Akıllı Turizmde Yapay Zekâ Teknolojisi

Abstract

Teknolojide yaşanan gelişmelerin insan zekâsını taklit eden yeni nesil yapay zekâ uygulamalarını ortaya çıkardığı bilinmektedir. Ekonomi, sağlık, eğitim gibi hayatın bir çok alanında kullanılan yapay zekâ teknolojilerinin, değişen tüketici kalıpları neticesinde turizm sektörü içinde önemli olmaya başladığı görülmektedir. Çünkü yapay zekâ uygulamaları turistler açısından gerek zaman gerek ekonomik faydalar sunan uygulamalar olmaktadır. Yapay zekâ teknolojilerine odaklan bu çalışmada akıllı turizm kapsamında hangi yapay zekâ teknolojisinin nasıl kullanılabileceğinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaçla hazırlanan çalışmada Web 3.0 ile birlikte gelişme gösteren blok zincir tabanlı uygulamalara da değinilerek hangi yapay zekâ teknolojisi yerine kullanılabileceği de ifade edilmeye çalışılmıştır.

Keywords

• Yapay Zekâ
• Akıllı Turizm
• Blok Zincir

Artifical Intelligence (AI) Technology in Smart Tourism

Abstract

It is known that advances in technology have uncovered the next generation of artificial intelligence applications that mimic human intelligence. As a result of shifting consumer behaviors, its seen that artificial intelligence technologies, which are used in many areas of life such as economics, health, and education, are becoming increasingly significant within the tourism industry. Because artificial intelligence applications are applications that offer both time and economic benefits for tourists. In this context, the purpose of this study, which examines artificial intelligence applications in smart tourism, is to evaluate which artificial intelligence technology can be utilized efficiently at which stage of the trip. The purpose of this research, which focuses on artificial intelligence technologies, is to determine which artificial intelligence technologies how can be used in smart tourism. At this study, which was prepared with this goal, included blockchain technologies too that developed with Web 3.0, and it attempted to explain can be used instead of which artificial intelligence technology.

Keywords

• Artifical Intelligence
• Smart Tourism
• Blockchain

References

1. Abdelmoaty, G. A. ve Soliman, S. A. E. M. (2020). Smart technology applications in tourism and hospitality industry of the new administrative capital, Egypt. Journal of Association of Arab Universities for Tourism and Hospitality, 19(2), 102-129.
2. Afsahhosseini, F. ve Al-Mulla, Y. (2020). Machine learning in tourism. The 3rd International Conference on Machine Learning and Machine Intelligence, (s. 53-57). 18-20 Eylül 2020, Hangzhou, Çin.
3. Aghaei, H., Naderibeni, N. ve Karimi, A. (2021). Designing a tourism business model on block chain platform. Tourism Management Perspectives, 39, 1-12.
4. Aghaei, S., Nematbakhsh, M. A. ve Farsani, H. K. (2012). Evolution of the world wide web: from web 1.0 to web 4.0. International Journal of Web & Semantic Technology, 3(1), 1-10.
5. Alotaibi, R., Ali, A., Alharthi, H. ve Almehamdi, R. (2020). AI chatbot for tourist recommendations: a case study in the city of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies, 14(19), 18-30.
6. Baggio, R., Micera, R. ve Del Chiappa, G. (2020). Smart tourism destinations: A critical reflection. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 11(3), 407-423.
7. Barkel, C., Kurgun, H. ve Groen, B. (2021). Blockchain in the hospitality and tourism industry. C. Cobanoglu, S. Dogan, K. Berezina ve G.
8. Collins (Ed.), hospitality & tourism information technology içinde (s. 1–26). Florida: University of South Florida M3 Publishing

9. Berezina, K., Ciftci, O. ve Cobanoglu, C. (2019). Robots, artificial intelligence, and service automation in restaurants. S. Ivanov ve C. Webster (Ed.), robots, artificial intelligence, and service automation in travel, tourism and hospitality içinde (s. 185-219). UK: Emerald Publishing Limited.
10. Boes, K., Buhalis, D. ve Inversini, A. (2016). Smart tourism destinations: ecosystems for tourism destination competitiveness. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 2(2), 108-124.
11. Bowen, J. ve Morosan, C. (2018). Beware hospitality industry: the robots are coming. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 10(6), 726-733.
12. Bowen, J. ve Whalen, E. (2017). Trends that are changing travel and tourism. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 1-11.
13. Bughin, J., Hazan, E., Ramaswamy, S., Chui, M., Allas, T., Dahlstrom, P., Henke, N. ve Trench, M. (2017). Artificial ıntelligence: the next digital frontier?. McKinsey Global Institute.
14. Buhalis, D. ve Amaranggana, A. (2015). Smart tourism destinations enhancing tourism experience through personalisation of services. Tussyadiah, I. ve Inversini, A. (Ed.), information and communication technologies in tourism içinde (s. 377-389). Cham: Springer.
15. Buhalis, D. ve O'Connor, P. (2005). Information communication technology revolutionizing tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 30(3), 7-16.
16. Buhalis, D. ve Yen, E. C. S. (2020). Exploring The Use of Chatbots in Hotels: Technology Providers’ Perspective. Neidhardt, J. ve Wörndl, W. (Ed.), information and communication technologies in tourism 2020 içinde (s. 231-242). Cham: Springer.
17. Bulchand-Gidumal, J. (2020). Impact of artificial ıntelligence in travel, tourism, and hospitality. Handbook of e-Tourism, 1–20.
18. Caddeo, F. ve Pinna, A. (2021). Opportunities and challenges of blockchain-oriented systems in the tourism industry. IEEE/ACM 4th International workshop on emerging trends in software engineering for blockchain (WETSEB) İçinde (s. 9-16). IEEE.
19. Calvaresi, D., Ibrahim, A., Calbimonte, J. P., Schegg, R., Fragniere, E. ve Schumacher, M. (2021). The evolution of chatbots in tourism: A systematic literature review. Information and communication technologies in tourism 2021 içinde (s. 3-16). Cham: Springer.
20. Chang, H. L. ve Yang, C. H. (2008). Do airline self-service check-in kiosks meet the needs of passengers?. Tourism Management, 29(5), 980-993.
21. Chen, Y. ve Hu, H. (2013). Internet of intelligent things and robot as a service. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 34, 159-171.
22. Choudhury, N. (2014). World wide web and ıts journey from web 1.0 to web 4.0. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, 5(6), 8096-8100.
23. Chui, M., Manyika, J., Miremadi, M., Henke, N., Chung, R., Nel, P. ve Malhotra, S. (2018). notes from the AI frontier: insights from hundreds of use cases. McKinsey Global Institute.
24. Correa, S. C. H. ve Gosling, M. D. S. (2021). Travelers’ perception of smart tourism experiences in smart tourism destinations. Tourism Planning & Development, 18(4), 415-434.
25. Di Pierro, M. (2017). What is the blockchain?. Computing in Science & Engineering, 19(5), 92-95.
26. Dogru, T., Mody, M. ve Leonardi, C. (2018). Blockchain technology & ıts implications for the hospitality industry. Boston University School of Hospitality Administration, 1-12.
27. Dorcic, J., Komsic, J. ve Markovic, S. (2019). Mobile technologies and applications towards smart tourism–state of the art. Tourism Review, 74(1), 82-103.
28. Drexler, N. ve Lapre, V. B. (2019). For better or for worse: shaping the hospitality industry through robotics and artificial intelligence. Research in Hospitality Management, 9(2), 117-120.
29. Femenia-Serra, F., Neuhofer, B. ve Ivars-Baidal, J. A. (2019). Towards a conceptualisation of smart tourists and their role within the smart destination scenario. The Service Industries Journal, 39(2), 1-25.
30. Fuste-Forne, F. ve Jamal, T. (2021). Co-creating new directions for service robots in hospitality and tourism. Tourism and Hospitality, 2(1), 43-61.
31. Gajdosik T. ve Marcis M. (2019) Artificial ıntelligence tools for smart tourism development. R. Silhavy (Ed.), artificial intelligence methods in intelligent algorithms içinde (s. 392-401). Cham: Springer.
32. Garg, N. ve Garg, N. (2019). Next generation internet (web 3.0: block chained internet). Cybernomics, 1(6), 19-23.
33. Geisler, R. (2018). Artificial ıntelligence in the travel & tourism industry adoption and impact, 1-25. https://run.unl.pt/bitstream/10362/39709/1/Geisler_2018.pdf
34. Genç, R. (2020). Artificial intelligence and the development of smart tourism. Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Education, 10, 1-7.
35. Goddard, N. D. R., Kemp, R. M. J. ve Lane, R. (1997). An overview of smart technology. Packaging Technology and Science: An International Journal, 10(3), 129-143.
36. Gössling, S. (2021). Tourism, technology and ICT: A critical review of affordances and concessions. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(5), 733-750.
37. Gretzel, U. ve De Mendonça, M. C. (2019). Smart destination brands: Semiotic analysis of visual and verbal signs. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 5(4), 560-580.
38. Gretzel, U., Reino, S., Kopera, S. ve Koo, C. (2015). Smart tourism challenges. Journal of Tourism, 16(1), 41-47.
39. Gretzel, U., Sigala, M., Xiang, Z. ve Koo, C. (2015). Smart tourism: Foundations and developments. Electronic Markets, 25(3), 179-188.
40. Gretzel, U., Werthner, H., Koo, C. ve Lamsfus, C. (2015). Conceptual foundations for understanding smart tourism ecosystems. Computers in Human Behavior, 50, 558-563.
41. Guo, Y., Liu, H. ve Chai, Y. (2014). The embedding convergence of smart cities and tourism internet of things in China: An advance perspective. Advances in Hospitality and Tourism Research (AHTR), 2(1), 54-69.
42. Guttentag, D. A. (2010). Virtual reality: Applications and implications for tourism. Tourism Management, 31(5), 637-651.
43. Hildebrandt, M. (2020). Smart technologies. Internet Policy Review, 9(4), 1-16.
44. Hiremath, B. K. ve Kenchakkanavar, A. Y. (2016). An alteration of the web 1.0, web 2.0 and web 3.0: A comparative study. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 2(4), 705-710.
45. Hjalager, A. M. (2015). 100 Innovations that transformed tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 54(1), 3-21.
46. Hunter, W. C., Chung, N., Gretzel, U. ve Koo, C. (2015). Constructivist research ın smart tourism. Asia Pacific Journal of Information Systems, 25(1), 103-118.
47. Ivanov, S. (2019). Ultimate transformation: How will automation technologies disrupt the travel, tourism and hospitality industries?. Zeitschrift für Tourismuswissenschaft, 11(1), 25-43.
48. Ivanov, S. H., Webster, C. ve Berezina, K. (2017). Adoption of robots and service automation by tourism and hospitality companies. Revista Turismo & Desenvolvimento, 27(28), 1501-1517.
49. Ivanov, S. ve Webster, C. (2017). Adoption of robots, artificial ıntelligence and service automation by travel, tourism and hospitality companies – a cost-benefit analysis. International Scientific Conference “Contemporary Tourism – Traditions and Innovations”, 19-21 Ekim 2017, Sofya.
50. Ivanov, S. ve Webster, C. (2019). Perceived Appropriateness and Intention To Use Service Robots in Tourism. J. Pesonen, ve J. Neidhardt, (Ed.), information and communication technologies in tourism 2019 içinde, (s. 237-248). Cham: Springer.
51. Ivanov, S. ve Webster, C. (2020). Robots in tourism: a research agenda for tourism economics. Tourism Economics, 26(7), 1065-1085.
52. Ivasciuc, I. S. (2020). Augmented reality and Facial recognition technologies. Building bridges between the hospitality industry and tourists during pandemic. Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov Series V: Economic Sciences, 13(2), 75-92.
53. Kaplan, A. ve Haenlein, M. (2019). Siri, Siri, in my hand: Who’s the fairest in the land? on the interpretations, illustrations, and implications of artificial ıntelligence. Business Horizons, 62(1), 15-25.
54. Kasinathan, V., Abd Wahab, M. H., Idrus, S. Z. S., Mustapha, A. ve Yuen, K. Z. (2020). Aira chatbot for travel: Case study of AirAsia. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1529, 1-9.
55. Kazak, A. N., Chetyrbok, P. V. ve Oleinikov, N. N. (2020). Artificial intelligence in the tourism sphere. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 421(4), 1-6.
56. Keckes, A. L. ve Tomicic, I. (2017). Augmented reality in tourism–research and applications overview. Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems, 15(2), 157-167.
57. Kizildag, M., Dogru, T., Zhang, T. C., Mody, M. A., Altin, M., Ozturk, A. B. ve Ozdemir, O. (2020). Blockchain: A paradigm shift in business practices. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(3), 953-975
58. Konstantinova, S. (2019). Digital transformation in tourism. Knowledge International Journal, 35(1), 188-193.
59. Kontogianni, A. ve Alepis, E. (2020). Smart tourism: State of the art and literature review for the last six years. Array, 6, 1-12.
60. Kuo, C. M., Chen, L. C. ve Tseng, C. Y. (2017). Investigating an innovative service with hospitality robots. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(5), 1305-1321.
61. Kwok, A. O. ve Koh, S. G. (2019). Is blockchain technology a watershed for tourism development?. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(20), 2447-2452.
62. Law, R., Li, G., Fong, D. K. C. ve Han, X. (2019). Tourism demand forecasting: A deep learning approach. Annals of tourism research, 75, 410-423.
63. Lee, P., Hunter, W. C. ve Chung, N. (2020). Smart tourism city: Developments and transformations. Sustainability, 12(10), 1-15.
64. Lee, P., Zach, F. J. ve Chung, N. (2021). Progress in smart tourism 2010-2017: A systematic literature review. Journal of Smart Tourism, 1, 19-30.
65. Lee, W., Castellanos, C. ve Chris Choi, H. S. (2012). The effect of technology readiness on customers' attitudes toward self-service technology and ıts adoption: The empirical study of US Airline self-service check-in kiosks. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 29(8), 731-743.
66. Leonidis, A., Korozi, M., Margetis, G., Grammenos, D. ve Stephanidis, C. (2013). An Intelligent Hotel Room. International joint conference on ambient ıntelligence içinde (s. 241-246). Cham: Springer.
67. Li, L., Lee, K. Y., Emokpae, E. ve Yang, S. B. (2021). What makes you continuously use chatbot services? evidence from Chinese online travel agencies. Electronic Markets, 31(3), 575-599.
68. Li, Y., Hu, C., Huang, C. ve Duan, L. (2017). The concept of smart tourism in the context of tourism information services. Tourism Management, 58, 293-300.
69. Lukanova, G. ve Ilieva, G. (2019). Robots, artificial intelligence, and service automation in hotels. S. Ivanov ve C. Webster (Ed.), robots, artificial ıntelligence, and service automation in travel, tourism and hospitality içinde, (s. 157-183). Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited.
70. Madurai, V. (2018). Web Evolution from 1.0 to 3.0. https://medium.com/@vivekmadurai/web-evolution-from-1-0-to-3-0-e84f2c06739.
71. Melian-Gonzalez, S., Gutiérrez-Taño, D. ve Bulchand-Gidumal, J. (2019). Predicting the intentions to use chatbots for travel and tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(2), 192-210.
72. Mich, L. (2020). Artificial Intelligence and Machine. Handbook of e-tourism içinde (s. 1-21). Cham: Springer.
73. Miskolczi, M., Jászberényi, M., ve Tóth, D. (2021). Technology-enhanced airport services—attractiveness from the travelers’ perspective. Sustainability, 13(2), 705.
74. Mohasses, M. (2019). How AI-chatbots can make Dubai smarter?, Amity International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AICAI), (s. 439-446). IEEE.
75. Naik, U. ve Shivalingaiah, D. (2008). Comparative study of web 1.0, web 2.0 and web 3.0., Proceedings of the International Convention on Automation of Libraries in Education and Research Institutions, 28 Şubat–1 Mart, CALIBER, Allahabad, Hindistan.
76. Naumov, N. (2019). The impact of robots, artificial ıntelligence, and service automation on service quality and service experience in hospitality. S. Ivanov ve C. Webster (Ed.). Robots, artificial ıntelligence, and service automation in travel, tourism and hospitality içinde (s. 123-133). Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited.
77. Nayyar, A., Mahapatra, B., Le, D. ve Suseendran, G. (2018). Virtual reality (VR) & augmented reality (AR) technologies for tourism and hospitality industry. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(2.21), 156-160.
78. Nazarenko, Y. (2020). Chatbots for travel industry: Be there for your customers 24/7. https://sendpulse.com/blog/travel-chatbots
79. Ozdemir, A. I., Ar, I. M. ve Erol, I. (2020). Assessment of blockchain applications in travel and tourism industry. Quality & Quantity, 54(5), 1549-1563.
80. Önder, I. ve Gunter, U. (2020). Blockchain: Is ıt the future for the tourism and hospitality industry?. Tourism Economics, 1-9.
81. Önder, I. ve Treiblmaier, H. (2018). Blockchain and tourism: Three research propositions. Annals of Tourism Research, 72, 180-182.
82. Park, S. (2020). Multifaceted trust in tourism service robots. Annals of Tourism Research, 81, 1-50.
83. Pencarelli, T. (2020). The digital revolution in the travel and tourism industry. Information Technology & Tourism, 22(3), 455-476.
84. Pillai, R. ve Sivathanu, B. (2020). Adoption of AI-based chatbots for hospitality and tourism. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(10), 3199-3226.
85. Rashideh, W. (2020). Blockchain technology framework: Current and future perspectives for the tourism industry. Tourism Management, 80, 104125, 1-13.
86. Rejeb, A. ve Rejeb, K. (2019). Blockchain technology in tourism: Applications and possibilities. World Scientific News, 137, 119-14.
87. Rose, N. (2016). Travel chatbots are hot, but will they replace or augment human conversation?. Phocuswright, 1-14.
88. Rosete, A., Soares, B., Salvadorinho, J., Reis, J. ve Amorim, M. (2020). Service robots in the hospitality industry: An exploratory literature review. International conference on exploring services science içinde (s.174-186). Cham: Springer.
89. Samala, N., Katkam, B. S., Bellamkonda, R. S. ve Rodriguez, R. V. (2020). Impact of AI and robotics in the tourism sector: A critical insight. Journal of Tourism Futures, 1-15.
90. Seyitoğlu, F. ve Ivanov, S. (2021). Service robots as a tool for physical distancing in tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(12), 1631-1634.
91. Singh, V., Tariyal, A. ve Sharma, S. (2021). The role of robotic technology in the hospitality industry: A conceptual study. V. S. Rana., G. Bathla ve C. A. Raina (Ed.), hospitality and tourism industry amid covıd-19 pandemic içinde (s. 210-219). Eureka Publications.
92. Thees, H., Erschbamer, Е. Ve Pechlaner, H. (2020). The application of blockchain in tourism: Use cases in the tourism value system. European Journal of Tourism Research, 26, 2602, 1-21.
93. Treiblmaier, H. (2018). The impact of the blockchain on the supply chain: A theory-based research framework and a call for action. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 23(6), 545-559.
94. Treiblmaier, H. (2020). Blockchain and tourism. Handbook of e-tourism, 1-21.
95. Tsaih, R. H. ve Hsu, C. C. (2018). Artificial ıntelligence in smart tourism: A conceptual framework. artificial ıntelligence. Proceedings of The 18th International Conference on Electronic Business (s. 124-133). ICEB, Guilin, China, 2-6 Aralık.
96. Tuncer, I. (2020). Customer experience in the restaurant industry: Use of smart technologies. E. Çeltek (Ed.), handbook of research on smart technology applications in the tourism industry içinde (s. 254-272). Pennsylvania: IGI Global.
97. Tuomi, A., Tussyadiah, I. P. ve Stienmetz, J. (2021). Applications and implications of service robots in hospitality. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 62(2), 232-247.
98. Tussyadiah, I. (2020). A review of research into automation in tourism: Launching the annals of tourism research curated collection on artificial ıntelligence and robotics in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 81, 102883, 1-44.
99. Ukpabi, D., Aslam, B. ve Karjaluoto, H. (2019). Chatbot adoption in tourism services : A conceptual exploration. S. Ivanov ve C. Webster (Ed..), robots, artificial ıntelligence, and service automation in travel, tourism and hospitality içinde (s. 105-121). Emerald Publishing Limited.
100. Valeri, M. ve Baggio, R. (2021). A critical reflection on the adoption of blockchain in tourism. Information Technology & Tourism, 23(2), 121-132.
101. Vidal, B. (2020). What we can expect from blockchain technology in tourism. https://www.wearemarketing.com/blog/what-we-can-expect-from-blockchain-in-the-tourism-industry.html
102. Wan, W. N. A. A. B., Mohamad, A. F. M. F., Shahib, N. S., Azmi, A., Kamal, S. B. M. ve Abdullah, D. (2016). A framework of customer’s intention to use Uber service in tourism destination. International Academic Research Journal of Business and Technology, 2(2), 102-106.
103. Willie, P. (2019). Can all sectors of the hospitality and tourism industry be influenced by the innovation of blockchain technology?. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 1-11.
104. World Tourism Organization (2019). The future of work and skills development in tourism -policy paper, UNWTO, Madrid.
105. Xiang, Z. ve Fesenmaier, D. R. (Ed.). (2017). Big data analytics, tourism design and smart tourism. Analytics in smart tourism design içinde (s. 299-307). Cham: Springer.
106. Yeung, C., Tung, P. F. ve Yen, J. (1998). A multi-agent based tourism kiosk on internet. Proceedings of the thirty-first Hawaii international conference on system sciences içinde (s. 452-461). IEEE.
107. Yung, R. ve Khoo-Lattimore, C. (2019). New realities: A systematic literature review on virtual reality and augmented reality in tourism research. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(17), 2056-2081.
108. Zhang, L. ve Sun, Z. (2019). The Application of artificial intelligence technology in the tourism industry of Jinan. Journal of Physics: Conference Series IOP Publishing, 1302(3), 1-5.
109. Zheng, Z., Xie, S., Dai, H. N., Chen, X. Ve Wang, H. (2018). Blockchain challenges and opportunities: A survey. International Journal of Web and Grid Services, 14(4), 352-375.
110. Zhu, W., Zhang, L. ve Li, N. (2014). Challenges, function changing of government and enterprises in Chinese smart tourism. Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism, 10, 553-564.
111. Zlatanov, S. ve Popesku, J. (2019). Current applications of artificial ıntelligence in tourism and hospitality. International Scientific conference on information technology and data related research içinde (s. 84-90). Singidunum University.
112. Zsarnoczky, M. (2017). How does artificial intelligence affect the tourism industry?. Vadyba Journal of Management, 31(2), 85-90.