Sporcuları müsabaka esnasında olumsuz davranışlar sergilemeye yönlendiren etkenlerin sınıflama yargılarına dayalı ölçeklenmesi

Abstract

Bu çalışma, sporcuların müsabaka sırasında olumsuz davranışlara yönelmelerine neden olan etkenleri belirlemeyi ve bu etkenlerin sporcuların deneyimlerine dayalı göreli önemlerini, sınıflama yargılarına dayalı ölçekleme tekniği ile ortaya koymayı amaçlamıştır. Çalışma, nicel bir yaklaşımla, betimsel ve kesitsel olarak yürütülmüş olup, katılımcılarını çeşitli branşlarda aktif olarak müsabakalara katılan 278 sporcu (185 erkek %66,7; 93 kadın %33,3; yaş ortalaması= 22,27, SS = 4,03) oluşturmuştur. Veri toplama aracı olarak, katılımcılara literatür taraması ve uzman görüşlerine dayanılarak hazırlanan 12 temel etkeni içeren “Sporda Olumsuz Davranışlara Yönlendiren Etkenler Formu” sunulmuş ve her bir etkenin, katılımcıların müsabakalardaki genel deneyimlerine bağlı olarak olumsuz davranışlara yönlendirme bakımından ne ölçüde etkili olduğunu sınıflandırmaları istenmiştir. Bu form, hakem kararları, kazanma anlayışı, sporcunun öfkesini kontrol edememesi, antrenör ve takım arkadaşlarının etkileri ile rakip ve seyirci davranışları gibi etkenleri içermektedir. Veriler çevrimiçi anket yöntemiyle toplanmış ve R (4.3.2.) ortamında sınıflama yargıları kanununun Koşul B denklemine göre analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonucunda, sıfıra ötelenmiş ölçek değerlerine göre, hakemlerin adil olmayan kararlar vermesi (Sc= 0,931), ne pahasına olursa olsun kazanma anlayışına sahip olma (Sc= 0,777) ve sporcuların öfkesini kontrol edememesi (Sc= 0,569) en yüksek ölçek değerlerine sahip etkenler olarak belirlenmiş ve çevresel etkenler ise daha düşük ölçek değerlerine sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Sonuçlar, müsabaka esnasında sporcuların olumsuz davranışlarını açıklamada bireysel psikolojik etkenlerin çevresel faktörlere kıyasla daha belirleyici olduğunu göstermektedir.

Keywords

• Ahlaki davranış
• Spor etiği
• Sporcu
• Ölçekleme teknikleri
• Olumsuz davranış

Scaling based on classification judgments of factors leading athletes to exhibit negative behaviors during competition

Abstract

This study aimed to identify the factors that lead athletes to engage in negative behaviors during competition and to determine the relative importance of these factors using a classification judgment-based scaling technique. The study was conducted using a quantitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional approach, with 278 athletes actively participating in competitions across various sports (185 males, 66.7%; 93 females, 33.3%; mean age= 22.27, SD= 4.03) serving as participants. As the data collection tool, participants were presented with the “Factors Leading to Negative Behaviors in Sports Form,” which included 12 key factors developed based on a literature review and expert opinions. They were asked to classify each factor according to how influential they believed it was in prompting negative behaviors based on their overall experience in competitions. The form included factors such as referee decisions, the athletes’ win-at-all-costs mindset, athletes’ ability to control anger, the influence of coaches and teammates, and the behaviors of opponents and spectators. Data were obtained via an online survey and analyzed in R (version 4.3.2) using Condition B of the law of categorical judgment. The analysis revealed that, according to the zero-centered scale values, referees’ unfair decisions (Sc= 0.931), a win-at-all-costs mentality (Sc= 0.777), and athletes’ inability to control their anger (Sc= 0.569) were identified as the factors with the highest scale values, whereas environmental factors were found to have lower scale values. In conclusion, individual psychological factors play a more decisive role than environmental factors in explaining athletes’ negative behaviors during competition.

Keywords

• Moral conduct
• Sports ethics
• Athletes
• Scaling methods
• Negative behavior

References

1. Alemdağ, C. (2019). Saldırganlıkta prososyal ve antisosyal davranışların rolü. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 21(3), 107–116. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ ataunibesyo/article/612477
2. Altın, Y. (2024). Sporda prososyal ve antisosyal davranışları etkileyen kişilik, motivasyon ve ahlaktan uzaklaşma faktörlerinin yapısal eşitlik modeli ile incelenmesi (Tez No. 851983) [Doktora tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi’nden erişildi.
3. Altın, Y. (2025). Spor yapan bireyleri spora yönlendiren temel nedenlerin Thurstone'un ikili karşılaştırmalara dayalı ölçekleme yöntemi ile ölçeklenmesi. Journal of Physical Education and Sports Studies, 17(1), 27-40. https://doi.org/10.55929/besad.1524530
4. Bandura, A. (1990). Selective activation and disengagement of moral control. Journal of Social Issues, 46(1), 27–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1990.tb00270.x
5. Bandura, A. (1991). Social cognitive theory of moral thought and action. In W. M. Kurtines & J. L. Gewirtz (Eds.), Handbook of moral behavior and development (Vol. 1, pp. 45–103). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
6. Bartholomew, K. J., Ntoumanis, N., & Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C. (2010). The controlling interpersonal style in a coaching context: Development and initial validation of a psychometric scale. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 32, 193–216. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.32.2.193
7. Baumeister, R. F., Stillwell, A. M., & Heatherton, T. F. (1994). Guilt: An interpersonal approach. Psychological Bulletin, 115(2), 243–267. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.115.2.243
8. Boardley, I. D., & Kavussanu, M. (2007). Development and validation of the Moral Disengagement in Sport Scale. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 29(5), 608–628. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.29.5.608

9. Boardley, I. D., & Kavussanu, M. (2009). The influence of social variables and moral disengagement on prosocial and antisocial behaviours in field hockey and netball. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(8), 843–854. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410902887283
10. Boardley, I. D., Kavussanu, M., & Ring, C. (2008). Athletes' perceptions of coaching effectiveness and athlete-related outcomes in rugby union: An investigation based on the coaching efficacy model. The Sport Psychologist, 22, 269–287. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.22.3.269
11. Coakley, J. J. (1998). Sport in society: Issues and controversies (6th ed.). Times Mirror/Mosby.
12. Duda, J. L., Olson, L. K., & Templin, T. J. (1991). The relationship of task and ego orientation to sportsmanship attitudes and the perceived legitimacy of injurious acts. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 62(1), 79–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1991.10607522
13. Gollwitzer, M., & Rothmund, T. (2009). When the need to trust results in unethical behavior: The sensitivity to mean intentions (SeMI) model. In D. De Cremer (Ed.), Psychological perspectives on ethical behavior and decision making (pp. 135–152). Information Age. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/22810758
14. Gonçalves, C. E., Silva, M. J. C. e, Cruz, J., Torregrosa, M., & Cumming, S. P. (2010). The effect of achievement goals on moral attitudes in young athletes. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 9, 605–611. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/ PMC3761816/
15. Grugan, M., Jowett, G. E., Mallinson-Howard, S., & Hall, H. (2020). The relationships between perfectionism, angry reactions, and antisocial behaviour in team sport. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000198
16. Guivernau, M., & Duda, J. L. (2002). Moral atmosphere and athletic aggressive tendencies in young soccer players. Journal of Moral Education, 31, 67–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240120111445
17. Hodge, K., & Gucciardi, D. F. (2015). Antisocial and prosocial behavior in sport: The role of motivational climate, basic psychological needs, and moral disengagement. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 37(3), 257–273. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2014-0225
18. Jones, B. D., Woodman, T., Barlow, M., & Roberts, R. (2017). The darker side of personality: Narcissism predicts moral disengagement and antisocial behavior in sport. The Sport Psychologist, 31(2), 109–116. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2016-0007
19. Kavussanu, M. (2008). Moral behaviour in sport: A critical review of the literature. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1(2), 124–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/17509840802277417
20. Kavussanu, M. (2012). Moral behavior in sport. In S. Murphy (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of sport and performance psychology (pp. 364–383). Oxford University Press.
21. Kavussanu, M., & Al-Yaaribi, Y. (2021). Prosocial and antisocial behaviour in sport. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 19(2), 179–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2019.1674681
22. Kavussanu, M., & Ntoumanis, N. (2003). Participation in sport and moral functioning: Does ego orientation mediate the relationship? Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 25, 501–518. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.25.4.501
23. Kavussanu, M., & Spray, C. M. (2006). Contextual influences on moral functioning of male football players. The Sport Psychologist, 20(2), 123–137. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.20.1.1
24. Kavussanu, M., & Stanger, N. (2017). Moral behavior in sport. Current Opinion in Psychology, 16, 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.05.010
25. Kavussanu, M., Seal, A. R., & Phillips, D. R. (2006). Observed prosocial and antisocial behaviors in male soccer teams: Age differences across adolescence and the role of motivational variables. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 18(4), 326–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200600944108
26. Kavussanu, M., Stanger, N., & Boardley, I. D. (2013). The prosocial and antisocial behavior in sport scale: Further evidence for construct validity and reliability. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31, 1208–1221. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.775473
27. Liu, R., Wang, S., & Li, J. (2025). How coach leadership behavior influences athletes’ performance: The chain-mediated role of the coach-athlete relationship and psychological fatigue. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1500867. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1500867
28. Mascarenhas, D. R. D., Collins, D., & Mortimer, P. (2005). The art of reason versus the exactness of science in elite refereeing: Comments on Plessner and Betsch (2001). Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 24(3), 328–333. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.24.3.328
29. Nicholls, J. G. (1989). The competitive ethos and democratic education. Harvard University Press.
30. Ntoumanis, N., & Standage, M. (2009). Morality in sport: A self-determination theory perspective. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21, 365–380. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200903036040
31. Ommundsen, Y., Roberts, G. C., Lemyre, P. N., & Treasure, D. C. (2003). Perceived motivational climate in male youth soccer: Relations to social–moral functioning, sportsmanship and team norm perceptions. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 4, 397–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(02)00038-9
32. Ring, C., Kavussanu, M., Al-Yaaribi, A., Tenenbaum, G. & Stanger., N. (2019). Effects of antisocial behaviour on opponent's anger, attention, and performance. Journal of Sports Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1532061
33. Sagar, S. S., Boardley, I. D., & Kavussanu, M. (2011). Fear of failure and student athletes' interpersonal antisocial behaviour in education and sport. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 81(3), 391–408. https://doi.org/10.1348/2044-8279.002001
34. Sage, L., Kavussanu, M., & Duda, J. (2006). Goal orientations and moral identity as predictors of prosocial and antisocial functioning in male association football players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24(5), 455–466. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410500244531
35. Shapcott, K. M., Bloom, G. A., & Loughead, T. M. (2007). Factors influencing aggressive and assertive intentions of women ice hockey players. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 38, 145–162.https://sportpsych.mcgill.ca/pdf/publications/IJSP_Aggression_in_Womens_Hockey_2007.pdf
36. Shields, D. L., & Bredemeier, B. J. L. (1995). Character development and physical activity. Human Kinetics.
37. Shields, D. L., Bredemeier, B. L., LaVoi, N. M., & Power, F. C. (2005). The sport behavior of youth, parents, and coaches: The good, the bad and the ugly. Journal of Research in Character Education, 3(1), 43–59. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2007-04954-003
38. Shields, D. L., LaVoi, N. M., Bredemeier, B. L., & Power, F. C. (2007). Predictors of poor sportspersonship in youth sports: Personal attitudes and social influences. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 29, 747–762. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.29.6.747
39. Stanger, N., Backhouse, S. H., Jennings, A., & McKenna, J. (2018). Linking motivational climate with moral behavior in youth sport: The role of social support, perspective taking, and moral disengagement. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 7(4), 392–407. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000122
40. Torgerson, W. S. (1958). Theory and methods of scaling. Wiley.
41. Treasure, D. C. (2001). Enhancing young peopleʼs motivation in youth sport: An achievement goal approach. In G. C. Roberts (Ed.), Advances in motivation in sport and exercise (pp. 79–100). Human Kinetics.
42. Trevino, L. K., Brown, M., & Hartman, L. P. (2003). A qualitative investigation of perceived executive ethical leadership: Perceptions from inside and outside the executive suite. Human Relations, 55, 5–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726703056001448
43. Walling, M. D., Duda, J. L., & Chi, L. (1993). The perceived motivational climate in sport questionnaire: Construct and predictive validity. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 15(2), 172–183.https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.15.2.172
44. Yazıcı, Ö. F. (2022). Rekabetçi Saldırganlık ve Öfkede Prososyal ve Antisosyal Davranışların Rolü. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 13(2), 117-132. https://doi.org/10.17155/omuspdomuspd.1125510
45. Yukhymenko-Lescroart, M. A., Brown, M. E., & Paskus, T. S. (2015). The relationship between ethical and abusive coaching behaviors and student-athlete well-being. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 4, 36–49. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000023