. 9365–9390, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.1039/D3RA08815D.
138. [138] M. Albqmi, Z. Frontistis, Z. Raji, A. Karim, A. Karam, and S. Khalloufi, “Adsorption of Heavy Metals: Mechanisms, Kinetics, and Applications of Various Adsorbents in Wastewater Remediation—A Review,” Waste 2023, Vol. 1, Pages 775-805, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 775–805, Sep. 2023, doi: 10.3390/WASTE1030046.
139. [139] J. Kazmierczak-razna, A. Zioła-frankowska, P. Nowicki, M. Frankowski, R. Wolski, and R. Pietrzak, “Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from One- and Two-Component Solutions via Adsorption on N-Doped Activated Carbon,” Mater. (Basel, Switzerland), vol. 14, no. 22, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.3390/MA14227045.
140. [140] N. Sharma, G. Singh, M. Sharma, S. Mandzhieva, T. Minkina, and V. D. Rajput, “Sustainable Use of Nano-Assisted Remediation for Mitigation of Heavy Metals and Mine Spills,” Water (Switzerland), vol. 14, no. 23, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.3390/W14233972.
141. [141] N. Asghar et al., “Advancement in nanomaterials for environmental pollutants remediation: a systematic review on bibliometrics analysis, material types, synthesis pathways, and related mechanisms,” J. Nanobiotechnology 2024 221, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 26-, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.1186/S12951-023-02151-3.
142. [142] M. Wang et al., “Innovations in nanomaterials for remediation of heavy metal−polluted soil: Advances, mechanistic insights, and future prospects,” Nano Mater. Sci., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 11–35, Feb. 2026, doi: 10.1016/J.NANOMS.2025.06.008.
143. [143] D. Kwaśniewska and J. Kiewlicz, “Nanomaterials for Air, Water, and Soil Remediation: Review,” Sustain. 2026, Vol. 18, Page 6085, vol. 18, no. 12, p. 6085, Jun. 2026, doi: 10.3390/SU18126085.
144. [144] W. X. New, J. E. Ogbezode, and P. Gani, “Nanoparticles in Soil Remediation: Challenges and Opportunities,” Ind. Domest. Waste Manag., vol. 3, no. 2, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.53623/idwm.v3i2.357.
145. [145] J. Tripathy et al., “Advances in Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites for Water and Wastewater Treatment: A Review,” Water 2024, Vol. 16, Page 1481, vol. 16, no. 11, p. 1481, May 2024, doi: 10.3390/W16111481.
146. [146] M. Sharma and R. Dandautiya, “Advancements in Nanotechnology for Heavy Metal Remediation in Wastewater Treatment: Challenges and Opportunities,” E3S Web Conf., vol. 509, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.1051/E3SCONF/202450901015.
147. [147] M. C. Martin, A. G. Garay, and B. Pintos, “Green Nanotechnology in Sustainable Agriculture: Plant-Based Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles for Crop Protection and Productivity,” Appl. Sci. 2026, Vol. 16, Page 3867, vol. 16, no. 8, p. 3867, Apr. 2026, doi: 10.3390/APP16083867.
148. [148] R. Ahmed, K. H. Manik, M. S. Islam, A. Rhine, J. J. Mim, and N. Hossain, “Green synthesis methods for nanoparticles: Principles, biological routes, and physicochemical approaches toward sustainable nanotechnology,” Next Mater., vol. 11, p. 101929, Apr. 2026, doi: 10.1016/J.NXMATE.2026.101929.
149. [149] T. Hadibarata, R. A. Kristanti, A. G. Niculescu, D. I. Tudorache, A. C. Bîrcă, and A. M. Grumezescu, “Harnessing Nanomaterials for Water Decontamination: Insights into Environmental Impact, Sustainable Applications, and the Emerging Role of Polymeric Nanostructures,” Polym. 2026, Vol. 18, Page 393, vol. 18, no. 3, p. 393, Feb. 2026, doi: 10.3390/POLYM18030393.
150. [150] N. Jallouli, F. Mansouri, S. Roy, M. Ahmaruzzaman, W. Cheema, and M. Ksibi, “Photocatalytic membranes for pharmaceutical removal: advancements and future directions,” Emergent Mater. 2026 91, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 51-, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.1007/S42247-026-01346-2.
151. [151] S. Das, K. W. Sultana, A. R. Ndhlala, M. Mondal, and I. Chandra, “Heavy Metal Pollution in the Environment and Its Impact on Health: Exploring Green Technology for Remediation,” Environ. Health Insights, vol. 17, p. 11786302231201260, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1177/11786302231201259.
152. [152] O. Dagdag et al., “An Overview of Heavy Metal Pollution and Control,” ACS Symp. Ser., vol. 1456, pp. 3–24, Nov. 2023, doi: 10.1021/BK-2023-1456.CH001.
153. [153] J. H. Kim, S. B. Kim, S. H. Lee, and J. W. Choi, “Laboratory and pilot-scale field experiments for application of iron oxide nanoparticle-loaded chitosan composites to phosphate removal from natural water,” Environ. Technol. (United Kingdom), vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 770–779, Mar. 2018, doi: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1310937.
154. [154] J. Georgin et al., “A Critical Review of the Advances and Current Status of the Application of Adsorption in the Remediation of Micropollutants and Dyes Through the Use of Emerging Bio-Based Nanocomposites,” Sustain. 2025, Vol. 17, Page 2012, vol. 17, no. 5, p. 2012, Feb. 2025, doi: 10.3390/SU17052012.
155. [155] J. M. Calderon Moreno, M. Chelu, and M. Popa, “Eco-Friendly Bioinspired Synthesis and Environmental Applications of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Mediated by Natural Polysaccharide Gums: A Sustainable Approach to Nanomaterials Fabrication,” Nanomater. 2026, Vol. 16, Page 407, vol. 16, no. 7, p. 407, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.3390/NANO16070407.
156. [156] S. M. Syed, S. Kulkarni, M. Patil, and K. Satpute, “A comprehensive review of green synthesis methods and applications of nanoparticles derived from plant extracts and microorganisms,” Discov. Green Chem. 2026 11, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 6-, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.1007/S44509-026-00006-2.
157. [157] O. P. Onotu, H. S. Samuel, D. A. Undie, O. O. Akinpelu, F. A. Ibekwe, and E. E. Etim, “Nanoparticles for targeted removal of emerging contaminants in wastewater: mechanisms and sustainable practices,” Discov. Nano 2025 201, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 191-, Oct. 2025, doi: 10.1186/S11671-025-04341-4.
158. [158] A. D. Chigwada and M. Tekere, “Nanotechnology in environmental remediation: Transforming pollution control across diverse matrices,” Green Anal. Chem., vol. 16, p. 100324, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.1016/J.GREEAC.2026.100324.
159. [159] S. Singaravelu, F. Motsoene, H. Abrahamse, and S. S. Dhilip Kumar, “Green-synthesized metal nanoparticles: a promising approach for accelerated wound healing,” Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., vol. 13, p. 1637589, 2025, doi: 10.3389/FBIOE.2025.1637589.
160. [160] V. K. Parida, S. Das, S. Maity, A. Mahanty, D. Datta, and A. Pradhan, “Green Synthesis of Nanocatalysts and Nanomaterials for Effluent Treatment,” ACS Symp. Ser., vol. 1517, pp. 1–44, Nov. 2025, doi: 10.1021/BK-2025-1517.CH001.
161. [161] C. Martin, A. Nourian, M. Babaie, and G. G. Nasr, “Environmental, health and safety assessment of nanoparticle application in drilling mud – Review,” Geoenergy Sci. Eng., vol. 226, p. 211767, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.1016/J.GEOEN.2023.211767.
162. [162] C. M. Vineeth Kumar et al., “The impact of engineered nanomaterials on the environment: Release mechanism, toxicity, transformation, and remediation,” Environ. Res., vol. 212, Sep. 2022, doi: 10.1016/J.ENVRES.2022.113202.
163. [163] M. Sol-Magdaleno et al., “Carbon nanomaterials as an environmental technology in the remediation of agricultural soils contaminated with heavy metals: a review,” Discov. Soil 2025 21, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 26-, Apr. 2025, doi: 10.1007/S44378-025-00054-3.
164. [164] R. Ayranci, G. Başkaya, M. Güzel, S. Bozkurt, F. Şen, and M. Ak, “Carbon Based Nanomaterials for High Performance Optoelectrochemical Systems,” ChemistrySelect, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 1548–1555, Feb. 2017, doi: 10.1002/SLCT.201601632.
165. [165] B. Sen, A. Şavk, and F. Sen, “Highly efficient monodisperse Pt nanoparticles confined in the carbon black hybrid material for hydrogen liberation,” J. Colloid Interface Sci., vol. 520, pp. 112–118, Jun. 2018, doi: 10.1016/J.JCIS.2018.03.004.
166. [166] B. Şahin, E. Demir, A. Aygün, H. Gündüz, and F. Şen, “Investigation of the effect of pomegranate extract and monodisperse silver nanoparticle combination on MCF-7 cell line,” J. Biotechnol., vol. 260, pp. 79–83, Oct. 2017, doi: 10.1016/J.JBIOTEC.2017.09.012.
167. [167] Y. Yildiz, E. Erken, H. Pamuk, H. Sert, and F. Şen, “Monodisperse Pt Nanoparticles Assembled on Reduced Graphene Oxide: Highly Efficient and Reusable Catalyst for Methanol Oxidation and Dehydrocoupling of Dimethylamine-Borane (DMAB),” J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 5951–5958, Jun. 2016, doi: 10.1166/JNN.2016.11710.
168. [168] Y. Wu et al., “Hydrogen generation from methanolysis of sodium borohydride using waste coffee oil modified zinc oxide nanoparticles and their photocatalytic activities,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 48, no. 17, pp. 6613–6623, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.1016/J.IJHYDENE.2022.04.177.
169. [169] B. Şen, A. Aygün, A. Şavk, S. Akocak, and F. Şen, “Bimetallic palladium–iridium alloy nanoparticles as highly efficient and stable catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 43, no. 44, pp. 20183–20191, Nov. 2018, doi: 10.1016/J.IJHYDENE.2018.07.081.
170. [170] B. Sen, S. Kuzu, E. Demir, T. Onal Okyay, and F. Sen, “Hydrogen liberation from the dehydrocoupling of dimethylamine–borane at room temperature by using novel and highly monodispersed RuPtNi nanocatalysts decorated with graphene oxide,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 42, no. 36, pp. 23299–23306, Sep. 2017, doi: 10.1016/J.IJHYDENE.2017.04.213.
171. [171] Z. Ozturk, F. Sen, S. Sen, and G. Gokagac, “The preparation and characterization of nano-sized Pt–Pd/C catalysts and comparison of their superior catalytic activities for methanol and ethanol oxidation,” J. Mater. Sci. 2012 4723, vol. 47, no. 23, pp. 8134–8144, Jul. 2012, doi: 10.1007/S10853-012-6709-3.
172. [172] H. Göksu, B. Çelik, Y. Yıldız, F. Şen, and B. Kılbaş, “Superior Monodisperse CNT-Supported CoPd (CoPd@CNT) Nanoparticles for Selective Reduction of Nitro Compounds to Primary Amines with NaBH4 in Aqueous Medium,” ChemistrySelect, vol. 1, no. 10, pp. 2366–2372, Jul. 2016, doi: 10.1002/SLCT.201600509.
173. [173] B. Sen, S. Kuzu, E. Demir, S. Akocak, and F. Sen, “Polymer-graphene hybride decorated Pt nanoparticles as highly efficient and reusable catalyst for the dehydrogenation of dimethylamine–borane at room temperature,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 42, no. 36, pp. 23284–23291, Sep. 2017, doi: 10.1016/J.IJHYDENE.2017.05.112.
174. [174] E. Erken, Y. Yildiz, B. Kilbaş, and F. Şen, “Synthesis and Characterization of Nearly Monodisperse Pt Nanoparticles for C1 to C3 Alcohol Oxidation and Dehydrogenation of Dimethylamine-borane (DMAB),” J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 5944–5950, Jun. 2016, doi: 10.1166/JNN.2016.11683.
175. [175] F. Şen and G. Gökaǧaç, “Improving Catalytic Efficiency in the Methanol Oxidation Reaction by Inserting Ru in Face-Centered Cubic Pt Nanoparticles Prepared by a New Surfactant, tert-Octanethiol,” Energy and Fuels, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 1858–1864, May 2008, doi: 10.1021/EF700575T.
176. [176] A. Hojjati-Najafabadi et al., “Bacillus thuringiensis Based Ruthenium/Nickel Co-Doped Zinc as a Green Nanocatalyst: Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity, Mechanism, and Efficient H2 Production from Sodium Borohydride Methanolysis,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., vol. 62, no. 11, pp. 4655–4664, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.1021/ACS.IECR.2C03833.
177. [177] K. Nesrin et al., “Biogenic silver nanoparticles synthesized from Rhododendron ponticum and their antibacterial, antibiofilm and cytotoxic activities,” J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., vol. 179, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112993.
178. [178] H. Goksu, Y. Yildiz, B. Çelik, M. Yazici, B. Kilbas, and F. Sen, “Eco-friendly hydrogenation of aromatic aldehyde compounds by tandem dehydrogenation of dimethylamine-borane in the presence of a reduced graphene oxide furnished platinum nanocatalyst,” Catal. Sci. Technol., vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 2318–2324, Apr. 2016, doi: 10.1039/C5CY01462J.
179. [179] S. Ertan, F. Şen, S. Şen, and G. Gökağaç, “Platinum nanocatalysts prepared with different surfactants for C1–C3 alcohol oxidations and their surface morphologies by AFM,” J. Nanoparticle Res. 2012 146, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 922-, Jun. 2012, doi: 10.1007/S11051-012-0922-5.
180. [180] N. Lolak, E. Kuyuldar, H. Burhan, H. Goksu, S. Akocak, and F. Sen, “Composites of Palladium–Nickel Alloy Nanoparticles and Graphene Oxide for the Knoevenagel Condensation of Aldehydes with Malononitrile,” ACS Omega, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 6848–6853, Apr. 2019, doi: 10.1021/ACSOMEGA.9B00485.
181. [181] Y. Yildiz et al., “Highly Monodisperse Pt/Rh Nanoparticles Confined in the Graphene Oxide for Highly Efficient and Reusable Sorbents for Methylene Blue Removal from Aqueous Solutions,” ChemistrySelect, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 697–701, Jan. 2017, doi: 10.1002/SLCT.201601608;REQUESTEDJOURNAL:JOURNAL:23656549;PAGEGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION.
182. [182] F. Şen, G. Gökağaç, and S. Şen, “High performance Pt nanoparticles prepared by new surfactants for C 1 to C3 alcohol oxidation reactions,” J. Nanoparticle Res., vol. 15, no. 10, pp. 1–9, Oct. 2013, doi: 10.1007/S11051-013-1979-5/FIGURES/6.
183. [183] S. Günbatar, A. Aygun, Y. Karataş, M. Gülcan, and F. Şen, “Carbon-nanotube-based rhodium nanoparticles as highly-active catalyst for hydrolytic dehydrogenation of dimethylamineborane at room temperature,” J. Colloid Interface Sci., vol. 530, pp. 321–327, Nov. 2018, doi: 10.1016/J.JCIS.2018.06.100.