Research Article
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Kant's Struggle With Global Skepticism

Year 2024, Volume: 23 Issue: 3, 41 - 68, 31.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.20981/kaygi.1502206

Abstract

In his Critique of Pure Reason, Kant states that the fact that the existence of the external world is accepted only based on faith and that we cannot provide a satisfactory argument against the skeptic on this issue is the “scandal of philosophy.” To eliminate this scandal, Kant puts forward two separate arguments in the First Critique. However, the success of both arguments is questionable and seems to be at least fraught with some problems. The main problem with the first argument, the Fourth Paralogism, is that it seems to allow for Berkeleyan phenomenalism. The second argument, the Refutation of Idealism, is open to question on the basis that it involves some assumptions and it is not clear how it would work against the global skeptic without the question-begging. Hence some academics claim that Kant’s philosophy is unable to produce a successful argument against the skeptic. In this article, I will argue that there is a move that Kant can attempt against the skeptic. First of all, leaning on the Kantian principle of discursivity, I will argue that Kant defends epistemic anti-realism and should be described as coherentist in this context. Afterwards, I will maintain that on this basis, Kant is able to respond to the global skeptic, and therefore, based on epistemic anti-realism, he argues for what I call “realism with a human face” or “humanist ontic realism.”

References

  • Abela, P. (2002). Kant’s Empirical Realism. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Allison, H. (1973). Kant’s Critique of Berkeley, Journal of the History of Philosophy, 11 (1), 43-63.
  • Allison, H. (2004). Kant’s Transcendental Idealism: Revised and Enlarged Edition. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Alston, W. (1996). A Realistic Conception of Truth. New York: Cornell University Press.
  • Ameriks, K. (1978) Kant’s Transcendental Deduction as a Regressive Argument, Kant Studien, 69 (1-4), 273-287.
  • Baç, M. (2006). Pluralistic Kantianism, The Philosophical Forum, 37 (2), 183-204.
  • Beiser, F. (2008). German Idealism: The Struggle Against Subjectivism 1781-1801. Londra: Harvard University Press.
  • Bencivenga, E. (1987). Kant’s Copernican Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Bird, G. (1962). Kant’s Theory of Knowledge: An Outline of One Central Argument in the Critique of Pure Reason. Londra: Routledge.
  • Chang, H. (2022). Realism for Realistic People: A New Pragmatis Philosophy of Science. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Çırakman, E. (2010). İmgelemin Işığında: Heidegger’de Özgürlük ve Zaman, Cogito, 64, 214-235.
  • Davidson, D. (2006). The Essential Davidson. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Descartes, R. (2008). Meditations on First Philosophy (çev. M. Moriarty). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Gardner, S. (1999). Kant and the Critique of Pure Reason. New York: Routledge.
  • Guyer, P. (1987). Kant and the Claims of Knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Guyer, P. (2014). Kant. New York: Routledge.
  • Hatfield, G. (2001). The Prolegomena and the Critiques of Pure Reason. Kant Und Die Berliner Aufklärung: Akten des IX Internationalen Kant-Kongresses (derl. V. Gerhardt & R. P. Horstmann & R. Schumacher) (ss. 185-208). Berlin: Walter De Gruyter.
  • Jauernig, A. (2021). The World According to Kant: Appearances and Things in Themselves in Critical Idealism. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Kant, I. (1929). Critique of Pure Reason (çev. N. Kemp Smith). Londra: Macmillan and Co. Limited.
  • Kant, I. (1992). Jäche Logic. Lectures on Logic (ss. 521-530) (çev. M. Young). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kant, I. (1999). Correspondence (çev. A. Zweig). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kant, I. (2004). Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics (çev. Hatfield). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kemp Smith, N. (2003). A Commentary to Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Lemos, N. (2007). An Introduction to the Theory of Knowledge. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Marshall, C. (2019). Kant’s (Non-Question-Begging) Refutation of Cartesian Skepticism. Kantian Review, 24 (1), 77-101.
  • Marshall, C. (2020). Appearance. The Cambridge Kant Lexicon (ed. J. Wuerth) (ss. 40-42). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Sutherland, D. (2022). Kant’s Mathematical World: Mathematics, Cognition, and Experience. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Tuncel, K. (2024) Transandantal İdealizm ve Berkeleycilik Suçlaması: Fenomenalist Okuma Üzerine Bir Tartışma. Felsefelogos, 82 (1), 219-232.
  • Walker, R. (1982). Kant. Londra: Routledge.
  • Walker, R. (1983). Empirical Realism and Transcendental Anti-Realism. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 57 (1), 155-177.

Kant'ın Global Şüphecilikle Mücadelesi

Year 2024, Volume: 23 Issue: 3, 41 - 68, 31.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.20981/kaygi.1502206

Abstract

Kant Saf Aklın Eleştiri’sinde dış dünyanın var olduğunun sadece inanca bağlı olarak kabul edilmesinin ve bu konuda şüpheciye karşı tatmin edici bir kanıt sunamamamızı “felsefenin skandalı” olarak nitelendirir. Kant bu skandalı ortadan kaldırmak için Birinci Eleştiri’de iki ayrı kanıt öne sürmüştür. Ne var ki her iki kanıtın da başarısı tartışmalı ve en azından birtakım sorunlara gebe gibi gözükmektedir. İlk kanıt olan Dördüncü Paralojizmin temel sorunu Berkeleyci fenomenalizme cevaz verir görüntüsüdür. İkinci kanıt olan İdealizmin Çürütülmesinin ise birtakım varsayımları içermesi ve global şüpheciye karşı sonucu varsayma safsatasına başvurmaksızın nasıl çalışacağı açık olmadığı için sorguya açıktır. Buna binaen bazı akademisyenler Kant felsefesinin şüpheciye karşı başarılı bir argüman üretemeyeceğini iddia etmişlerdir. Ben ise bu makalede Kant’ın şüpheciye karşı başvurabileceği bir hamle olduğunu iddia edeceğim. Öncelikle Kantçı diskürsiflik ilkesine dayanarak Kant’ın epistemik bir anti-realizmi savunduğunu ve bu bağlamda bağdaşımcı olarak nitelendirilmesi gerektiğini savunacağım. Daha sonra ise bu temelde Kant’ın global şüpheciye cevap verebilir durumda olduğunu dolayısıyla epistemik anti-realizme dayanarak “güler yüzlü realizm” veya “hümanist ontik-realizm” dediğim şeyi savladığını öne süreceğim.

References

  • Abela, P. (2002). Kant’s Empirical Realism. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Allison, H. (1973). Kant’s Critique of Berkeley, Journal of the History of Philosophy, 11 (1), 43-63.
  • Allison, H. (2004). Kant’s Transcendental Idealism: Revised and Enlarged Edition. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Alston, W. (1996). A Realistic Conception of Truth. New York: Cornell University Press.
  • Ameriks, K. (1978) Kant’s Transcendental Deduction as a Regressive Argument, Kant Studien, 69 (1-4), 273-287.
  • Baç, M. (2006). Pluralistic Kantianism, The Philosophical Forum, 37 (2), 183-204.
  • Beiser, F. (2008). German Idealism: The Struggle Against Subjectivism 1781-1801. Londra: Harvard University Press.
  • Bencivenga, E. (1987). Kant’s Copernican Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Bird, G. (1962). Kant’s Theory of Knowledge: An Outline of One Central Argument in the Critique of Pure Reason. Londra: Routledge.
  • Chang, H. (2022). Realism for Realistic People: A New Pragmatis Philosophy of Science. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Çırakman, E. (2010). İmgelemin Işığında: Heidegger’de Özgürlük ve Zaman, Cogito, 64, 214-235.
  • Davidson, D. (2006). The Essential Davidson. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Descartes, R. (2008). Meditations on First Philosophy (çev. M. Moriarty). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Gardner, S. (1999). Kant and the Critique of Pure Reason. New York: Routledge.
  • Guyer, P. (1987). Kant and the Claims of Knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Guyer, P. (2014). Kant. New York: Routledge.
  • Hatfield, G. (2001). The Prolegomena and the Critiques of Pure Reason. Kant Und Die Berliner Aufklärung: Akten des IX Internationalen Kant-Kongresses (derl. V. Gerhardt & R. P. Horstmann & R. Schumacher) (ss. 185-208). Berlin: Walter De Gruyter.
  • Jauernig, A. (2021). The World According to Kant: Appearances and Things in Themselves in Critical Idealism. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Kant, I. (1929). Critique of Pure Reason (çev. N. Kemp Smith). Londra: Macmillan and Co. Limited.
  • Kant, I. (1992). Jäche Logic. Lectures on Logic (ss. 521-530) (çev. M. Young). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kant, I. (1999). Correspondence (çev. A. Zweig). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kant, I. (2004). Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics (çev. Hatfield). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kemp Smith, N. (2003). A Commentary to Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Lemos, N. (2007). An Introduction to the Theory of Knowledge. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Marshall, C. (2019). Kant’s (Non-Question-Begging) Refutation of Cartesian Skepticism. Kantian Review, 24 (1), 77-101.
  • Marshall, C. (2020). Appearance. The Cambridge Kant Lexicon (ed. J. Wuerth) (ss. 40-42). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Sutherland, D. (2022). Kant’s Mathematical World: Mathematics, Cognition, and Experience. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Tuncel, K. (2024) Transandantal İdealizm ve Berkeleycilik Suçlaması: Fenomenalist Okuma Üzerine Bir Tartışma. Felsefelogos, 82 (1), 219-232.
  • Walker, R. (1982). Kant. Londra: Routledge.
  • Walker, R. (1983). Empirical Realism and Transcendental Anti-Realism. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 57 (1), 155-177.
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Systematic Philosophy (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Kutlu Tuncel 0000-0002-8669-9160

Publication Date October 31, 2024
Submission Date June 17, 2024
Acceptance Date August 13, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 23 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Tuncel, K. (2024). Kant’ın Global Şüphecilikle Mücadelesi. Kaygı. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi, 23(3), 41-68. https://doi.org/10.20981/kaygi.1502206
AMA Tuncel K. Kant’ın Global Şüphecilikle Mücadelesi. Kaygı. October 2024;23(3):41-68. doi:10.20981/kaygi.1502206
Chicago Tuncel, Kutlu. “Kant’ın Global Şüphecilikle Mücadelesi”. Kaygı. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi 23, no. 3 (October 2024): 41-68. https://doi.org/10.20981/kaygi.1502206.
EndNote Tuncel K (October 1, 2024) Kant’ın Global Şüphecilikle Mücadelesi. Kaygı. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi 23 3 41–68.
IEEE K. Tuncel, “Kant’ın Global Şüphecilikle Mücadelesi”, Kaygı, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 41–68, 2024, doi: 10.20981/kaygi.1502206.
ISNAD Tuncel, Kutlu. “Kant’ın Global Şüphecilikle Mücadelesi”. Kaygı. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi 23/3 (October 2024), 41-68. https://doi.org/10.20981/kaygi.1502206.
JAMA Tuncel K. Kant’ın Global Şüphecilikle Mücadelesi. Kaygı. 2024;23:41–68.
MLA Tuncel, Kutlu. “Kant’ın Global Şüphecilikle Mücadelesi”. Kaygı. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi, vol. 23, no. 3, 2024, pp. 41-68, doi:10.20981/kaygi.1502206.
Vancouver Tuncel K. Kant’ın Global Şüphecilikle Mücadelesi. Kaygı. 2024;23(3):41-68.

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