Research Article

Interest or Usury: Ottoman Credit History and the Transformation of Murabaha

Number: 9 April 15, 2025
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Interest or Usury: Ottoman Credit History and the Transformation of Murabaha

Abstract

Credit relations in the Ottoman Empire developed within the framework of the Islamic prohibition of riba. In this context, murabaha, was used by the Ottomans in the sense of a legitimate (free from riba) return on loans along with its classical jurisprudential meaning. However, especially since the second half of the nineteenth century, murabaha was also burdened with the meaning of usury, which signifies riba. This article aims to analyse the transformation of murabaha in the nineteenth century Ottoman Empire and examines how meanings changed and transformed as a result of social reality permeating daily language. In this context, Ottoman credit terminology and the socio-economic history of credit relations will be analysed in the Late Ottoman Empire. Archival documents, writings of Ottoman authors in newspapers and books, translations from foreign languages and dictionary sources as well as sharia court records and fatwas will be used in the research. In the light of the mentioned sources, it is aimed to correct some misconceptions in Ottoman historiography regarding credit relations. In addition, the development of credit relations in the Ottoman Empire and how these relations were shaped will be revealed by tracing the evolution of murabaha in Ottoman history.

Keywords

Ottoman Empire, Murabaha, Usury, Interest, Riba

References

  1. 1. Archival Documents
  2. Directorate of State Archives of the Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye (BOA.)
  3. Bab-ı Asafi Divan-ı Hümayun Mühimme Kalemi (A. DVN. MHM. d) nr. 253, 257, 258.
  4. Babıali Evrak Odası Evrakı (BEO).
  5. Cevdet Adliye (C. ADL).
  6. Dahiliye Nezareti Mektubi Kalemi (DH. MKT).
  7. İstanbul Müftülüğü (İSTM.), Üsküdar Mahkemesi (ŞSC.06.), nr. 98.
  8. Meclis-i Vala Evrakı (MVL).
  9. Sadaret Mektubi Kalemi Nezaret ve Deva'ir Evrakı (A. MKT. NZD).
  10. Sadaret Mektubi Kalemi Umum Vilayat Evrakı (A. MKT. UM).
APA
Berber, M. A. (2025). Interest or Usury: Ottoman Credit History and the Transformation of Murabaha. Kadim, 9, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.54462/kadim.1463064
AMA
1.Berber MA. Interest or Usury: Ottoman Credit History and the Transformation of Murabaha. Kadim. 2025;(9):1-21. doi:10.54462/kadim.1463064
Chicago
Berber, Mehmet Akif. 2025. “Interest or Usury: Ottoman Credit History and the Transformation of Murabaha”. Kadim, nos. 9: 1-21. https://doi.org/10.54462/kadim.1463064.
EndNote
Berber MA (April 1, 2025) Interest or Usury: Ottoman Credit History and the Transformation of Murabaha. Kadim 9 1–21.
IEEE
[1]M. A. Berber, “Interest or Usury: Ottoman Credit History and the Transformation of Murabaha”, Kadim, no. 9, pp. 1–21, Apr. 2025, doi: 10.54462/kadim.1463064.
ISNAD
Berber, Mehmet Akif. “Interest or Usury: Ottoman Credit History and the Transformation of Murabaha”. Kadim. 9 (April 1, 2025): 1-21. https://doi.org/10.54462/kadim.1463064.
JAMA
1.Berber MA. Interest or Usury: Ottoman Credit History and the Transformation of Murabaha. Kadim. 2025;:1–21.
MLA
Berber, Mehmet Akif. “Interest or Usury: Ottoman Credit History and the Transformation of Murabaha”. Kadim, no. 9, Apr. 2025, pp. 1-21, doi:10.54462/kadim.1463064.
Vancouver
1.Mehmet Akif Berber. Interest or Usury: Ottoman Credit History and the Transformation of Murabaha. Kadim. 2025 Apr. 1;(9):1-21. doi:10.54462/kadim.1463064