Research Article
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Perspectives of rural tourism entrepreneurs in Italy, Spain, and Türkiye: A focus group study

Year 2023, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 87 - 95, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.24288/jttr.1284963

Abstract

This qualitative study investigates the essential attributes required for successful rural tourism entrepreneurship. A series of focus group interviews with rural tourism professionals in Italy, Spain, and Türkiye was employed. The data collected identified five central themes: the attractive aspects of rural tourism entrepreneurship, the necessary competencies for a rural tourism entrepreneur, the training/support needed, barriers encountered, and the utilization of rural elements in tourism. The study finds that rural tourism provides numerous benefits, including economic and social growth, cultural exchange, and a close connection with nature. However, to harness these benefits, entrepreneurs need diverse skills, including knowledge of economics, tourism, legislation, and marketing. Additionally, they require specific training and support to navigate potential barriers like administrative procedures and high financial costs. The study's findings provide valuable insights for aspiring entrepreneurs, policymakers, and other stakeholders in the field. Despite its focus on three countries, it allows further research to incorporate a wider range of perspectives and geographical contexts.

Supporting Institution

European Commission and Turkish National Agency

Project Number

2021-1-TR01-KA220-YOU-000028958

Thanks

This study is part of the project (Antifragile Young Entrepreneurs for Sustainable Rural Tourism - YES for Rural Tourism). The project was funded by the Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union under grant no: 2021-1-TR01-KA220-YOU-000028958.

References

  • Akyürek, S., Özdemir, Ö., & Çeken, H. (2018). Gümüşhane ilinin kırsal turizm potansiyeli ve yerel halkın kırsal turizm hakkındaki görüşleri (Zigana Köyü örneği). Uluslararası Kırsal Turizm ve Kalkınma Dergisi (IRTAD), 2(2), 10-19.
  • Alvarez, S. A., & Busenitz, L. W. (2001). The entrepreneurship of resource-based theory. Journal of management, 27(6), 755-775.
  • Ateljevic, I., & Doorne, S. (2000). 'Staying within the fence': Lifestyle entrepreneurship in tourism. Journal of sustainable tourism, 8(5), 378-392.
  • Aydemir, B., Uzun, D., & Göçmen, Z.G. (2016). Ödemiş-Tire-Kemalpaşa Yöresi Kırsal Turizm ve Girişimciliğini Tespite Yönelik Bir Araştırma. International Journal of Social and Economic Sciences, 6(2), 1-6.
  • Boyacıoğlu, E.Z. (2014). Kırsal turizmde kadın girişimciliği: Edirne örneği. International Journal of Social and Economic Sciences, 4(2), 82-90.
  • Brown, D.L., & Schafft, K.A. (2018). Rural People and Communities in the 21st Century: Resilience and Transformation. New York, USA: Wiley Publishing.
  • Calza, F., Go, F.M., Parmentola, A., & Trunfio, M. (2018). European rural entrepreneur and tourism-based diversification: Does national culture matter? International Journal of Tourism Research, 20(5), 671-683. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2215
  • Carmichael, B.A., & Ainley, S. (2014). Rural tourism entrepreneurship research. Tourism Planning & Development, 11(3), 257-260.
  • Cengiz, G., & Akkuş, Ç. (2012). Kırsal turizm kapsamında yöre halkının kalkındırılması: Erzurum örneği. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2012(1), 61-74.
  • Cihangir, E., Demirhan, Ö., & Şeremet, M. (2020). An outlook on rural woman’s status in rural tourism potential: A case of van herbed-cheese production. International Journal of Geography and Geographical Education, 42(1), 199-222.
  • Çeken, H., Karadağ, L., & Dalgın, T. (2007). Kırsal Kalkınmada Yeni Bir Yaklaşım Kırsal Turizm ve Türkiye’ye Yönelik Teorik Bir Çalışma. Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(1), 1-14.
  • Deale, C.S. (2016). Entrepreneurship education in hospitality and tourism: Insights from entrepreneurs. Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 16(1), 20-39. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313220.2015.1117957
  • Demir, B., & Boz, İ. (2017). Bursa ili Yıldırım ilçesi Cumalıkızık köyünde kırsal turizm çalışmalarının kırsal kalkınma açısından değerlendirilmesi. Tarım Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 10(1), 50-55.
  • Demir, M., & Aracı, S. (2022). Bibliometric Analysis of Studies on Rural Tourism with a Critical Perspective. Journal of Applied Tourism Research, 3(1), 25-36
  • Fidan, F., & Nam, D. (2012). Kırsal turizmde yeni dinamikler: Kadın girişimciler-Taraklı örneği. KMÜ Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 14(23), 51-57.
  • Figueiredo, E., & Raschi, A. (2011). «Un' immensa campagna avvolta dal verde» - Reinventing rural areas in Italy through tourism promotional images. European Countryside, 3(1), 1-20.
  • Guo, Y., Zhu, L., & Zhao, Y. (2023). Tourism entrepreneurship in rural destinations: measuring the effects of capital configurations using the fsQCA approach. Tourism Review, 78(3), 834-848.
  • Ghosh, S. (2011). Entrepreneurship: An overview of the issues and challenges in the context of rural development in India. Business Spectrum, 1(2), 1-7.
  • Hall, C.M., & Williams, A. (2019). Tourism and innovation. UK: Routledge.
  • Jaafar, M., Jalali, A., Dahalan, N., & Abhari, S. (2021). Sculpting a Community for Tourism Enterprise: A Case Study in Lenggong Valley, Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Society, 22(1), 496-512. https://doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.3191.2021
  • Kruzmetra, M., Rivza, B., & Jeroscenkova, L. (2013). Culture heritage as important product of rural tourism. Economic Science for Rural Development, (32), 83-88.
  • Koutsou, S., Notta, O., Samathrakis, V., & Partalidou, M. (2009). Women's entrepreneurship and rural tourism in Greece: Private enterprises and cooperatives. South European Society and Politics, 14(2), 191-209.
  • Lordkipanidze, M. (2002). Enhancing entrepreneurship in rural tourism for sustainable regional development. The case of Söderslätt region, Sweden. The International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics, IIIEE, Lund University, 73-80.
  • Martynova, N., & Laromenko, S. (2020). Youth Entrepreneurial Activity in the Development of Rural Green Tourism: the Case of Ukraine. Regional Formation and Development Studies, 31(2), 168-182. https://doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v31i2.2108
  • Marques, L., & Cunha, C. (2013). Literary rural tourism entrepreneurship: case study evidence from Northern Portugal. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 5(3), 289-303.
  • Mcgehee, N.G., & Kline, C.S. (2008). Entrepreneurship and the rural tourism industry: a primer. In Building community capacity for tourism development, (pp. 123-141). Wallingford UK: CABI.
  • Moqadas, R.S. (2018). The Role of Rural Tourism in Sustainable Rural Development: A Case Study of Shandiz Rural Region, Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran. Journal of Sustainable Development, 2(1-2), 61-76. https://doi.org/10.32598/jsrd.01.03.280
  • Naderi, A., Nasrolahi Vosta, L., Ebrahimi, A., & Jalilvand, M.R. (2019). The contributions of social entrepreneurship and transformational leadership to performance. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 39(9/10), 719-737. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-06-2019-0124
  • Ndabeni, L., & Rogerson, C.M. (2005). Entrepreneurship in rural tourism: the challenges of South Africa's Wild Coast. Africa insight, 35(4), 130-141.
  • Ongun, U., Gövdere, B., & Çiçek, U. (2016). Yeşilova’nın kırsal turizm potansiyelinin swot analizi ile değerlendirilmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 7(16), 75-88.
  • Rao, Y., Xie, J., & Lin, X. (2021). The Improvement of Women’s Entrepreneurial Competence in Rural Tourism: An Action Learning Perspective. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 46(8), 1622-1651. https://doi.org/10.1177/10963480211031032
  • Roberts, L., & Hall, D. (2001). Rural tourism and recreation: Principles to practice. Wallingford: CABI Publishing.
  • Rumelt, R.P. (2005). Theory, strategy, and entrepreneurship. In Handbook of entrepreneurship research: Interdisciplinary perspectives, (pp: 11-32), Berlin: Springer.
  • Saghayi, M., & Javanbakht Ghahfarokhi, Z. (2012). Feasibility study of rural tourism in North Khorasan (Case study: Esfidan area). Two Quarterly Journal of Tourism Studies. First period, first year, first, 62-51.
  • Schumpeter, J.A. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle (Translator: R. Opie). Harvard: Harvard Economic Studies.
  • Setiyo, J., Pratikto, H., & Sopiah (2022). Improving Human Resources Motivation In Tourism Entrepreneurship: A Review. International Journal of Science, Technology & Management, 3(1), 125-133. https://doi.org/10.46729/ijstm.v3i1.434
  • Sharma, P., & Chrisman, J.J. (1999). Toward a reconciliation of the definitional issues in the field of corporate entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 23(3), 11–27.
  • Soylu, A., & Ceylan, S. (2019). Turizm Girişimciliği: Kavram ve Literatür. SETSCI Conference Proceedings, 4(2), 29-35.
  • Tang, G.N., Ren, F., & Zhou, J. (2022). Does the digital economy promote “innovation and entrepreneurship” in rural tourism in China?. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.979027.
  • Utami, D. D., Dhewanto, W., & Lestari, Y. D. (2023). Rural tourism entrepreneurship success factors for sustainable tourism village: Evidence from Indonesia. Cogent Business & Management, 10(1), 2180845.
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2013). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Wilson, S., Fesenmaier, D.R., Fesenmaier, J., & van Es, J.C. (2001). Factors for Success in Rural Tourism Development. Journal of Travel Research, 40(2), 132-138. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728750104000203
  • Wortman Jr, M.S. (1990). Rural entrepreneurship research: An integration into the entrepreneurship field. Agribusiness, 6(4), 329-344.
  • Wozniczka, I.A., Koster, R.L., & Lemelin, R.H. (2010). Communities in transition: Changing views on tourism development as a vehicle for economic diversification in Northern Ontario, Canada. Journal of Rural and Community Development, 5(1), 90-102.
  • Zhang, Y., Xu, H., Jia, R., Yang, H., & Wang, C. (2022). Realizing common prosperity: The action logic of social entrepreneurship community mobilization in rural tourism. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 10(1), 00006. https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00006
  • Zurnacı, N. (2012). Kırsal turizmde; girişimcilik ve örgütlenme. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2012(2), 65-70.
Year 2023, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 87 - 95, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.24288/jttr.1284963

Abstract

Project Number

2021-1-TR01-KA220-YOU-000028958

References

  • Akyürek, S., Özdemir, Ö., & Çeken, H. (2018). Gümüşhane ilinin kırsal turizm potansiyeli ve yerel halkın kırsal turizm hakkındaki görüşleri (Zigana Köyü örneği). Uluslararası Kırsal Turizm ve Kalkınma Dergisi (IRTAD), 2(2), 10-19.
  • Alvarez, S. A., & Busenitz, L. W. (2001). The entrepreneurship of resource-based theory. Journal of management, 27(6), 755-775.
  • Ateljevic, I., & Doorne, S. (2000). 'Staying within the fence': Lifestyle entrepreneurship in tourism. Journal of sustainable tourism, 8(5), 378-392.
  • Aydemir, B., Uzun, D., & Göçmen, Z.G. (2016). Ödemiş-Tire-Kemalpaşa Yöresi Kırsal Turizm ve Girişimciliğini Tespite Yönelik Bir Araştırma. International Journal of Social and Economic Sciences, 6(2), 1-6.
  • Boyacıoğlu, E.Z. (2014). Kırsal turizmde kadın girişimciliği: Edirne örneği. International Journal of Social and Economic Sciences, 4(2), 82-90.
  • Brown, D.L., & Schafft, K.A. (2018). Rural People and Communities in the 21st Century: Resilience and Transformation. New York, USA: Wiley Publishing.
  • Calza, F., Go, F.M., Parmentola, A., & Trunfio, M. (2018). European rural entrepreneur and tourism-based diversification: Does national culture matter? International Journal of Tourism Research, 20(5), 671-683. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2215
  • Carmichael, B.A., & Ainley, S. (2014). Rural tourism entrepreneurship research. Tourism Planning & Development, 11(3), 257-260.
  • Cengiz, G., & Akkuş, Ç. (2012). Kırsal turizm kapsamında yöre halkının kalkındırılması: Erzurum örneği. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2012(1), 61-74.
  • Cihangir, E., Demirhan, Ö., & Şeremet, M. (2020). An outlook on rural woman’s status in rural tourism potential: A case of van herbed-cheese production. International Journal of Geography and Geographical Education, 42(1), 199-222.
  • Çeken, H., Karadağ, L., & Dalgın, T. (2007). Kırsal Kalkınmada Yeni Bir Yaklaşım Kırsal Turizm ve Türkiye’ye Yönelik Teorik Bir Çalışma. Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(1), 1-14.
  • Deale, C.S. (2016). Entrepreneurship education in hospitality and tourism: Insights from entrepreneurs. Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 16(1), 20-39. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313220.2015.1117957
  • Demir, B., & Boz, İ. (2017). Bursa ili Yıldırım ilçesi Cumalıkızık köyünde kırsal turizm çalışmalarının kırsal kalkınma açısından değerlendirilmesi. Tarım Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 10(1), 50-55.
  • Demir, M., & Aracı, S. (2022). Bibliometric Analysis of Studies on Rural Tourism with a Critical Perspective. Journal of Applied Tourism Research, 3(1), 25-36
  • Fidan, F., & Nam, D. (2012). Kırsal turizmde yeni dinamikler: Kadın girişimciler-Taraklı örneği. KMÜ Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 14(23), 51-57.
  • Figueiredo, E., & Raschi, A. (2011). «Un' immensa campagna avvolta dal verde» - Reinventing rural areas in Italy through tourism promotional images. European Countryside, 3(1), 1-20.
  • Guo, Y., Zhu, L., & Zhao, Y. (2023). Tourism entrepreneurship in rural destinations: measuring the effects of capital configurations using the fsQCA approach. Tourism Review, 78(3), 834-848.
  • Ghosh, S. (2011). Entrepreneurship: An overview of the issues and challenges in the context of rural development in India. Business Spectrum, 1(2), 1-7.
  • Hall, C.M., & Williams, A. (2019). Tourism and innovation. UK: Routledge.
  • Jaafar, M., Jalali, A., Dahalan, N., & Abhari, S. (2021). Sculpting a Community for Tourism Enterprise: A Case Study in Lenggong Valley, Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Society, 22(1), 496-512. https://doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.3191.2021
  • Kruzmetra, M., Rivza, B., & Jeroscenkova, L. (2013). Culture heritage as important product of rural tourism. Economic Science for Rural Development, (32), 83-88.
  • Koutsou, S., Notta, O., Samathrakis, V., & Partalidou, M. (2009). Women's entrepreneurship and rural tourism in Greece: Private enterprises and cooperatives. South European Society and Politics, 14(2), 191-209.
  • Lordkipanidze, M. (2002). Enhancing entrepreneurship in rural tourism for sustainable regional development. The case of Söderslätt region, Sweden. The International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics, IIIEE, Lund University, 73-80.
  • Martynova, N., & Laromenko, S. (2020). Youth Entrepreneurial Activity in the Development of Rural Green Tourism: the Case of Ukraine. Regional Formation and Development Studies, 31(2), 168-182. https://doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v31i2.2108
  • Marques, L., & Cunha, C. (2013). Literary rural tourism entrepreneurship: case study evidence from Northern Portugal. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 5(3), 289-303.
  • Mcgehee, N.G., & Kline, C.S. (2008). Entrepreneurship and the rural tourism industry: a primer. In Building community capacity for tourism development, (pp. 123-141). Wallingford UK: CABI.
  • Moqadas, R.S. (2018). The Role of Rural Tourism in Sustainable Rural Development: A Case Study of Shandiz Rural Region, Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran. Journal of Sustainable Development, 2(1-2), 61-76. https://doi.org/10.32598/jsrd.01.03.280
  • Naderi, A., Nasrolahi Vosta, L., Ebrahimi, A., & Jalilvand, M.R. (2019). The contributions of social entrepreneurship and transformational leadership to performance. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 39(9/10), 719-737. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-06-2019-0124
  • Ndabeni, L., & Rogerson, C.M. (2005). Entrepreneurship in rural tourism: the challenges of South Africa's Wild Coast. Africa insight, 35(4), 130-141.
  • Ongun, U., Gövdere, B., & Çiçek, U. (2016). Yeşilova’nın kırsal turizm potansiyelinin swot analizi ile değerlendirilmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 7(16), 75-88.
  • Rao, Y., Xie, J., & Lin, X. (2021). The Improvement of Women’s Entrepreneurial Competence in Rural Tourism: An Action Learning Perspective. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 46(8), 1622-1651. https://doi.org/10.1177/10963480211031032
  • Roberts, L., & Hall, D. (2001). Rural tourism and recreation: Principles to practice. Wallingford: CABI Publishing.
  • Rumelt, R.P. (2005). Theory, strategy, and entrepreneurship. In Handbook of entrepreneurship research: Interdisciplinary perspectives, (pp: 11-32), Berlin: Springer.
  • Saghayi, M., & Javanbakht Ghahfarokhi, Z. (2012). Feasibility study of rural tourism in North Khorasan (Case study: Esfidan area). Two Quarterly Journal of Tourism Studies. First period, first year, first, 62-51.
  • Schumpeter, J.A. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle (Translator: R. Opie). Harvard: Harvard Economic Studies.
  • Setiyo, J., Pratikto, H., & Sopiah (2022). Improving Human Resources Motivation In Tourism Entrepreneurship: A Review. International Journal of Science, Technology & Management, 3(1), 125-133. https://doi.org/10.46729/ijstm.v3i1.434
  • Sharma, P., & Chrisman, J.J. (1999). Toward a reconciliation of the definitional issues in the field of corporate entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 23(3), 11–27.
  • Soylu, A., & Ceylan, S. (2019). Turizm Girişimciliği: Kavram ve Literatür. SETSCI Conference Proceedings, 4(2), 29-35.
  • Tang, G.N., Ren, F., & Zhou, J. (2022). Does the digital economy promote “innovation and entrepreneurship” in rural tourism in China?. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.979027.
  • Utami, D. D., Dhewanto, W., & Lestari, Y. D. (2023). Rural tourism entrepreneurship success factors for sustainable tourism village: Evidence from Indonesia. Cogent Business & Management, 10(1), 2180845.
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2013). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Wilson, S., Fesenmaier, D.R., Fesenmaier, J., & van Es, J.C. (2001). Factors for Success in Rural Tourism Development. Journal of Travel Research, 40(2), 132-138. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728750104000203
  • Wortman Jr, M.S. (1990). Rural entrepreneurship research: An integration into the entrepreneurship field. Agribusiness, 6(4), 329-344.
  • Wozniczka, I.A., Koster, R.L., & Lemelin, R.H. (2010). Communities in transition: Changing views on tourism development as a vehicle for economic diversification in Northern Ontario, Canada. Journal of Rural and Community Development, 5(1), 90-102.
  • Zhang, Y., Xu, H., Jia, R., Yang, H., & Wang, C. (2022). Realizing common prosperity: The action logic of social entrepreneurship community mobilization in rural tourism. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 10(1), 00006. https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00006
  • Zurnacı, N. (2012). Kırsal turizmde; girişimcilik ve örgütlenme. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2012(2), 65-70.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Tourism (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Merve Özgür Göde 0000-0002-7315-4284

Sema Ekincek 0000-0001-9186-9323

Semra Günay 0000-0001-6663-6827

Önder Yayla 0000-0002-7967-1805

İsmail Yenilmez 0000-0002-3357-3898

Şükrü Acıtaş 0000-0002-4131-0086

Yeliz Mert 0000-0001-7101-8943

Handan Akarsu 0000-0002-5463-5947

Jesús Blas Ruiz Leal 0009-0008-4959-6315

Project Number 2021-1-TR01-KA220-YOU-000028958
Early Pub Date August 13, 2023
Publication Date September 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Özgür Göde, M., Ekincek, S., Günay, S., Yayla, Ö., et al. (2023). Perspectives of rural tourism entrepreneurs in Italy, Spain, and Türkiye: A focus group study. Journal of Tourism Theory and Research, 9(2), 87-95. https://doi.org/10.24288/jttr.1284963