HOW DO ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION EXPENDITURES AFFECT HEALTH STATUS? EVIDENCE FROM PANEL QUANTILE REGRESSION

Year 2022, Volume: 13 Issue: 26, 1036 - 1068, 27.12.2022

Doğan Barak Ahmet Tunç

https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2022.043

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Çevre ve sağlık durumu arasındaki ilişki son yıllarda yoğun ilgi görmektedir. Bununla birlikte, sınırlı sayıda çalışma, sağlık durumuna yönelik çevre koruma harcamalarına odaklanmıştır. Bu çalışma, 1995-2019 dönemi boyunca 20 Avrupa ülkesi için çevre koruma harcamalarının sağlık durumuyla olan bağlantılarını ampirik olarak test etmektedir. Ampirik analiz için bu çalışmada panel kantil regresyon kullanılmıştır. Ampirik sonuçlar, çevre koruma harcamaları, GSYİH ve eğitimin sağlık durumunu iyileştirmeye yardımcı olurken, CO2 emisyonlarının sağlık durumunu kötüleştirdiğini göstermektedir. Bu nedenle, verimli çevre koruma harcamaları ve çevre politikaları, sağlık durumunu iyileştirmeye yönelik stratejilerle uyumlu olmalıdır.

Keywords

çevre koruma harcamaları, CO2 emisyonları, sağlık durumu, panel kantil regresyon

HOW DO ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION EXPENDITURES AFFECT HEALTH STATUS? EVIDENCE FROM PANEL QUANTILE REGRESSION

Abstract

The relationship between environment and health status has attracted intensive attention in recent years. However, limited studies have focused on environmental protection expenditure on health status. This study empirically tests the links of environmental protection expenditure with health status for 20 European countries over the period 1995-2019. For empirical analysis, this study used panel quantile regression. The empirical results show that while environmental protection expenditure, GDP, and education help to ameliorate health status, CO2 emissions worse health status. Hence, efficient environmental protection expenditure and environmental policies must align with strategies to improve health status.

Keywords

environmental protection expenditure, CO2 emissions, health status, panel quantile regression

References

• Akbar, M. W., Zhong, R., Zia, Z., & Jahangir, J. (2022). Nexus between disaggregated energy sources, institutional quality, and environmental degradation in BRI countries: a penal quantile regression analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(28), 43155-43168.
• Akram, R., Chen, F., Khalid, F., Huang, G., & Irfan, M. (2021). Heterogeneous effects of energy efficiency and renewable energy on economic growth of BRICS countries: a fixed effect panel quantile regression analysis. Energy, 215, 119019.
• Akram, R., Chen, F., Khalid, F., Ye, Z., & Majeed, M. T. (2020). Heterogeneous effects of energy efficiency and renewable energy on carbon emissions: Evidence from developing countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 247, 119122.
• Akter, K., Tasnime, Z., & Uddin, S. N. (2020). Role of Globalization and Financial Development on the Population’s Health Status in the South Asian Countries: A Panel Quantile Regression Investigation. International Journal of Science and Business, 4(11), 82-92.
• Al‐Azri, M., Al‐Mamari, F., & Mondal, S. (2020). Healthcare expenditure and health outcome nexus: Exploring the evidences from Oman. Journal of Public Affairs, 20(4), e2329.
• Alharthi, M., & Hanif, I. (2021). The role of energy types and environmental quality on human health in developing Asian countries. Energy & Environment, 32(7), 1226-1242.
• Alharthi, M., Dogan, E., & Taskin, D. (2021). Analysis of CO2 emissions and energy consumption by sources in MENA countries: evidence from quantile regressions. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(29), 38901-38908.
• Alimi, O. Y., & Ajide, K. B. (2021). The role of institutions in environment–health outcomes Nexus: empirical evidence from sub-Saharan Africa. Economic Change and Restructuring, 54(4), 1205-1252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10644-020-09299-0
• Altıntaş, H., & Kassouri, Y. (2020). Is the environmental Kuznets Curve in Europe related to the per-capita ecological footprint or CO2 emissions?. Ecological Indicators, 113, 106187.
• Amin, A., Liu, Y., Yu, J., Chandio, A. A., Rasool, S. F., Luo, J., & Zaman, S. (2020). How does energy poverty affect economic development? A panel data analysis of South Asian countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(25), 31623-31635.
• Amin, S., Jamasb, T., & Nepal, R. (2021). Regulatory reform and the relative efficacy of government versus private investment on energy consumption in South Asia. Economic Analysis and Policy, 69, 421-433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2020.12.019
• Anser, M. K., Godil, D. I., Khan, M. A., Nassani, A. A., Zaman, K., & Abro, M. M. Q. (2021). The impact of coal combustion, nitrous oxide emissions, and traffic emissions on COVID-19 cases: a Markov-switching approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(45), 64882-64891.
• Anwar, A., Siddique, M., Dogan, E., & Sharif, A. (2021). The moderating role of renewable and non-renewable energy in environment-income nexus for ASEAN countries: Evidence from Method of Moments Quantile Regression. Renewable Energy, 164, 956-967.
• Arora, N. K., & Mishra, I. (2021). COP26: more challenges than achievements. Environmental Sustainability, 1-4. Asemane, Z., Emamgholipour, S., & Rshidian, A. (2015). Governance and public health outcome in OPEC countries. Int J Rev Life Sci, 5(10), 855-60.
• Assi, A. F., Isiksal, A. Z., & Tursoy, T. (2021). Renewable energy consumption, financial development, environmental pollution, and innovations in the ASEAN+ 3 group: Evidence from (P-ARDL) model. Renewable Energy, 165, 689-700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.11.052
• Awan, A., Kocoglu, M., Banday, T. P., & Tarazkar, M. H. (2022). Revisiting global energy efficiency and CO2 emission nexus: fresh evidence from the panel quantile regression model. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-14.
• Azam, M., Uddin, I., & Saqib, N. (2022). The determinants of life expectancy and environmental degradation in Pakistan: evidence from ARDL bounds test approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-14.
• Balan, F. (2016). Environmental quality and its human health effects: A causal analysis for the EU-25. International Journal of Applied Economics, 13(1), 57-71.
• Baloch, M.A., Khan, S.U.D., & Ulucak, Z.Ş. (2020a). Poverty and vulnerability of environmental degradation in Sub-Saharan African countries: what causes what?. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 54, 143-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2020.04.007
• Baloch, M.A., Khan, S.U.D., Ulucak, Z.Ş., & Ahmad, A. (2020b). Analyzing the relationship between poverty, income inequality, and CO2 emission in Sub-Saharan African countries. Science of The Total Environment, 740, 139867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139867
• Banday, U. J., & Kocoglu, M. (2022). Modelling Simultaneous Relationships Between Human Development, Energy, and Environment: Fresh Evidence from Panel Quantile Regression. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 1-23.
• Barua, S., Adeleye, B. N., Akam, D., Ogunrinola, I., & Shafiq, M. M. (2022). Modeling mortality rates and environmental degradation in Asia and the Pacific: does income group matter?. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(20), 30548-30567.
• Basoglu, A., & Uzar, U. (2019). An empirical evaluation about the effects of environmental expenditures on environmental quality in coordinated market economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(22), 23108-23118.
• Baum, F., Popay, J., Delany-Crowe, T., Freeman, T., Musolino, C., Alvarez-Dardet, C., ... & Sanders, D. (2018). Punching above their weight: a network to understand broader determinants of increasing life expectancy. International Journal for Equity in Health, 17(1), 1-5.
• Bayar, Y., Gavriletea, M. D., Estes, J., & Pintea, M. O. (2022). Impact of banking sector development and environment on population health: evidence from EU transition countries. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 1-24.
• Bhat, J. A. (2018). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption—impact on economic growth and CO2 emissions in five emerging market economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(35), 35515-35530. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3523-8
• Bilgili, F., Ozturk, I., Kocak, E., Kuskaya, S., & Cingoz, A. (2022). The nexus between access to electricity and CO2 damage in Asian Countries: The evidence from quantile regression models. Energy and Buildings, 256, 111761.
• Bostan, I., Onofrei, M., Elena-Doina Dascălu, B., Fîrtescu, & Toderascu C. (2016). Impact of sustainable environmental expenditures policy on air pollution reduction, during european integration framework. Amfiteatru Economic, 18(42), 286–302.
• Bouchoucha, N. (2021). The Effect of Environmental Degradation on Health Status: Do Institutions Matter?. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 12(4), 1618-1634.
• Boukhelkhal, A. (2021). Energy use, economic growth and CO2 emissions in Africa: does the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis exist? New evidence from heterogeneous panel under cross-sectional dependence. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01983-z
• British Petrol Statistical Review of World Energy (2021). Statistical Review of World Energy. Accessed at: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html, Accessed March 2022
• Broniewicz, E. (2011). Environmental protection expenditure in European Union. Environmental Management in Practice, 21(36), 2-28.
• Bui, Q., Wang, Z., Zhang, B., Le, H. P., & Vu, K. D. (2021). Revisiting the biomass energy-economic growth linkage of BRICS countries: A panel quantile regression with fixed effects approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 316, 128382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128382
• Bunyaminu, A., Mohammed, I., Yakubu, I. N., Shani, B., & Abukari, A. L. (2022). The effect of health expenditure on average life expectancy: does government effectiveness play a moderating role?. International Journal of Health Governance, (ahead-of-print).
• Chaabouni, S., Zghidi, N., & Mbarek, M. B. (2016). On the causal dynamics between CO2 emissions, health expenditures and economic growth. Sustainable cities and society, 22, 184-191.
• Chen, Z., Ma, Y., Hua, J., Wang, Y., & Guo, H. (2021). Impacts from economic development and environmental factors on life expectancy: a comparative study based on data from both developed and developing countries from 2004 to 2016. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16), 8559.
• Cheng, C., Ren, X., Wang, Z., & Yan, C. (2019). Heterogeneous impacts of renewable energy and environmental patents on CO2 emission-Evidence from the BRIICS. Science of the Total Environment, 668, 1328-1338.
• Chireshe, J., & Ocran, M. K. (2020). Health care expenditure and health outcomes in sub‐Saharan African countries. African Development Review, 32(3), 349-361.
• Cropper, M. L. (1981). Measuring the benefits from reduced morbidity. The American Economic Review, 71(2), 235-240. Dogan, E., & Inglesi-Lotz, R. (2020). The impact of economic structure to the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis: evidence from European countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(11), 12717-12724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07878-2
• Dogan, E., & Seker, F. (2016). Determinants of CO2 emissions in the European Union: the role of renewable and non-renewable energy. Renewable Energy, 94, 429-439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.03.078
• Doucouliagos, C., Hennessy, J., & Mallick, D. (2021). Health aid, governance and infant mortality. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society), 184(2), 761-783.
• Driscoll, J. C., & Kraay, A. C. (1998). Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel data. Review of Economics and Statistics, 80(4), 549-560. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465398557825
• Dumitrescu, E. I., & Hurlin, C. (2012). Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450-1460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2012.02.014
• Ecevit, E., & Çetin, M. (2016). Ekonomik büyüme ve çevre kirliliğinin sağlık üzerindeki etkisi: Türkiye ile ilgili ampirik kanıt. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 48, 83-98.
• Ecevit, E., Çetin, M., & Yücel, A. G. (2022). Türkiye’de yenilenebilir enerji ve sağlık: eşbütünleşme ve nedensellik analizi. Erciyes Akademi, 36(1), 138-156.
• Erdoğan, S., Yıldırım, D. Ç., & Gedikli, A. (2019). The relationship between CO2 emissions and health indicators: the case of Turkey. Econ Lett, 6(1), 28-39.
• European Environment Agency (2020). Air pollution, https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/air/intro , Accessed date: 15.09.2022
• European Environment Agency (2021). Air quality in Europe 2021, https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/air-quality-in-europe-2021 , Accessed date: 15.09.2022
• European Environment Agency (EEA, 2022). Environment and health, https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/human/intro (Accessed date: 04.08.2022)
• Farag, M., Nandakumar, A. K., Wallack, S., Hodgkin, D., Gaumer, G., & Erbil, C. (2013). Health expenditures, health outcomes and the role of good governance. International Journal of Health Care Finance and Economics, 13(1), 33-52
• Farzanegan, M. R., & Mennel, T. (2012). Fiscal decentralization and pollution: Institutions matter. Magks Papers on Economics, 22, 1–28.
• Fayissa, B., & Gutema, P. (2008). A health production function for Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Department of Economics and Finance Working Paper Series, 112-118
• Freeman, T., Gesesew, H. A., Bambra, C., Giugliani, E. R. J., Popay, J., Sanders, D., ... & Baum, F. (2020). Why do some countries do better or worse in life expectancy relative to income? An analysis of Brazil, Ethiopia, and the United States of America. International Journal for Equity in Health, 19(1), 1-19.
• Gerking, S., & Stanley, L. R. (1986). An economic analysis of air pollution and health: the case of St. Louis. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 115-121.
• Grossman, M. (1972). The Demand for Health: A theoretical and Empirical Investigation, NBER: New York.
• He, L., Wu, M., Wang, D., & Zhong, Z. (2018). A study of the influence of regional environmental expenditure on air quality in China: the effectiveness of environmental policy. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(8), 7454-7468.
• Hendrawaty, E., Shaari, M. S., Kesumah, F. S. D., & Ridzuan, A. R. (2022). Economic growth, financial development, energy consumption and life expectancy: fresh evidence from ASEAN countries. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 12(2), 444-448.
• Hossain, S., Siddika, M. A., Koly, I. J., & Akter, K. (2020). Exploring the impact of environmental degradation on life expectancy in Bangladesh: an ARDL bounds test approach. International Journal of Science and Business, 4(12), 69-79.
• Huang, J. T. (2018). Sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions and government spending on environmental protection in China: Evidence from spatial econometric analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 175, 431–441.
• Hussain, M. N., Li, Z., & Sattar, A. (2022). Effects of urbanization and nonrenewable energy on carbon emission in Africa. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(17), 25078-25092.
• Ibrahim, R. L. (2022). Beyond COP26: can income level moderate fossil fuels, carbon emissions, and human capital for healthy life expectancy in Africa?. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-15.
• Ibrahim, R. L., & Ajide, K. B. (2021). The role of income level and institutional quality in the non‐renewable energy consumption and life expectancy nexus: evidence from selected oil‐producing economies in Africa. OPEC Energy Review, 45(3), 341-364.
• Ibrahim, R. L., Ajide, K. B., & Omokanmi, O. J. (2021). Non-renewable energy consumption and quality of life: Evidence from Sub-Saharan African economies. Resources Policy, 73, 102176.
• Ibukun, C. O. (2021). The role of governance in the health expenditure– health outcomes nexus: insights from West Africa. International Journal of Social Economics. 48(4), 557-570
• International Monetary Fund (2021). Environmental Protection Expenditures. Accessed at: https://climatedata.imf.org/datasets/d22a6decd9b147fd9040f793082b219b_0/about, https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators, Accessed March 2022
• Iqbal, A., Tang, X., & Rasool, S. F. (2022). Investigating the nexus between CO2 emissions, renewable energy consumption, FDI, exports and economic growth: evidence from BRICS countries. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02128-6
• Juginović, A., Vuković, M., Aranza, I., & Biloš, V. (2021). Health impacts of air pollution exposure from 1990 to 2019 in 43 European countries. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1-15.
• Kafili, V., & Ghasemzade, M. (2019). The role of good governance in the influence of government expenditure on health. The Journal of Planning and Budgeting, 23(4), 137-161.
• Klomp, J., & De Haan, J. (2008). Effects of governance on health: A cross‐national analysis of 101 countries. Kyklos, 61(4), 599-614.
• Krajewski, P. (2016). The impact of public environmental protection expenditure on economic growth. Problemy Ekorozwoju–Problems of Sustainable Development, 11(2), 99-104.
• Kumar, P., Sahu, N. C., Kumar, S., & Ansari, M. A. (2021). Impact of climate change on cereal production: evidence from lower-middle-income countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(37), 51597-51611. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14373-9
• Li, Z. Z., Li, R. Y. M., Malik, M. Y., Murshed, M., Khan, Z., & Umar, M. (2021). Determinants of carbon emission in China: how good is green investment?. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 27, 392-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.11.008
• Lu, Z. N., Chen, H., Hao, Y., Wang, J., Song, X., & Mok, T. M. (2017). The dynamic relationship between environmental pollution, economic development and public health: Evidence from China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 166, 134-147.
• M. Arafat, W. M. G., Haq, I. U., Mehmed, B., Abbas, A., Gamage, S. K. N., & Gasimli, O. (2022). The causal nexus among energy consumption, environmental degradation, financial development and health outcome: empirical study for Pakistan. Energies, 15(5), 1859.
• Mahalik, M. K., Le, T. H., Le, H. C., & Mallick, H. (2022). How do sources of carbon dioxide emissions affect life expectancy? Insights from 68 developing and emerging economies. World Development Sustainability, 100003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wds.2022.100003
• Mahmoud, S. H., & Gan, T. Y. (2018). Impact of anthropogenic climate change and human activities on environment and ecosystem services in arid regions. Science of the Total Environment, 633, 1329-1344.
• Majeed, M. T., & Khan, F. N. (2019). Do information and communication technologies (ICTs) contribute to health outcomes? An empirical analysis. Quality & Quantity, 53(1), 183-206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-018-0741-6
• Majeed, M. T., & Ozturk, I. (2020). Environmental degradation and population health outcomes: a global panel data analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(13), 15901-15911.
• Majeed, M. T., Luni, T., & Zaka, G. (2021). Renewable energy consumption and health outcomes: Evidence from global panel data analysis. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (PJCSS), 15(1), 58-93.
• Manisalidis, I., Stavropoulou, E., Stavropoulos, A., & Bezirtzoglou, E. (2020). Environmental and health impacts of air pollution: a review. Frontiers in Public Health, 14.
• Matthew, O., Osabohien, R., Fasina, F., & Fasina, A. (2018). Greenhouse gas emissions and health outcomes in Nigeria: Empirical insight from ARDL technique. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 8(3), 43-50.
• Merlin, M. L., & Chen, Y. (2021). Analysis of the factors affecting electricity consumption in DR Congo using fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS), dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) and canonical cointegrating regression (CCR) estimation approach. Energy, 232, 121025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121025
• Murshed, M., Haseeb, M., & Alam, M. (2021). The Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis for carbon and ecological footprints in South Asia: the role of renewable energy. GeoJournal, 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-020-10370-6
• Murthy, U., Shaari, M. S., Mariadas, P. A., & Abidin, N. Z. (2021). The relationships between CO2 emissions, economic growth and life expectancy. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(2), 801-808.
• Mutizwa, A., & Makochekanwa, A. (2015). Impact of environmental quality on health status: a study of 12 southern African development community (SADC) countries between 2000 and 2008. Botswana Journal of Economics, 13(1), 87-111.
• Neidell, M. J. (2004). Air pollution, health, and socio-economic status: the effect of outdoor air quality on childhood asthma. Journal of Health Economics, 23(6), 1209-1236
• Nicholas, A., Edward, N. A., & Bernardin, S. (2016). The effect of health expenditure on selected maternal and child health outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Social Economics. 43(12), 1386-1399.
• Nkalu, C. N., & Edeme, R. K. (2019). Environmental hazards and life expectancy in Africa: evidence from GARCH model. Sage Open, 9(1), 2158244019830500.
• Ntarmah, A. H., Kong, Y., Obeng, A. F., & Gyedu, S. (2022). The role of bank financing in economic growth and environmental outcomes of sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from novel quantile regression and panel vector autoregressive models. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17947-9
• OECD (2001). Human Health and the Environment. OECD Environmental Outlook, https://www.oecd.org/health/health-systems/32006565.pdf, Accessed date: 27.09.2022
• OECD (2022). Environmental protection expenditure and revenues. https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EPER (Accessed date: 04.08.2022).
• Ojo Olusoji, O., Nwosa Philip, I., Alake Olamide, J., & Adebanji Funmilola, B. (2020). Health expenditure and life expectancy in Nigeria. Lead City Journal of the Social Sciences, 5(1), 66-71.
• Omri, A., Kahouli, B., Afi, H., & Kahia, M. (2022). Impact of Environmental Quality on Health Outcomes in Saudi Arabia: Does Research and Development Matter?. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 1-26.
• Onofrei, M., Bostan, I., Filip, B. F., Popescu, C. L., & Jitaru, G. (2020). Impacts of the allocation of governmental resources for improving the environment. An empirical analysis on developing European countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8), 2783. doi:10.3390/ijerph17082783
• Ortiz-Ospina, E. (2019). Global health. Our world in data. https://ourworldindata.org/health-meta#public-policy-and-regulation (Accessed date: 15.09.2022).
• Osakede, U. A. (2020). Public health spending and health outcome in Nigeria: the role of governance. International Journal of Development Issues. 20(1), 95-112.
• Owumı, B., & Alfred, E. (2021). An assessment of the contribution of healthcare expenditure to life expectancy at birth in Nigeria. Journal of Public Health, 1-9.
• Pedroni, P. (2001). Purchasing power parity tests in cointegrated panels. Review of Economics and statistics, 83(4), 727-731. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465301753237803
• Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross‐section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.951
• Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of econometrics, 142(1), 50-93. Radmehr, M., & Adebayo, T. S. (2022). Does health expenditure matter for life expectancy in Mediterranean countries?. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-13.
• Rahman, M. M., & Alam, K. (2021). The nexus between health status and health expenditure, energy consumption and environmental pollution: empirical evidence from SAARC-BIMSTEC regions. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1-12.
• Rahman, M. M., & Alam, K. (2022a). Life expectancy in the ANZUS-BENELUX countries: The role of renewable energy, environmental pollution, economic growth and good governance. Renewable Energy, 190, 251-260.
• Rahman, M. M., & Alam, K. (2022b). Effects of globalization, energy consumption and ICT on health status in Australia: the role of financial development and education. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1-13.
• Rahman, M. M., Alam, K., & Khanam, R. (2022b). Socio-economic factors affecting high infant and child mortality rates in selected African countries: does globalisation play any role?. Globalization and Health, 18(1), 1-13.
• Rahman, M. M., Alam, K., & Velayutham, E. (2021). Is industrial pollution detrimental to public health? Evidence from the world’s most industrialised countries. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1-11.
• Rahman, M. M., Khanam, R., & Rahman, M. (2018). Health care expenditure and health outcome nexus: new evidence from the SAARC-ASEAN region. Globalization and Health, 14(1), 1-11.
• Rahman, M.M., Rana R., Khanam, R (2022a). Determinants of life expectancy in most polluted countries: Exploring the effect of environmental degradation. PLoS ONE 17(1): e0262802. https:// doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262802
• Raza, S. A., Shah, N., & Khan, K. A. (2020). Residential energy environmental Kuznets curve in emerging economies: the role of economic growth, renewable energy consumption, and financial development. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(5), 5620-5629. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06356-8
• Rjoub, H., Odugbesan, J. A., Adebayo, T. S., & Wong, W. K. (2021). Investigating the causal relationships among carbon emissions, economic growth, and life expectancy in Turkey: evidence from time and frequency domain causality techniques. Sustainability, 13(5), 2924.
• Rodriguez-Alvarez, A. (2021). Air pollution and life expectancy in Europe: Does investment in renewable energy matter?. Science of the Total Environment, 792, 148480.
• Salehnia, N., Karimi Alavijeh, N., & Hamidi, M. (2022). Analyzing the impact of energy consumption, the democratic process, and government service delivery on life expectancy: evidence from a global sample. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(24), 36967-36984.
• Saqib, M., & Benhmad, F. (2021). Does ecological footprint matter for the shape of the environmental Kuznets curve? Evidence from European countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(11), 13634-13648. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11517-1
• Sarkodie, S.A., & Strezov, V. (2019). Effect of foreign direct investments, economic development and energy consumption on greenhouse gas emissions in developing countries. Science of the Total Environment, 646, 862-871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.365
• Sharma, R., Shahbaz, M., Kautish, P., & Vo, X. V. (2022). Diversified imports as catalysts for ecological footprint: examining the BRICS experience. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02177-
• Sheng, W., Wan, L., & Wang, C. (2021). The spillover effect of fiscal environmental protection spending on residents’ medical and healthcare expenditure: evidence from China. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-01146-z
• Sheraz, M., Deyi, X., Ahmed, J., Ullah, S., & Ullah, A. (2021). Moderating the effect of globalization on financial development, energy consumption, human capital, and carbon emissions: evidence from G20 countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(26), 35126-35144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13116-0
• Shobande, O. A. (2020). The effects of energy use on infant mortality rates in Africa. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 5, 100015.
• Sial, M. H., Arshed, N., Amjad, M. A., & Khan, Y. A. (2022). Nexus between fossil fuel consumption and infant mortality rate: a non-linear analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-10.
• Sirag, A., Mohamed Nor, N., Law, S. H., Abdullah, N. M. R., & Lacheheb, M. (2017). The impact of health financing and CO2 emission on health outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa: A cross-country analysis. GeoJournal, 82(6), 1247-1261.
• Smith, P., Beaumont, L., Bernacchi, C. J., Byrne, M., Cheung, W., Conant, R. T., ... & Long, S. P. (2022). Essential outcomes for COP26. Global Change Biology, 28(1), 1-3.
• Tatli, H., & Barak, D. (2021). Sağlık Harcamaları, Hükümet Etkinliği ve Beklenen Yaşam Süresi: OECD Ülkelerinden Yeni Kanıtlar. Bingöl Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(2), 65-97.
• Tsai, S. S., Chen, C. C., & Yang, C. Y. (2022). The impacts of reduction in ambient fine particulate (PM2. 5) air pollution on life expectancy in Taiwan. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 1-8.
• Ulucak, R., Yücel, A. G., & İlkay, S. Ç. (2020). Dynamics of tourism demand in Turkey: Panel data analysis using gravity model. Tourism Economics, 26(8), 1394-1414. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816620901956
• Ulucak, Z. S., & Yucel, A. G. (2021). Can renewable energy be used as an effective tool in the decarbonization of the Mediterranean region: fresh evidence under cross-sectional dependence. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(37), 52082-52092. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14350-2
• United Nations Development Programme (2020). Human Development Report. Accessed at: https://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/69706, Accessed March 2022
• Wang, Z., Asghar, M. M., Zaidi, S. A. H., Nawaz, K., Wang, B., Zhao, W., & Xu, F. (2020a). The dynamic relationship between economic growth and life expectancy: Contradictory role of energy consumption and financial development in Pakistan. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 53, 257-266.
• Wang, Z., Bui, Q., & Zhang, B. (2020b). The relationship between biomass energy consumption and human development: Empirical evidence from BRICS countries. Energy, 194, 116906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.116906
• Wei, L., & Ullah, S. (2022). International tourism, digital infrastructure, and CO2 emissions: fresh evidence from panel quantile regression approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(24), 36273-36280.
• Westerlund, J. (2008). Panel cointegration tests of the Fisher effect. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 23(2), 193-233. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.967
• WHO (2017). Protecting health in Europe from climate change: 2017 update. https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/355792/ProtectingHealthEuropeFromClimateChange.pdf, Accessed date: 27.09.2022
• World Bank (2022). World Development Indicators. Accessed at: https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators, Accessed March 2022
• World Health Organization (WHO, 2022). Public health and environment, https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/public-health-and-environment, (Accessed date: 04.08.2022).
• Xie, Z., Wu, R., & Wang, S. (2021). How technological progress affects the carbon emission efficiency? Evidence from national panel quantile regression. Journal of Cleaner Production, 307, 127133.
• Yaqub, J. O., Ojapinwa, T. V., & Yussuff, R. O. (2012). Public health expenditure and health outcome in Nigeria: The impact of governance. European Scientific Journal, 8(13), 189-201.
• Yasmeen, R., Zhaohui, C., Shah, W.U.H., Kamal, M.A., & Khan, A. (2021). Exploring the role of biomass energy consumption, ecological footprint through FDI and technological innovation in B&R economies: A simultaneous equation approach. Energy, 122703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122703
• Yu, P., Xu, R., Li, S., Coelho, M. S., Saldiva, P. H., Sim, M. R., ... & Guo, Y. (2022). Loss of life expectancy from PM2. 5 in Brazil: A national study from 2010 to 2018. Environment International, 166, 107350.
• Zhang, J., Wang, B., & Latif, Z. (2019). Towards cross‐regional sustainable development: The nexus between information and communication technology, energy consumption, and CO 2 emissions. Sustainable Development, 27(5), 990-1000. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2000.