Research Article

Ancient Hyssos Port and Its Associated Historical Road Networks: An Analysis Based on Archaeological Surveys and Written Sources

Volume: 9 Number: 1 June 26, 2026
EN TR

Ancient Hyssos Port and Its Associated Historical Road Networks: An Analysis Based on Archaeological Surveys and Written Sources

Abstract

This study focuses on Hyssos (Old Port of Araklı), one of the strategically important ports of the Pontos Region during the Roman Empire, and the historical road networks connecting it to the interior of Anatolia. Located about 30 km east of the modern Trabzon Port, at the point where the Karadere River flows into the Black Sea, this port offered strategic advantages throughout history thanks to its bay structure and the natural shelter it provided, especially against westerly winds. For this reason, the port became an important military and commercial centre from the 2nd century AD, hosted a Roman auxiliary unit, and served as a critical base for military expeditions under the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius. While the existing scholarly literature focuses on the port itself, the ancient routes connecting Hyssos to the interior, especially to Satala (Sadak), an important Roman garrison, have so far not been studied in sufficient depth. Based on extensive surveys conducted in 2022 and an analysis of historical sources, this paper aims to document connected the Hyssos port with the interior the two main historical routes (Araklı-Aydıntepe-Bayburt and Araklı-Yağmurdere-Satala): Archaeological evidence, such as settlements and fortresses along these routes, will be highlighted to illuminate the role of Hyssos as a critical logistical and strategic link connecting the Black Sea coast with the Anatolian interior throughout Antiquity and the Middle Ages. To this end, data on the port of Hyssos from ancient Roman texts and modern research will first be analysed, and then these findings will be compared with Byzantine and Ottoman sources. Finally, the Port of Hyssos will be evaluated together with the data obtained from the field studies conducted by us; the routes and remains of the historical roads connecting the port to the inland regions, especially Satala, will be identified, and the strategic importance of the port in the historical process will be comprehensively revealed.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

TUBITAK

Project Number

221K235

Thanks

This Study was supported by Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK) COST within Grant Numbered 221K235 the authors thank TÜBİTAK for their support.

References

  1. Arr. Peripl. M Eux. (=Text used and its translation: Arslan Murat, (2005). Arrianus, Arriani Periplus Ponti Euxini / Arrianus’ Black Sea Voyage, Odin Publishing.
  2. Bijişkyan, P. Minas (1969), Karadeniz Kıyıları Tarih ve Coğrafyası (1817–1819) (Trans . & Notes H. D. Andreasyan). Istanbul University Faculty of Literature Press, İstanbul.
  3. Bilgin, Mehmet (1990), Sürmene Tarihi. Municipality Publications, Sürmene.
  4. Bilgin, Mehmet (2000), Doğu Karadeniz: Tarih, Kültür, İnsan, Serander Publications, Trabzon.
  5. BOA, DH.UMVM (State Archives Presidency Ottoman Archives (1914, February 23 / 1332, Rebiülevvel 27). Dâhiliye Umur-ı Mahallîye ve Vilâyât Müdürlüğü Tasnifi, Nr. 74-30/3.
  6. Braund, David (1994), Georgia in Antiquity: A History of Colchis and Transcaucasia Iberia 550 BC–AD 562. Clarendon Press, Oxford and New York.
  7. Bryer, Anthony (1980), The Empire of Trebizond and Pontos. Variorum Reprints, Oxford.
  8. Bryer, Anthony and Winfield, David (1985), The Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos (Vols. I–II). Dumbarton Oaks, Washington.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Obsidian in Archeology

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

June 26, 2026

Submission Date

January 1, 2026

Acceptance Date

April 19, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 9 Number: 1

APA
Emir, O., Köse, İ., & Topaloğlu, Y. (2026). Ancient Hyssos Port and Its Associated Historical Road Networks: An Analysis Based on Archaeological Surveys and Written Sources. Journal of Universal History Studies, 9(1), 132-151. https://doi.org/10.38000/juhis.1854091
AMA
1.Emir O, Köse İ, Topaloğlu Y. Ancient Hyssos Port and Its Associated Historical Road Networks: An Analysis Based on Archaeological Surveys and Written Sources. JUHIS. 2026;9(1):132-151. doi:10.38000/juhis.1854091
Chicago
Emir, Osman, İsmail Köse, and Yasin Topaloğlu. 2026. “Ancient Hyssos Port and Its Associated Historical Road Networks: An Analysis Based on Archaeological Surveys and Written Sources”. Journal of Universal History Studies 9 (1): 132-51. https://doi.org/10.38000/juhis.1854091.
EndNote
Emir O, Köse İ, Topaloğlu Y (June 1, 2026) Ancient Hyssos Port and Its Associated Historical Road Networks: An Analysis Based on Archaeological Surveys and Written Sources. Journal of Universal History Studies 9 1 132–151.
IEEE
[1]O. Emir, İ. Köse, and Y. Topaloğlu, “Ancient Hyssos Port and Its Associated Historical Road Networks: An Analysis Based on Archaeological Surveys and Written Sources”, JUHIS, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 132–151, June 2026, doi: 10.38000/juhis.1854091.
ISNAD
Emir, Osman - Köse, İsmail - Topaloğlu, Yasin. “Ancient Hyssos Port and Its Associated Historical Road Networks: An Analysis Based on Archaeological Surveys and Written Sources”. Journal of Universal History Studies 9/1 (June 1, 2026): 132-151. https://doi.org/10.38000/juhis.1854091.
JAMA
1.Emir O, Köse İ, Topaloğlu Y. Ancient Hyssos Port and Its Associated Historical Road Networks: An Analysis Based on Archaeological Surveys and Written Sources. JUHIS. 2026;9:132–151.
MLA
Emir, Osman, et al. “Ancient Hyssos Port and Its Associated Historical Road Networks: An Analysis Based on Archaeological Surveys and Written Sources”. Journal of Universal History Studies, vol. 9, no. 1, June 2026, pp. 132-51, doi:10.38000/juhis.1854091.
Vancouver
1.Osman Emir, İsmail Köse, Yasin Topaloğlu. Ancient Hyssos Port and Its Associated Historical Road Networks: An Analysis Based on Archaeological Surveys and Written Sources. JUHIS. 2026 Jun. 1;9(1):132-51. doi:10.38000/juhis.1854091

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