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Human Impacts of Landslides Triggered by the February 6, 2023 Kahramanmaraş (Türkiye) Earthquakes in Rural Areas

Year 2026, Volume: 25 Issue: 1, 1 - 27, 29.01.2026

Abstract

On February 6, 2023, two consecutive earthquakes centered in Kahramanmaraş struck the region. The seismic events caused surface ruptures, displacements, liquefaction-related lateral spreading, and mass movements across numerous localities. Landslides—particularly those near rural settlements in Tepehan, Altınözü, Hatay; Değirmencik, İslahiye, Gaziantep; and Karanlıkdere, Doğanşehir, Malatya—are notable for their immediate and secondary physical and human impacts. The landslide in Tepehan rendered an olive plantation unusable; the one in Değirmencik blocked a valley, creating a dammed lake; and the Karanlıkdere landslide submerged a hamlet comprising 15 households. Earthquake-induced landslides have had a negative impact on rural life, particularly affecting economic activities. To evaluate these events, lithological and morphological maps of the landslide zones were digitized using ArcGIS software. Field surveys were conducted within the landslide areas, complemented by drone footage collection. To assess the human toll caused by these landslides, face-to-face interviews with residents of the affected villages were carried out. Focus group methodologies, as a qualitative research approach, were used to systematically collect, organize, analyze, and interpret data from these interviews. The findings show that natural disasters negatively affect rural regions in various ways, including loss of life, property destruction, and property ownership issues. This study investigates the specific environmental factors that contribute to the occurrence of earthquake-triggered landslides, their impact on rural communities, and the adaptive or responsive strategies residents employ. The research is fundamental as it emphasizes rural areas in the context of challenges posed by natural disasters.

Supporting Institution

TUBITAK

Project Number

223K116

Thanks

We would like to thank TUBITAK for the project to Support 1001-Scientific and Technological Research Projects titled ''Determination of Earthquake Risk Status of Rural Settlements and Determination of Earthquake-Suitable Site Selection in Eastern Anatolian Fault Belt (Hatay-Erzincan)'' No. 223K116.

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6 Şubat 2023 Kahramanmaraş (Türkiye) Depremlerinin Tetiklediği Heyelanların Kırsal Alanlardaki Beşeri Etkileri

Year 2026, Volume: 25 Issue: 1, 1 - 27, 29.01.2026

Abstract

6 Şubat 2023’te Kahramanmaraş merkezli art arda iki ayrı deprem meydana gelmiştir. Depremler beraberinde birçok alanda yüzey kırığı, ötelenmeler, sıvılaşma kaynaklı yanal yayılmalar ve kütle hareketleri meydana getirmiştir. Özellikle kırsal yerleşmelere yakın alanlarda meydana gelen kütle hareketlerinden Hatay’ın Altınözü ilçesine bağlı Tepehan mevkiinde, Gaziantep’in İslahiye ilçesine bağlı Değirmencik mevkiinde ve Malatya’nın Doğanşehir ilçesine bağlı Karanlıkdere mevkiinde meydana gelen heyelanlar doğrudan ve dolaylı fiziki ve beşerî etkileri bakımından önem arz etmektedir. Bunlardan Tepehan heyelanı ile bir zeytin bahçesi kullanılamaz hale gelmiş, Değirmencik heyelanı ile bir vadi kapanarak set gölü oluşmuş ve Karanlıkdere heyelanı sonucu ise 15 haneli bir mezra toprak altında kalmıştır. Deprem tetikli heyelanlar başta ekonomik faaliyetler olmak üzere kırsal yaşamı olumsuz etkilemiştir. Yöntem olarak, öncelikle çalışmaya konu olan heyelan alanlarının litoloji ve morfolojisini gösteren haritalar ArcGIS yazılımında sayısallaştırmıştır. Daha sonra, heyelan alanlarına saha çalışması yapılmış ve heyelanların drone görüntüleri alınmıştır. Heyelanların beşerî etkilerini ortaya koymak amacı ile heyelanların meydana geldiği köylerde, köy sakinleri ile yüz yüze görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Bu görüşmelerde elde edilen verilerin sistematik olarak toplanmasını, düzenlenmesini, tanımlanmasını ve yorumlanmasını yapmak amacı ile nitel araştırma tekniklerinden biri olan “odak grup tekniği”ne başvurulmuştur. Çalışma sonuçları, kırsal alanların can ve mal kaybından mülkiyet sorunlarına kadar birçok konuda doğal afetlerden olumsuz etkilendiğini göstermektedir. Deprem tetikli heyelanların etkisine hangi özel çevresel koşulların katkıda bulunduğu, heyelanların kırsal alanları nasıl etkilediği ve bu olayların ardından kır sakinlerinin doğal afete nasıl adapte olduğu veya tepki verdiğinin cevaplarının araştırıldığı bu çalışma, doğal afetlerin yarattığı sorunlar açısından özellikle kırsal alanlara odaklanması bakımından önemlidir.

Project Number

223K116

References

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  • Cavallo, E., Powell, A.& Becerra, O. (2010). Estimating the direct economic damages of the earthquake in Haiti. The Economic Journal, 120 (546), F298-F312.
  • Cihangir, M. & Görüm, T. (2016). Kelkit Vadisi’nin aşağı çığırında gelişmiş heyelanların dağılım deseni ve oluşumlarını kontrol eden faktörler. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, (66), 19-28.
  • Coates, D. R. (1977). Landslide perspectives, Rev Eng Geol, 3, 3–28.
  • Collins B.D., Jibson R.W (2015). Assessment of existing and potential landslide hazards resulting from the April 25, 2015, Gorkha, Nepal earthquake sequence. U.S. Geological Survey OpenFile Report 2015-1142, Reston, VA.
  • Crozier, M. J. (1986). Landslides: causes, consequences & environment, Taylor & Francis.
  • Cruden, D. M. & Varnes, D. J. (1996). Landslide Types and Processes. A. K. Turner, & R. L. Shuster içinde, Landslides: Investigation and Mitigation Special Report 247 (s. 36-75). Washington D. C.: National Academy Press.
  • Çetinkaya, S., Tunar Ozcan, N., Karakas, G., Karakas, V. E., Kocaman, S., & Gökçeoğlu, C. (2023). Frequency ratio assessment for landslides triggered by 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaras Turkiye earthquakes between Golbasi and Erkenek. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 48, 477-483.
  • Dölek, İ., Uzelli, T., Ege, İ., Çelik, Ö. (2023). 6 Şubat Kahramanmaraş Depremleri ile Oluşan Kütle Hareketlerine Bir Örnek: Tepehan Heyelanı. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, (83)
  • Dewey, J. S. (1979). Aegean and Surrounding Regions: Complex Multiplate and Continuum Tectonics in A Convergent Zone. Geological Society of America, 90 (1): 84-92.
  • Donnini, M., Napolitano, E., Salvati, P., Ardizzone, F., Bucci, F., Fiorucci, F., & ... & Guzzetti, F. (2017). Impact of Event Landslides on Road Networks: A Statistical Analysis of Two Italian Case Studies. Landslides, 14(4), 1521-1535.
  • Erinç, S. (2012). Jeomorfoloji I. İstanbul: Der Yayınları (Güncelleştirilmiş Basım).
  • Eyüboğlu, Y., Altunışık, A.C., Babacan, A.E., Ersoy, H. (2023). 06.02.2023 Kahramanmaraş Depremleri ve Karadeniz’in Depremselliği. Trabzon. KTÜ Heyelan Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi. Trabzon, Türkiye.
  • Fidan, S. (2019). Türkiye'deki ölüme sebep olan heyelanların coğrafi bilgi sistemleri (CBS) ile değerlendirilmesi/Assessment of fatal landslides in Turkey with geographic information systems (GIS). (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Coğrafya Ana Bilim Dalı.
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  • Görüm, T. (2016). 23 Ekim 2011 Van Depreminin Tetiklediği Heyelanlar. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, (66), 29-36.
  • Görüm, T., Tanyaş, H., Karabacak, F., Yılmaz, A., Girgin, S., Allstadt, K. E., . . . Burgi, P. (2023). Preliminary Documentation of Coseismic Ground Failure Triggered by the February 6, 2023 Türkiye Earthquake Sequence. Engineering Geology, 107315.
  • Görüm, T., Bozkurt, D., Korup, O., İstanbulluoğlu, E., Şen, Ö. L., Yılmaz, A., Karabacak, F., Lombardo, L., Guan, B., Tanyaş, H. (2025) The 2023 Türkiye-Syria earthquake disaster was exacerbated by an atmospheric river. Commun Earth Environ 6, 151.
  • Gökçeoğlu, C. (2023). 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş–Türkiye Earthquakes: A General overview. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 48, 417-424.
  • Hammarberg, K., Kirkman, M., & De Lacey, S. (2016). Qualitative Research Methods: When to Use Them and How to Judge Them. Human reproduction, 31(3), 498-501.
  • Harp, E.L., Jibson, R.W., and Schmitt, R.G. (2016). Map of landslides triggered by the January 12, 2010, Haiti earthquake: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3353, 15 p., 1 sheet, scale 1:150,000.
  • Havenith, H. B., Torgoev, A., Braun, A., Schlögel, R., & Micu, M. (2016). A new classification of earthquake-induced landslide event sizes based on seismotectonic, topographic, climatic and geologic factors. Geoenvironmental Disasters, 3(1), 1-24.
  • Heidarzadeh, M., Gusman, A. R., & Mulia, I. E. (2023). The landslide source of the eastern Mediterranean tsunami on 6 February 2023 following the Mw 7.8 Kahramanmaraş (Türkiye) inland earthquake. Geoscience letters, 10(1), 1-16.
  • Huang RQ, Li W (2009). Development and distribution of geohazards triggered by 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake in China. Sci China Ser E-Tech Sci 52(4):810–819
  • Huang, R., Pei, X., Fan, X. (2012). The characteristics and failure mechanism of the largest landslide triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake, May 12, 2008, China. Landslides 9.
  • Hungr, O., Leroueil, S. & Picarelli, L. (2014). The Varnes classification of landslide types: an update. Landslides 11, 167–194.
  • Hutchinson JN (1988) General report: morphological and geotechnical parameters of landslides in relation to geology and hydrogeology. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Landslides, Lausanne, 1:3–35
  • Jaiswal, P., Van Westen, C. J., & Jetten, V. (2010). Quantitative Landslide Hazard Assessment a long a Transportation Corridor in Southern India. Engineering Geology, 116 (3-4), 236-250.
  • Karaca, Ş. O., Erten, G., Ergintav, S. & Khan, S. D. (2024). Anthropogenic Problems Threatening Major Cities: Largest Surface Deformations Observed in Hatay, Türkiye Based on SBAS-InSAR. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 173(173), 235-252.
  • Karakaş, G., Unal, E. O., Çetinkaya, S., Ozcan, N. T., Karakas, V. E., Can, R., ... & Kocaman, S. (2024). Analysis of landslide susceptibility prediction accuracy with an event-based inventory: The 6 February 2023 Turkiye earthquakes. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 178, 108491
  • Kargel GJ, Leonard DH, Shugar UK, Haritashya A, ABevington et al (2015). Geomorphic and geologic controls of geohazards induced by Nepal’s 2015 Gorkha earthquake. Science.
  • Keefer, D. K. (1984). Landslides Caused by Earthquakes. Geological Society of America Bulletin, (95), 406-421.
  • Klinger, Y., Avouac, J. P., Abou Karaki, N., Dorbath, L., Bourles, D., & Reyss, J. (2000). Slip rate on the Dead Sea Transform Fault in Northern Araba Valley Jordan). Geophysical Journal International, 142(3), 755-768.
  • Kocaman, S., Çetinkaya, S., Tunar Ö, N., Karakaş, G., Karakaş, V. E., & Gökçeoğlu, C. (2024). Landslides triggered by 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes (Türkiye). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences.
  • Krueger, R. A. (1988). Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research. Sage publications.
  • Kürçer, A., Elmacı, H., Özdemir, E., Güven, C., Güler, T., Avcu, İ., Olgun, Ş., Avcı, H. O., Aydoğan, H., Yüce, A. A., Çetin, F. E., Ayrancı, A., Akyol, Z., Soykasap Ö. A., Altuntaş, G., Demirörs, U., Karayazı, O., Bayrak, A., Özalp, S. (2023). 06 Şubat 2023 Pazarcık (Kahramanmaraş) Depremi (Mw 7,7) Saha Gözlemleri ve Değerlendirmeler. MTA Genel Müdürlüğü, Rapor No: 14138, 187 s., Ankara
  • Martino, S., Bozzano, F., Caporossi, P., D’angiò, D., Della Seta, M., Esposito, C.,… & Varone, C. (2019). Impact of landslides on transportation routes during the 2016–2017 Central Italy seismic sequence. Landslides, 16(6), 1221-1241.
  • Morgan, D. (1988). Focus Group as Qualitative Research. Sage, UK.
  • Nyumba, O., Wilson, K., Derrick, C., & Mukherjee, N. (2018). The Use of Focus Group Discussion Methodology: Insights from Two Decades of Application in Conservation. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 9(1), 20-32.
  • Önal, A., & Bingöl, A. (1997). Doğanşehir (Malatya) Batısının Jeolojisi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(1), 63 - 75.
  • Özşahin, E. (2014). Kuseyr Platosu’nun (Hatay) Jeomorfolojik Özellikleri. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, Yıl: 2, Sayı: 1, 83-109.
  • Qi, T., Meng, X., Qing, F., Zhao, Y., Shi, W., Chen, G., ... & Dijkstra, T. (2021). Distribution and characteristics of large landslides in a fault zone: a case study of the NE Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Geomorphology, 379, 107592.
  • Romana, M. (1988). Practice of SMR classification for slope appraisal, Proc. 5th Int. Symp. on Landslides, Balkema, Rotterdam, 1227–1229
  • Reis, S., Bayraktar, T., Erduran, M., & Yalçın, A. (2009). Deprem ve Patlatmaların Rize Bölgesi Heyelanlarına Etkisi. Harita Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi, 1(3), 34-55.
  • Sarı, M. (2024). Geophysical and numerical approaches to solving the mechanisms of landslides triggered by earthquakes: A case study of Kahramanmaraş (6 February, 2023). Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 55, 101758.
  • Sümer, Ö. (2024). Tepehan Rockslide: A Large-sacle Earthquake-induced Geological Structure Formed by Mw: 7.8 Kahramanmaraş (Pazarcık) Earthquake, Türkiye. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 33(1), 40-55.
  • Schuster, R. (1996). Socioeconomic Significance of Landslides. A. K. Turne, & R. L. Schuster içinde, Landslides: Investigation and Mitigation Special Report 247 (s. 12-35). Washington D. C.: National Academy Press.
  • Selçuk, H. (1985). Kızıldağ-Keldağ-Hatay Dolaylarının Jeolojisi ve Jeodinamik Evrimi. Derleme Rapor. Ankara: MTA.
  • Sharpe, C. F. S. (1938). Landslides and related phenomena: a study of mass-movements of soil and rock, Columbia University Press, Pageant Books, NY.
  • Sunkar, M., Hatun, Ü., & Toprak, A. (2013). Malatya Havzası ve Çevresinde İklim Özelliklerinin Meyveciliğe Etkisi. 3rd International Geography Symposium - GEOMED 2013 Symposium Proceedings, Efe., R., vd., (Ed.), (s. 566-574).
  • Svalova, V. B., Zaalishvili, V. B., Ganapathy, G. P., Nikolaev, A. V., & Melkov, D. A. (2019). Landslide risk in mountain areas. Geology of the South of Russia, 9(2), 109-127.
  • Swartling, G. (2006). Focus Group. In Advanced Tools for Sustainability Assessment, European Commission webbook.
  • Tanyaş H, Hill K, Mahoney L, Islam F, Luigi L (2022). The world’s second-largest recorded landslide event: Lessons learnt from the landslides triggered during and after the 2018 Mw 7.5 Papua New Guinea earthquake. Eng Geol 297: 106504.
  • Terzaghi, K. (1950). Mechanics of landslides (Berkey volume). Geological Society of America, New York, pp 83–124. Türkmen, S. (2024). 6 Şubat 2023 Kahramanmaraş Depreminde Tetiklenen Değirmencik Heyelanı (Gaziantep – İslahiye). Geosound (Yerbilimleri) Dergisi, 60 (1) 1-21.
  • Tüysüz, O. (2021). Deprem ve Türkiye. İstanbul, Literatür Yayıncılık.
  • Tibaldi, A., Ferrari, L., & Pasquarê, G. (1995). Landslides Triggered an Earthquakes and Their Relations with Faults and Mountain Slope Geometry: An Example from Ecuador. Geomorphology, (11), 215-226.
  • Tonbul, S. (2012). Erkenek Polyesi (Güneydoğu Toroslar, Malatya). UJES–III, Bildiriler Kitabı, Korkmaz, H. Karataş, A. (Ed.), (s. 114, 129). Hatay: III. Ulusal Jeomorfoloji Sempozyumu.
  • Westaway, R. (2003). Kinematics of the Middle East and Eastern Mediterranean Updated. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 12(1), 5-46.
  • Wilson, R. C., & Keefer, D. K. (1985). Predicting Area Limits of Earthquake-Induced Landsliding. Ziony, J. I. (Ed.). Evaluating Earthquake Hazards in the Los Angeles Region--an Earth-science Perspective (Vol. 1360). US Government Printing Office.
  • Wyss, M. (2018). Rural populations suffer most in great earthquakes. Seismological Research Letters, 89(6), 1991-1997
  • Varnes, D. (1954). Landslide types and processes. In: Eckel EB (ed) Landslides and Engineering practice, special report 28. Highway Research Board. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, pp. 20–47
  • Varnes D. (1978). Slope movement types and processes. In: Schuster RL, Krizek RJ (eds) Landslides, analysis and control, special report 176: Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC., pp. 11–33
  • Yin, Y., Wang, F. & Sun, P. (2009). Landslide hazards triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, Sichuan, China. Landslides 6, 139–152
  • Zhang, J., Lu, M., Zhang, L., & Xue, Y. (2021). Assessing Indirect Economic Losses of Landslides Along Highways. Natural Hazards, 106(3), 2775-2796.

Year 2026, Volume: 25 Issue: 1, 1 - 27, 29.01.2026

Abstract

Project Number

223K116

References

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  • Havenith, H. B., Torgoev, A., Braun, A., Schlögel, R., & Micu, M. (2016). A new classification of earthquake-induced landslide event sizes based on seismotectonic, topographic, climatic and geologic factors. Geoenvironmental Disasters, 3(1), 1-24.
  • Heidarzadeh, M., Gusman, A. R., & Mulia, I. E. (2023). The landslide source of the eastern Mediterranean tsunami on 6 February 2023 following the Mw 7.8 Kahramanmaraş (Türkiye) inland earthquake. Geoscience letters, 10(1), 1-16.
  • Huang RQ, Li W (2009). Development and distribution of geohazards triggered by 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake in China. Sci China Ser E-Tech Sci 52(4):810–819
  • Huang, R., Pei, X., Fan, X. (2012). The characteristics and failure mechanism of the largest landslide triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake, May 12, 2008, China. Landslides 9.
  • Hungr, O., Leroueil, S. & Picarelli, L. (2014). The Varnes classification of landslide types: an update. Landslides 11, 167–194.
  • Hutchinson JN (1988) General report: morphological and geotechnical parameters of landslides in relation to geology and hydrogeology. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Landslides, Lausanne, 1:3–35
  • Jaiswal, P., Van Westen, C. J., & Jetten, V. (2010). Quantitative Landslide Hazard Assessment a long a Transportation Corridor in Southern India. Engineering Geology, 116 (3-4), 236-250.
  • Karaca, Ş. O., Erten, G., Ergintav, S. & Khan, S. D. (2024). Anthropogenic Problems Threatening Major Cities: Largest Surface Deformations Observed in Hatay, Türkiye Based on SBAS-InSAR. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 173(173), 235-252.
  • Karakaş, G., Unal, E. O., Çetinkaya, S., Ozcan, N. T., Karakas, V. E., Can, R., ... & Kocaman, S. (2024). Analysis of landslide susceptibility prediction accuracy with an event-based inventory: The 6 February 2023 Turkiye earthquakes. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 178, 108491
  • Kargel GJ, Leonard DH, Shugar UK, Haritashya A, ABevington et al (2015). Geomorphic and geologic controls of geohazards induced by Nepal’s 2015 Gorkha earthquake. Science.
  • Keefer, D. K. (1984). Landslides Caused by Earthquakes. Geological Society of America Bulletin, (95), 406-421.
  • Klinger, Y., Avouac, J. P., Abou Karaki, N., Dorbath, L., Bourles, D., & Reyss, J. (2000). Slip rate on the Dead Sea Transform Fault in Northern Araba Valley Jordan). Geophysical Journal International, 142(3), 755-768.
  • Kocaman, S., Çetinkaya, S., Tunar Ö, N., Karakaş, G., Karakaş, V. E., & Gökçeoğlu, C. (2024). Landslides triggered by 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes (Türkiye). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences.
  • Krueger, R. A. (1988). Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research. Sage publications.
  • Kürçer, A., Elmacı, H., Özdemir, E., Güven, C., Güler, T., Avcu, İ., Olgun, Ş., Avcı, H. O., Aydoğan, H., Yüce, A. A., Çetin, F. E., Ayrancı, A., Akyol, Z., Soykasap Ö. A., Altuntaş, G., Demirörs, U., Karayazı, O., Bayrak, A., Özalp, S. (2023). 06 Şubat 2023 Pazarcık (Kahramanmaraş) Depremi (Mw 7,7) Saha Gözlemleri ve Değerlendirmeler. MTA Genel Müdürlüğü, Rapor No: 14138, 187 s., Ankara
  • Martino, S., Bozzano, F., Caporossi, P., D’angiò, D., Della Seta, M., Esposito, C.,… & Varone, C. (2019). Impact of landslides on transportation routes during the 2016–2017 Central Italy seismic sequence. Landslides, 16(6), 1221-1241.
  • Morgan, D. (1988). Focus Group as Qualitative Research. Sage, UK.
  • Nyumba, O., Wilson, K., Derrick, C., & Mukherjee, N. (2018). The Use of Focus Group Discussion Methodology: Insights from Two Decades of Application in Conservation. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 9(1), 20-32.
  • Önal, A., & Bingöl, A. (1997). Doğanşehir (Malatya) Batısının Jeolojisi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(1), 63 - 75.
  • Özşahin, E. (2014). Kuseyr Platosu’nun (Hatay) Jeomorfolojik Özellikleri. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, Yıl: 2, Sayı: 1, 83-109.
  • Qi, T., Meng, X., Qing, F., Zhao, Y., Shi, W., Chen, G., ... & Dijkstra, T. (2021). Distribution and characteristics of large landslides in a fault zone: a case study of the NE Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Geomorphology, 379, 107592.
  • Romana, M. (1988). Practice of SMR classification for slope appraisal, Proc. 5th Int. Symp. on Landslides, Balkema, Rotterdam, 1227–1229
  • Reis, S., Bayraktar, T., Erduran, M., & Yalçın, A. (2009). Deprem ve Patlatmaların Rize Bölgesi Heyelanlarına Etkisi. Harita Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi, 1(3), 34-55.
  • Sarı, M. (2024). Geophysical and numerical approaches to solving the mechanisms of landslides triggered by earthquakes: A case study of Kahramanmaraş (6 February, 2023). Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 55, 101758.
  • Sümer, Ö. (2024). Tepehan Rockslide: A Large-sacle Earthquake-induced Geological Structure Formed by Mw: 7.8 Kahramanmaraş (Pazarcık) Earthquake, Türkiye. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 33(1), 40-55.
  • Schuster, R. (1996). Socioeconomic Significance of Landslides. A. K. Turne, & R. L. Schuster içinde, Landslides: Investigation and Mitigation Special Report 247 (s. 12-35). Washington D. C.: National Academy Press.
  • Selçuk, H. (1985). Kızıldağ-Keldağ-Hatay Dolaylarının Jeolojisi ve Jeodinamik Evrimi. Derleme Rapor. Ankara: MTA.
  • Sharpe, C. F. S. (1938). Landslides and related phenomena: a study of mass-movements of soil and rock, Columbia University Press, Pageant Books, NY.
  • Sunkar, M., Hatun, Ü., & Toprak, A. (2013). Malatya Havzası ve Çevresinde İklim Özelliklerinin Meyveciliğe Etkisi. 3rd International Geography Symposium - GEOMED 2013 Symposium Proceedings, Efe., R., vd., (Ed.), (s. 566-574).
  • Svalova, V. B., Zaalishvili, V. B., Ganapathy, G. P., Nikolaev, A. V., & Melkov, D. A. (2019). Landslide risk in mountain areas. Geology of the South of Russia, 9(2), 109-127.
  • Swartling, G. (2006). Focus Group. In Advanced Tools for Sustainability Assessment, European Commission webbook.
  • Tanyaş H, Hill K, Mahoney L, Islam F, Luigi L (2022). The world’s second-largest recorded landslide event: Lessons learnt from the landslides triggered during and after the 2018 Mw 7.5 Papua New Guinea earthquake. Eng Geol 297: 106504.
  • Terzaghi, K. (1950). Mechanics of landslides (Berkey volume). Geological Society of America, New York, pp 83–124. Türkmen, S. (2024). 6 Şubat 2023 Kahramanmaraş Depreminde Tetiklenen Değirmencik Heyelanı (Gaziantep – İslahiye). Geosound (Yerbilimleri) Dergisi, 60 (1) 1-21.
  • Tüysüz, O. (2021). Deprem ve Türkiye. İstanbul, Literatür Yayıncılık.
  • Tibaldi, A., Ferrari, L., & Pasquarê, G. (1995). Landslides Triggered an Earthquakes and Their Relations with Faults and Mountain Slope Geometry: An Example from Ecuador. Geomorphology, (11), 215-226.
  • Tonbul, S. (2012). Erkenek Polyesi (Güneydoğu Toroslar, Malatya). UJES–III, Bildiriler Kitabı, Korkmaz, H. Karataş, A. (Ed.), (s. 114, 129). Hatay: III. Ulusal Jeomorfoloji Sempozyumu.
  • Westaway, R. (2003). Kinematics of the Middle East and Eastern Mediterranean Updated. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 12(1), 5-46.
  • Wilson, R. C., & Keefer, D. K. (1985). Predicting Area Limits of Earthquake-Induced Landsliding. Ziony, J. I. (Ed.). Evaluating Earthquake Hazards in the Los Angeles Region--an Earth-science Perspective (Vol. 1360). US Government Printing Office.
  • Wyss, M. (2018). Rural populations suffer most in great earthquakes. Seismological Research Letters, 89(6), 1991-1997
  • Varnes, D. (1954). Landslide types and processes. In: Eckel EB (ed) Landslides and Engineering practice, special report 28. Highway Research Board. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, pp. 20–47
  • Varnes D. (1978). Slope movement types and processes. In: Schuster RL, Krizek RJ (eds) Landslides, analysis and control, special report 176: Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC., pp. 11–33
  • Yin, Y., Wang, F. & Sun, P. (2009). Landslide hazards triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, Sichuan, China. Landslides 6, 139–152
  • Zhang, J., Lu, M., Zhang, L., & Xue, Y. (2021). Assessing Indirect Economic Losses of Landslides Along Highways. Natural Hazards, 106(3), 2775-2796.
There are 65 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Türkiye Physical Geography
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Gülşen Kum 0000-0002-1617-1723

Mehmet Emin Sönmez 0000-0003-2940-3308

Güney Ortaç 0000-0003-4776-0739

Elif Maide Ataş 0009-0007-0191-6239

Yavuz Selim Tuna 0009-0005-4829-8277

Barış Taş 0000-0002-7469-9948

Zahide Acar 0000-0002-9174-0447

Okan Türkan 0000-0002-5575-0322

Mustafa Murat Kale 0000-0001-6975-7069

Murat Ataol 0000-0002-3213-0972

Kemal Dil 0000-0003-0106-8712

Melike Kalkan 0000-0003-2436-4426

Project Number 223K116
Submission Date July 22, 2025
Acceptance Date December 7, 2025
Publication Date January 29, 2026
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 25 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kum, G., Sönmez, M. E., Ortaç, G., … Ataş, E. M. (2026). Human Impacts of Landslides Triggered by the February 6, 2023 Kahramanmaraş (Türkiye) Earthquakes in Rural Areas. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 25(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1747581