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Job Stress Assessment and Factors Analysis Influencing health care workers during COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia

Year 2022, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 9 - 23, 21.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.53525/jster.1073058

Abstract

This paper was undertaken to explore the influences of sociodemographic, psychological, and financial factors on work-related stress amongst health employees in Saudi Arabia during the pandemic. The study was conducted in some hospitals on 204 health workers. The techniques mainly include the statistical methods and self-administered questionnaires held in the hospitals. The analysis was carried out using Regression Model, a multivariate Structural Equation Model. Descriptive statistics, chi-square distribution, and correlation of the factors were employed to assess the factors. The preliminary analysis depicted that the financial factors have the most significant effects. It was found that the work-related stress increases by 0.280 units on average when the overall psychological stress level increases 1 unit negatively when all other constraints (financial, people living with workers, and hour's spending outside) are kept fixed. For qualitative factors, linguistic terms such as "Moderate, high, low, etc." were used to analyse the data. Moreover, a cluster analysis was carried out to determine the level of financial stress and the factors causing psychological stress. In contrast, the structural equation model depicted that not all sociodemographic factors are linked to work stress among health workers. This study will indorse all related bodies to establish a new approach to relieving health workers of financial burdens and provide them with efficient counseling and psychosocial management interventions.

Supporting Institution

King Abdul Aziz University

Project Number

KEP-MSc: 74-135-1443

Thanks

The Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR) at King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia has funded this project, under grant no. (KEP-MSc: 74-135-1443). Therefore, authors gratefully acknowledge technical and financial support.

References

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  • [3] Ko CH, Yen CF, Yen JY, Yang MJ (2006). Psychosocial impact among the public of the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic in Taiwan. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci Vol. 60, pp. 397-403.
  • [4] Lu YC, Shu BC, Chang YY (2006). The mental health of hospital workers dealing with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Psychother Psychosomatics, Vol.75, pp. 370-5.
  • [5] Mak IW, Chu CM, Pan PC, Yiu MG, Ho SC, Chan VL (2010). Risk factors for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in SARS survivors. Gen Hosp Psychiatry, Vol. 32, pp. 590-8.
  • [6] Shevlin M, McBride O, Murphy J, Miller J.G, Hartman T.K, Levita L. et al. (2020). Anxiety, Depression, Traumatic Stress, and COVID-19 Related Anxiety in the U.K. General Population During the COVID-19 Pandemic.
  • [7]Liu N, Zhang F, Wei C, Jia Y, Shang Z, Sun L, et al (2020). Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: Gender differences matter. Psychiatry Res, Vol. 287, pp. 112-921.
  • [8] Dong L, Bouey J (2020). Public mental health crisis during COVID-19 pandemic, China. Emerg Infect Dis, Vol. 26,10-3201.
  • [9] Cooper, C.L. and J. Marshall, 1976. Occupational sources of stress: A review of the literature relating to coronary heart disease and mental ill-health. J. Occup. Psychol., Vol. 49, pp. 11-28.
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  • [25] Shirom, A., Nirel, N., & Vinokur, A. (2010). Work hours and caseload as predictors of physician burnout: The mediating effects by perceived workload and by autonomy. Applied Psychology: An International Review, Vol. 59, No. 4, pp. 539–565. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2009.00411.x.
  • [26] Wood, B. A., Guimaraes, A. B., Holm, C. E., Hayes, S. W., & Brooks, K. R. (2020). Academic Librarian Burnout: A Survey Using the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI). Journal of Library Administration, Vol. 60, No. 5, pp. 512-531. https://doi.org/10.1080/01930826.2020.1729622.
  • [27] Bolger, N., DeLongis, A., Kessler, R. C., & Wethington, E. (1989). The contagion of stress across multiple roles. Journal of Marriage and the Family, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 175-183. https://doi.org 10.2307/352378.
  • [28] Duxbury, L., Stevenson, M., & Higgins, C. (2018). Too much to do, too little time: Role overload and stress in a multi-role environment. International Journal of Stress Management, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 250. https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000062.
  • [29] Stamper, C. L., & Johlke, M. C. (2003). The impact of perceived organizational support on the relationship between boundary spanner role stress and work outcomes. Journal of Management, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 569-588. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2063_03_00025-4.
  • [30] Vischer, J. C. (2007). The effects of the physical environment on job performance: Towards a theoretical model of workspace stress. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, Vol. 23(3), pp. 175-184. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1134.
  • [31] Eldor, L., Fried, Y., Westman, M., Levi, A. S., Shipp, A. J., & Slowik, L. H. (2017). The experience of work stress and the context of time: Analyzing the role of subjective time. Organizational Psychology Review, Vol. 7, No.3, pp. 227-249. https://doi.org/10.1177/2041386617697506.
  • [32] Lim, V., & Kim, T. (2014). The long arm of the job: Parents' work-family conflict and youths' work centrality. Applied Psychology: An International Review, Vol. 63, No. 1, pp. 151-167. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2012.00527.x.
  • [33] Fan, W., Lam, J., & Moen, P. (2019). Stress Proliferation? Precarity and Work-Family Conflict at the Intersection of Gender and Household Income. Journal of Family Issues, Vol. 40, No. 18, pp. 2751-2773. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X19862847.
  • [34] Ilies, R., Keeney, J., & Goh, Z. (2015). Capitalizing on positive work events by sharing them at home. Applied Psychology: An International Review, Vol. 64, No. 3, pp. 578–598. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12022.
  • [35] Peeters, M. C., Montgomery, A. J., Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2005). Balancing work and home: how job and home demands are related to burnout. International Journal of Stress Management, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 43-61. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.12.1.43.
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  • [38] Flesia, L., Fietta, V., Colicino, E., Segatto, B., & Monaro, M. (2020, May 5). Stable psychological traits predict perceived stress related to the COVID-19 outbreak. Retrieved from https://psyarxiv.com: https://psyarxiv.com/yb2h8/download/?format=pdf.
  • [39] Logan, M. S., & Ganster, D. C. 2005. An experimental evaluation of a control intervention to alleviate job-related stress. Journal of Management, Vol. 31, pp. 90-107.
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Job Stress Assessment and Factors Analysis Influencing health care workers during COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia

Year 2022, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 9 - 23, 21.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.53525/jster.1073058

Abstract

This paper was undertaken to explore the influences of sociodemographic, psychological, and financial factors on work-related stress amongst health employees in Saudi Arabia during the pandemic. The study was conducted in some hospitals on 204 health workers. The techniques mainly include the statistical methods and self-administered questionnaires held in the hospitals. The analysis was carried out using Regression Model, a multivariate Structural Equation Model. Descriptive statistics, chi-square distribution, and correlation of the factors were employed to assess the factors. The preliminary analysis depicted that the financial factors have the most significant effects. It was found that the work-related stress increases by 0.280 units on average when the overall psychological stress level increases 1 unit negatively when all other constraints (financial, people living with workers, and hour's spending outside) are kept fixed. For qualitative factors, linguistic terms such as "Moderate, high, low, etc." were used to analyse the data. Moreover, a cluster analysis was carried out to determine the level of financial stress and the factors causing psychological stress. In contrast, the structural equation model depicted that not all sociodemographic factors are linked to work stress among health workers. This study will indorse all related bodies to establish a new approach to relieving health workers of financial burdens and provide them with efficient counseling and psychosocial management interventions

Project Number

KEP-MSc: 74-135-1443

References

  • [1] Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. Lancet, Vol. 395, pp. 912-20.
  • [2] Mitchell KS, Wolf EJ, Bovin MJ, Lee LO, Green JD, Rosen RC, et al. (2017). Network models of DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder: Implications for ICD-11. J Abnorm Psychol, Vol. 126, pp. 355-66.
  • [3] Ko CH, Yen CF, Yen JY, Yang MJ (2006). Psychosocial impact among the public of the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic in Taiwan. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci Vol. 60, pp. 397-403.
  • [4] Lu YC, Shu BC, Chang YY (2006). The mental health of hospital workers dealing with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Psychother Psychosomatics, Vol.75, pp. 370-5.
  • [5] Mak IW, Chu CM, Pan PC, Yiu MG, Ho SC, Chan VL (2010). Risk factors for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in SARS survivors. Gen Hosp Psychiatry, Vol. 32, pp. 590-8.
  • [6] Shevlin M, McBride O, Murphy J, Miller J.G, Hartman T.K, Levita L. et al. (2020). Anxiety, Depression, Traumatic Stress, and COVID-19 Related Anxiety in the U.K. General Population During the COVID-19 Pandemic.
  • [7]Liu N, Zhang F, Wei C, Jia Y, Shang Z, Sun L, et al (2020). Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: Gender differences matter. Psychiatry Res, Vol. 287, pp. 112-921.
  • [8] Dong L, Bouey J (2020). Public mental health crisis during COVID-19 pandemic, China. Emerg Infect Dis, Vol. 26,10-3201.
  • [9] Cooper, C.L. and J. Marshall, 1976. Occupational sources of stress: A review of the literature relating to coronary heart disease and mental ill-health. J. Occup. Psychol., Vol. 49, pp. 11-28.
  • [10] Card, H.L.(2002) Effective Stress Management: A Personal Guide, An Occupational Psychology Division, USA.
  • [11] Joy, J., and Radhakrishnan, D.(2013) A Study on Causes of Work Stress among Tile Factory Workers in Kannur District in Kerala, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 3, Issue 9, September 2013.
  • [12]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Frequently Asked Questions - Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Retrieved May 18, 2020, from cdc.gov: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/faq.html.
  • [13]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Symptoms of Coronavirus - Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Retrieved 2020 May, from cdc.gov: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019- ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html.
  • [14] Secon, H., & Woodward, A. (2020, March 27). A map of the US cities and states under lockdown — and those that are reopening. Retrieved May 18, 2020, from msn.com: https://www.msn.com/en- sg/news/other/about-90-of-americans-have-been-ordered-to-stay-at-home-this-map-showswhich-cities-and-states-are-under-lockdown/ar-BB11MqgH.
  • [15] Sandford, A. (2020, April 3). Coronavirus: Half of humanity now on lockdown as 90 countries call for confinement. Retrieved May 18, 2020, from euronews.com: https://www.euronews.com/2020/04/02/coronavirus-in-europe-spain-s-death-toll-hits-10-000- after-record-950-new-deaths-in-24-hours.
  • [16] CVS Health. (2020, June 16). Most adults are experiencing more stress than same time last year, new report shows. Retrieved June 17, 2020, from cvshealth.com: https://cvshealth.com/newsroom/articles/most-adults-are-experiencing-more-stress-sametime-last-year-new-report-show.
  • [17] Center for National Health Statistics. (2020, June). Mental Health: Household Pulse Survey. Retrieved June 17, 2020, from cdc.gov: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/covid19/pulse/mental-health.htm.
  • [18] Petterson, S., Westfall, J., & Miller, B. (2020, May 8). Projected Deaths of Despair During the Coronavirus Recession. Retrieved June 17, 2020, from WellBeing Trust: https://wellbeingtrust.org/wpcontent/uploads/2020/05/WBT_Deaths-of-Despair_COVID-19-FINAL-FINAL.pdf.
  • [19] Lavelle, J. (2020, April 3). Gartner CFO Survey Reveals 74% Intend to Shift Some Employees to Remote Work Permanently. Retrieved July 2020, from gartner.com: https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2020-04-03-gartner-cfo-survey-reveals74-percent-of-orgs-to-shift-some-employees-to-remote-work-permanentl.
  • [20] Rigotti, T., De Cuyper, N., & Sekiguchi, T. (2020). The Corona Crisis: What Can We Learn from Earlier Studies in Applied Psychology? Applied Psychology: An International Review, Vol. 69(3), pp. 1-6. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/apps.12265.
  • [21] Gray, J. A., & Muramatsu, N. (2011). Work Stress, Burnout, and Social and Personal Resources among Direct Care Workers. Research in developmental disabilities, Vol. 32, pp. 1065-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2011.01.025.
  • [22] Kristensen, T., Borritz, M., Villadsen, E., & Christensen, K. (2005). The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory: A new tool for the assessment of burnout. Work & Stress, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 192-207. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370500297720.
  • [23] Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1984). Burnout in organizational settings. Applied Social Psychology Annual, Vol. 5, pp. 133-153.
  • [24] Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (2016). Understanding the burnout experience: Recent research and its implications for psychiatry. World psychiatry: official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 103–111. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20311.
  • [25] Shirom, A., Nirel, N., & Vinokur, A. (2010). Work hours and caseload as predictors of physician burnout: The mediating effects by perceived workload and by autonomy. Applied Psychology: An International Review, Vol. 59, No. 4, pp. 539–565. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2009.00411.x.
  • [26] Wood, B. A., Guimaraes, A. B., Holm, C. E., Hayes, S. W., & Brooks, K. R. (2020). Academic Librarian Burnout: A Survey Using the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI). Journal of Library Administration, Vol. 60, No. 5, pp. 512-531. https://doi.org/10.1080/01930826.2020.1729622.
  • [27] Bolger, N., DeLongis, A., Kessler, R. C., & Wethington, E. (1989). The contagion of stress across multiple roles. Journal of Marriage and the Family, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 175-183. https://doi.org 10.2307/352378.
  • [28] Duxbury, L., Stevenson, M., & Higgins, C. (2018). Too much to do, too little time: Role overload and stress in a multi-role environment. International Journal of Stress Management, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 250. https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000062.
  • [29] Stamper, C. L., & Johlke, M. C. (2003). The impact of perceived organizational support on the relationship between boundary spanner role stress and work outcomes. Journal of Management, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 569-588. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2063_03_00025-4.
  • [30] Vischer, J. C. (2007). The effects of the physical environment on job performance: Towards a theoretical model of workspace stress. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, Vol. 23(3), pp. 175-184. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1134.
  • [31] Eldor, L., Fried, Y., Westman, M., Levi, A. S., Shipp, A. J., & Slowik, L. H. (2017). The experience of work stress and the context of time: Analyzing the role of subjective time. Organizational Psychology Review, Vol. 7, No.3, pp. 227-249. https://doi.org/10.1177/2041386617697506.
  • [32] Lim, V., & Kim, T. (2014). The long arm of the job: Parents' work-family conflict and youths' work centrality. Applied Psychology: An International Review, Vol. 63, No. 1, pp. 151-167. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2012.00527.x.
  • [33] Fan, W., Lam, J., & Moen, P. (2019). Stress Proliferation? Precarity and Work-Family Conflict at the Intersection of Gender and Household Income. Journal of Family Issues, Vol. 40, No. 18, pp. 2751-2773. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X19862847.
  • [34] Ilies, R., Keeney, J., & Goh, Z. (2015). Capitalizing on positive work events by sharing them at home. Applied Psychology: An International Review, Vol. 64, No. 3, pp. 578–598. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12022.
  • [35] Peeters, M. C., Montgomery, A. J., Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2005). Balancing work and home: how job and home demands are related to burnout. International Journal of Stress Management, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 43-61. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.12.1.43.
  • [36] Sora, B., Caballer, A., Peiro, J. M. (2010). The consequences of job insecurity for employees: the moderator role of job dependence. Int. Labour Rev. 149, 59-72.
  • [37] Karkoulian, S., Srour, J., & Sinan, T. (2016). A gender perspective on work-life balance, perceived stress, and locus of control. Journal of Business Research, Vol. 69, No. 11, pp. 4918-4923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.04.053.
  • [38] Flesia, L., Fietta, V., Colicino, E., Segatto, B., & Monaro, M. (2020, May 5). Stable psychological traits predict perceived stress related to the COVID-19 outbreak. Retrieved from https://psyarxiv.com: https://psyarxiv.com/yb2h8/download/?format=pdf.
  • [39] Logan, M. S., & Ganster, D. C. 2005. An experimental evaluation of a control intervention to alleviate job-related stress. Journal of Management, Vol. 31, pp. 90-107.
  • [40] Anderson E.S., Coffey S.B., & Byerly T.R. (2002). Formal Organizational Initiatives and Informal Workplace Practices: Links to Work-Family Conflict and Job-Related Outcomes. Journal of Management, Vol. 28, pp. 787.
  • [41] Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D. M., Quinn, R. P., Snoek, J. D., & Rosenthal, R. A. 1964. Organizational stress: Studies in role conflict and ambiguity. New York: John Wiley.
  • [42] McCubbin, H. I., & Figley, C. R. (Eds.). (1983). Coping with normative transitions (Vol. 1). New York: Brunner/ Mazel.
  • [43] Anderson R. (2003). Stress at work: the current perspective. The Journal of The Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, Vol. 123, pp. 81.
  • [44] French, J.R.P., Jr., and Caplan, R.D. (1972). Organizational Stress and Individual Strain. in A.J. Marrow, ed., The Failure of Success, AMACOM, New York, New York.
  • [45] Margolis, B.L., Kroes, W.H., & Quinn, R.P. (1974). Job Stress: An Unlisted Occupational Hazard. Journal of Occupational Medicine, Vol, pp. 659-661.
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There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Rami Alharbi 0000-0002-9715-0384

Osman Taylan 0000-0002-5806-3237

Project Number KEP-MSc: 74-135-1443
Publication Date June 21, 2022
Submission Date February 14, 2022
Acceptance Date March 4, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 3 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Alharbi, R., & Taylan, O. (2022). Job Stress Assessment and Factors Analysis Influencing health care workers during COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Science, Technology and Engineering Research, 3(1), 9-23. https://doi.org/10.53525/jster.1073058
AMA Alharbi R, Taylan O. Job Stress Assessment and Factors Analysis Influencing health care workers during COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia. JSTER. June 2022;3(1):9-23. doi:10.53525/jster.1073058
Chicago Alharbi, Rami, and Osman Taylan. “Job Stress Assessment and Factors Analysis Influencing Health Care Workers During COVID-19 Pandemic in Saudi Arabia”. Journal of Science, Technology and Engineering Research 3, no. 1 (June 2022): 9-23. https://doi.org/10.53525/jster.1073058.
EndNote Alharbi R, Taylan O (June 1, 2022) Job Stress Assessment and Factors Analysis Influencing health care workers during COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Science, Technology and Engineering Research 3 1 9–23.
IEEE R. Alharbi and O. Taylan, “Job Stress Assessment and Factors Analysis Influencing health care workers during COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia”, JSTER, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 9–23, 2022, doi: 10.53525/jster.1073058.
ISNAD Alharbi, Rami - Taylan, Osman. “Job Stress Assessment and Factors Analysis Influencing Health Care Workers During COVID-19 Pandemic in Saudi Arabia”. Journal of Science, Technology and Engineering Research 3/1 (June 2022), 9-23. https://doi.org/10.53525/jster.1073058.
JAMA Alharbi R, Taylan O. Job Stress Assessment and Factors Analysis Influencing health care workers during COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia. JSTER. 2022;3:9–23.
MLA Alharbi, Rami and Osman Taylan. “Job Stress Assessment and Factors Analysis Influencing Health Care Workers During COVID-19 Pandemic in Saudi Arabia”. Journal of Science, Technology and Engineering Research, vol. 3, no. 1, 2022, pp. 9-23, doi:10.53525/jster.1073058.
Vancouver Alharbi R, Taylan O. Job Stress Assessment and Factors Analysis Influencing health care workers during COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia. JSTER. 2022;3(1):9-23.

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