The Effect of 6 Week Nordic Hamstring Exercise on Sprint and Jumping Performance

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 6-week eccentric hamstring strength training on vertical jump and sprint performance. There were 19 male active participants in the study, of which 10 were in the experimental group and 9 in the control group. Pre-test and post-test measurements of the participants in the study were taken. Participants' 5-m, 10-m and 30-meter sprint, vertical jump were measured. The SPSS 17.0 package program was used in the analysis of the data, and the test values of the participants were analyzed with the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test. According to the findings obtained from the research results, in the statistical comparison of the 5-m, 10-m and 30-meter sprint test results of the experimental group participants before and after the training, there was no significant difference between the 5-m sprint pre-test and post-test values of the participants in the research (p> 0.05), there was a significant difference between the 10m and 30m sprint test pre-test and post-test values (p< 0.05). As a result, Nordic hamstring training small to moderately improved both sprint and vertical jump performance.

Keywords

• Eccentric training
• vertical jump
• sprint
• hamstring muscle

6 Haftalık Nordik Hamstring Egzersizinin Sprint ve Sıçrama Performansına Etkisi

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, 6 haftalık eksantrik hamstring kuvvet egzersizinin dikey sıçrama ve sprint performansı üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Araştırmada deney grubunda 10, kontrol grubunda 9 olmak üzere toplam 19 erkek aktif katılımcı yer almıştır. Araştırmaya katılanların ön test ve son test ölçümleri alınmıştır. Katılımcıların 5 m, 10 m ve 30 m sprint, dikey sıçrama performansları ölçülmüştür. Verilerin analizinde SPSS 17.0 paket programı kullanılmış ve veriler Wilcoxon Signed Ranks testi ile analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarından elde edilen bulgulara göre, deney grubunda yer alan katılımcıların antrenman öncesi ve sonrası 5 m, 10 m ve 30 m sürat testi sonuçlarının istatistiksel olarak karşılaştırıldığında 5 m. sprint ön test son test arasında anlamlı farklılık bulunmamıştır (p> 0.05), 10m ve 30m sprint testi ön test ve son test değerleri arasında anlamlı fark bulunmuştur (p< 0.05). Sonuç olarak, Nordik hamstring egzersizi hem sprint hem de dikey sıçrama performansını küçük ila orta derecede artırmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Eksantrik antrenman
• dikey sıçrama
• sprint
• hamstring kası

References

1. Al Attar, W. S. A., Soomro, N., Sinclair, P. J., Pappas, E. & Sanders, R. H. (2017). Effect of injury prevention programs that include the Nordic hamstring exercise on hamstring injury rates in soccer players: A Systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 47(5), 907-916. doi: 10.1007/s40279-016-0638-2
2. Alonso, J.M., Edouard, P., Fischetto, G., Adams, B., Depiesse, F. & Mountjoy, M. (2012). Determination of future prevention strategies in elite track and field: Analysis of Daegu 2011 IAAF Championships injuries and illnesses surveillance. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 46(7), 505-514. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091008
3. Anastasi, S. M. & Hamzeh, M. A. (2011). Does the eccentric Nordic Hamstring exercise have an effect on isokinetic muscle strength imbalance and dynamic jumping performance in female rugby union players? Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 19(4), 251-260. doi: 10.3233/IES-2011-0420
4. Aras, D., Gül, S., Akça, F., Gülü, M., Güler, Ö., Bıldırcın, C. C. & Çetinkaya, G. (2020). Four-week of local electromyostimulaiton training on fingerboard increases the isokinetic wrist strength and endurance. Physical education of students, 24(3), 127-134. doi: 10.15561/20755279.2020.0301
5. Aydın, F., Sunay, H., Bal, E. & Ayyıldız, E. (2019). The relation between self-efficacy and group cohesiveness perceptions of professional men and woman's football team (Ankara Province example). Universal Journal of Management, 33-38. doi: 10.13189/ujm.2020.080202
6. Barnes, C., Archer, D., Hogg, B., Bush, M. & Bradley, P. (2014). The evolution of physical and technical performance parameters in the English Premier League. International journal of sports medicine, 35(13), 1095-1100. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1375695
7. Bennell, K. L. & Crossley, K. (1996). Musculoskeletal injuries in track and field: incidence, distribution and risk factors. Australian journal of science and medicine in sport, 28(3), 69-75.
8. Bourne, M. N., Opar, D. A., Williams, M. D. & Shield, A. J. (2015). Eccentric knee flexor strength and risk of hamstring injuries in rugby union: a prospective study. The American journal of sports medicine, 43(11), 2663-2670. doi: 10.1177/0363546515599633

9. Brooks, J. H., Fuller, C., Kemp, S. & Reddin, D. B. (2005). Epidemiology of injuries in English professional rugby union: part 1 match injuries. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(10), 757-766. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2005.018135
10. Clark, R., Bryant, A., Culgan, J.P. & Hartley, B. (2005). The effects of eccentric hamstring strength training on dynamic jumping performance and isokinetic strength parameters: a pilot study on the implications for the prevention of hamstring injuries. Physical Therapy in Sport, 6(2), 67-73. doi: 10.1016/J.PTSP.2005.02.003
11. Dawes, J. & Lentz, D. (2012). Methods of Developing Power to Improve Acceleration for the Non-Track Athlete. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 34(6), 44-51. doi: 10.1519/SSC.0b013e31827529e6
12. de Oliveira, N. T., Medeiros, T. M., Vianna, K. B., dos Santos Oliveira, G. & de Araujo Ribeiro-Alvares, J. B., & Baroni, B. M. (2020). A four-week training program with the Nordic hamstring exercise during preseason increases eccentric strength of male soccer players. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 15(4), 571. doi: 10.26603/ijspt20200571 Dowling, J. J. & Vamos, L. (1993). Identification of kinetic and temporal factors related to vertical jump performance. Journal of applied biomechanics, 9(2), 95-110. doi: 10.1123/jab.9.2.95
13. Ekstrand, J., Hägglund, M. & Waldén, M. (2011). Epidemiology of muscle injuries in professional football (soccer). The American journal of sports medicine, 39(6), 1226–1232. doi: 10.1177/0363546510395879
14. Elliott, M.C., Zarins, B., Powell, J.W. & Kenyon, C.D. (2021). Hamstring muscle strains in professional football players: A 10-year review. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(4),843-850. doi:10.1177/0363546510394647.
15. Enoka, R. M. (1988). Muscle strength and its development. Sports Medicine, 6(3), 146-168. doi: 10.2165/00007256-198806030-00003
16. Fang, Y., Siemionow, V., Sahgal, V., Xiong, F. & Yue, G. H. (2001). Greater movement-related cortical potential during human eccentric versus concentric muscle contractions. Journal of Neurophysiology, 86(4), 1764-1772. doi: 10.1152/jn.2001.86.4.1764
17. Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.G. & Buchner, A. (2007). G* Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior research methods, 39(2), 175-191. doi: 10.3758/bf03193146
18. Feeley, B. T., Kennelly, S., Barnes, R. P., Muller, M. S., Kelly, B. T., Rodeo, S. A. & Warren, R. F. (2008). Epidemiology of National Football League training camp injuries from 1998 to 2007. The American journal of sports medicine, 36(8), 1597-1603. doi: 10.1177/0363546508316021
19. Franchi, M. V., Reeves, N. D. & Narici, M. V. (2017). Skeletal muscle remodeling in response to eccentric vs. concentric loading: morphological, molecular, and metabolic adaptations. Frontiers in physiology, 8, 447. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00447
20. Freeman, B. W., Young, W. B., Talpey, S. W., Smyth, A. M., Pane, C. L. & Carlon, T. A. (2019). The effects of sprint training and the Nordic hamstring exercise on eccentric hamstring strength. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 59(7), 1119-1125. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.18.08703-0
21. Güçlüöver, A. & Gülü, M. (2020). Developing a new muscle power prediction equation through vertical jump power output in adolescent women. Medicine, 99(25). doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000020882
22. Hoppeler, H. (2014). Eccentric Exercise: Physiology and application in sport and rehabilitation (1st ed.). London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203157862
23. Ishøi, L., Hölmich, P., Aagaard, P., Thorborg, K., Bandholm, T. & Serner, A. (2018). Effects of the Nordic Hamstring exercise on sprint capacity in male football players: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of sports sciences, 36(14), 1663-1672. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1409609
24. Konow, N. & Roberts, T. J. (2015). The series elastic shock absorber: tendon elasticity modulates energy dissipation by muscle during burst deceleration. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 282(1804), 1-8. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2800
25. McFarland, I. T., Dawes, J. J., Elder, C. L., & Lockie, R. G. (2016). Relationship of two vertical jumping tests to sprint and change of direction speed among male and female collegiate soccer players. Sports, 4(1), 1-7. doi: 10.3390/sports4010011
26. Mjølsnes, R., Arnason, A., Østhagen, T., Raastad, T. & Bahr, R. (2004). A 10‐week randomized trial comparing eccentric vs. concentric hamstring strength training in well‐trained soccer players. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 14(5), 311-317. doi: 10.1046/j.1600-0838.2003.367.x
27. Moseley, L. (1996). The incidence of injury in surfboat rowers. Australian Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 28(4), 97-100.
28. Nimphius, S., McGuigan, M. R. & Newton, R. U. (2010). Relationship between strength, power, speed, and change of direction performance of female softball players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(4), 885-895. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d4d41d
29. Opar, D., Williams, M., Timmins, R., Hickey, J., Duhig, S. & Shield, A. (2015). Eccentric hamstring strength and hamstring injury risk in Australian footballers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 47(4), 857-865. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000000465
30. Orchard, J., James, T., Alcott, E., Carter, S. & Farhart, P. (2002). Injuries in Australian cricket at first class level 1995/1996 to 2000/2001. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(4), 270-274. doi:10.1136/bjsm.36.4.270
31. Orchard, J., Wood, T., Seward, H. & Broad, A. (1998). Comparison of injuries in elite senior and junior Australian football. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 1(2), 83-88. doi: 10.1016/s1440-2440(98)80016-9
32. Orchard, J. W., Seward, H. & Orchard, J. J. (2013). Results of 2 decades of injury surveillance and public release of data in the Australian Football League. The American journal of sports medicine, 41(4), 734-741. doi: 10.1177/0363546513476270
33. Rumpf, M. C., Lockie, R. G., Cronin, J. B. & Jalilvand, F. (2016). Effect of different sprint training methods on sprint performance over various distances: A Brief review. Journal of Strength and Conditioning research, 30(6), 1767-1785. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001245
34. Schimpchen, J., Skorski, S., Nopp, S. & Meyer, T. (2016). Are “classical” tests of repeated-sprint ability in football externally valid? A new approach to determine in-game sprinting behaviour in elite football players. Journal of sports sciences, 34(6), 519-526. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1112023
35. Seymore, K. D., Domire, Z. J., DeVita, P., Rider, P. M. & Kulas, A. S. (2017). The effect of Nordic hamstring strength training on muscle architecture, stiffness, and strength. European journal of applied physiology, 117(5), 943-953. doi:10.1007/s00421-017-3583-3
36. Shalfawi, S. A., Haugen, T., Jakobsen, T. A., Enoksen, E. & Tønnessen, E. (2013). The effect of combined resisted agility and repeated sprint training vs. strength training on female elite soccer players. J Strength Cond Res, 27(11), 2966-2972. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31828c2889
37. Stølen, T., Chamari, K., Castagna, C. & Wisløff, U. (2005). Physiology of Soccer. Sports Medicine, 35(6), 501-536. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200535060-00004
38. Timmins, R. G., Bourne, M. N., Shield, A. J., Williams, M. D., Lorenzen, C. & Opar, D. A. (2016). Short biceps femoris fascicles and eccentric knee flexor weakness increase the risk of hamstring injury in elite football (soccer): a prospective cohort study. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(24), 1524-1535. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-095362
39. Turner, E., Munro, A. G. & Comfort, P. (2013). Female Soccer: Part 1-A Needs Analysis. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 35(1), 51-57. doi: 10.1519/SSC.0b013e318281f689