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YÜRÜTÜCÜ İŞLEVLER ÖLÇEĞİNİN GELİŞTİRİLMESİ: GEÇERLİLİK GÜVENİRLİK ÇALIŞMASI

Year 2024, Issue: 63, 31 - 50
https://doi.org/10.17498/kdeniz.1512772

Abstract

Giriş: Yürütücü işlevler, davranışların düzenlenmesi, organize edilmesi ve planlanması gibi bilişsel kontrol süreçlerini içermektedir.
Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı yürütücü işlevleri değerlendirmek için geliştirilen yürütücü işlevler ölçeğinin geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışmasını yapmaktır.
Yöntem: Araştırma verileri, Google Formlar aracılığı ile sosyal medya web siteleri (Facebook ve Instagram) ve WhatsApp üzerinden basit rastgele örnekleme yöntemi ile toplanmıştır. Çalışmanın örneklem grubunu, dahil edilme kriterlerini karşılayan 338 kişi oluşturmuştur. Pilot uygulama 50 kişilik bir örneklem grubu üzerinde uygulanmış ve bu veriler örneklem grubuna dahil edilmemiştir. Bu çalışmada madde havuzunun oluşturulması, içerik ve yüzey geçerliliği, psikometrik özelliklerin değerlendirilmesi olmak üzere üç aşama uygulanmıştır. Ölçek maddeleri, kapsamlı bir literatür taraması ve altı uzman tarafından yapılan kapsam geçerlilik değerlendirmesi temel alınarak geliştirilmiştir. Ölçeğin faktör yapısını incelemek için açımlayıcı faktör analizi (AFA) ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri (DFA) kullanılmıştır. Ölçek yarıya bölme güvenilirliği, bileşik güvenilirlik analizleri ve yakınsak geçerliliği açısından da değerlendirilmiştir.
Bulgular: Ölçeğin kapsam geçerliliği 0.93 'dür. Son hali 19 maddeden oluşan ölçekte 2 alt boyut belirlenmiştir. DFA analiz sonuçlarına göre model-veri uyumunun iyi düzeyde olduğu bulunmuştur (x2= 258.95, df=148, p=0.000, x2/df=1.74, RMSEA: 0.04, RMR: 0.03, SRMR: 0.03, CFI: 0.99, NNFI: 0.99, NFI: 0.98, GFI: 0.93, AGFI: 0.90, IFI: 0.99ve RFI: 0.97). Cronbach Alpha güvenirlik katsayıları “Faktör 1" için 0.90, "Faktör 2" için 0.84” ve ölçeğin tamamı için 0,93 olarak bulunmuştur. Alt ölçek madde puanları arasındaki korelasyon katsayıları, "Faktör 1" için 0.35 ile 0,80 arasında ve "Faktör 2" için 0.54 ile 0.66 arasında değişmektedir.
Sonuç: Yürütücü İşlevler Ölçeğinin yetişkinlerde yürütücü işlevleri değerlendirme sürecinde kullanılabilecek güvenirliliği ve geçerliliği olan bir ölçme aracı olduğu söylenebilir.

References

  • Alpar, R. (2018). Uygulamalı İstatistik ve Geçerlik-Güvenilirlik [Applied Statistics and Validity-Reliability]. Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Baddeley, A. (2007). Working memory, thought, and action. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Barkley, R. A. (1997). Behavioural inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of AD / HD. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 65-94.
  • Barkley, R. A., & Fischer, M. (2011). Predicting impairment in major life activities and occupational functioning in hyperactive children as adults: Self-reported executive function (EF) deficits versus EF tests. Developmental Neuropsychology, 36(2), 137–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565641.2010.549877
  • Barkley, R. A., & Murphy, K. R. (2011). The nature of executive function (EF) deficits in daily life activities in adults with ADHD and their relationship to EF tests. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33(2), 137– 158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862
  • Brown, T. E., & Sönmez, E. Ç. (2005). Dikkat eksikliği bozukluğu: Çocuklarda ve yetişkinlerde odaklanamayan zihin [Attention deficit disorder: Unfocused mind in children and adults]. ODTÜ Geliştirme Vakfı Yayıncılık.
  • Bryman, A., & Cramer, D. (2002). Quantitative data analysis with SPSS release 10 for Windows: A guide for social scientists. Routledge.
  • Burgess, P. W., Alderman, N., Wilson, B. A., Evans, J. J., & Emslie, H. (1996). The Dysexecutive Questionnaire. Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome. Thames Valley Test Company.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2018). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı [Handbook of data analysis for social sciences]. Pegem Atıf İndeksi, 001-214.
  • Chan, R. C., Shum, D., Toulopoulou, T., & Chen, E. Y. (2008). Assessment of executive functions: Review of instruments and identification of critical issues. Archives of clinical neuropsychology, 23(2), 201-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2007.08.010
  • Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (2013). A first course in factor analysis. Psychology press.
  • Denckla, M. B. (1996). A theory and model of executive function: A neuropsy-chological perspective. En G.R. Lyon & N. A. Krasnegor (Eds.), Attention, memory, and executive function (pp. 263-278). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.
  • DeVellis, R. F. (2016). Scale development: Theory and applications. Sage publications.
  • Diamond, A. (2012). Activities and programs that improve children’s executive functions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21, 335–341. https://doi.org/10.1177/096372141245372
  • Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. sage.
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics.
  • Goldstein, S. ve Naglieri, J. A. (Eds.). (2014). Handbook of executive functioning. The Frontal Lobes and Executive Functioning (TM Otero and LA Barker), Springer Science + Business Media.
  • Goldstein, S., Naglieri, J. A., Princiotta, D., & Otero, T. M. (2013). Introduction: A history of executive functioning. In S. Goldstein & J. A. Naglieri (Eds.), Handbook of executive functioning, New York, NY: Springer.
  • Hoaken, P. N. S., Allaby, D. B., & Earle, J. (2007). Executive cognitive functioning and the recognition of facial expressions of emotion in incarcerated violent offenders, non-violent offenders, and controls. Aggressive Behavior, 33(5), 412–421. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20194
  • Jacob, R., & Parkinson, J. (2015). The potential for school-based interventions that target executive function to improve academic achievement: A review. Review of Educational Research, 85(4), 512–552. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654314561338
  • Johnson, R. B., & Christensen, L. (2019). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches. SAGE Publications, Incorporated.
  • Kartal, M., & Bardakçı, S. (2018). SPSS ve AMOS uygulamalı örneklerle güvenirlik ve geçerlik analizleri [Reliability and validity analyses with SPSS and AMOS applied examples]. Akademisyen Yayınevi: Ankara.
  • Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
  • Kumral, E. (2014). Klinik nöropsikoloji ve nöropsikiyatrik hastalıklar [Clinical neuropsychology and neuropsychiatric disorders].
  • López, M. B., Arán Filippetti, V., & Richaud, M. C. (2022). Adult Executive Functioning Inventory (ADEXI): Factor structure, convergent validity, and reliability of a Spanish adaptation. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 29(6), 1380-1386. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2021.1880408
  • Marcoulides, G. A., & Schumacker, R. E. (2001). New developments and techniques in structural equation modeling. Psychology Press.
  • McCloskey, G., Perkins, L. A., & Van Divner, B. R. (2009). Assessment and intervention for executive function diffi culties. New York: Routledge.
  • Özdamar, K. (2016). Ölçek ve test geliştirme yapısal eşitlik modellemesi [Scale and test development structural equation modelling]. Eskişehir: Nisan Kitabevi.
  • Polit, D. F., Beck, C. T., & Owen, S. V. (2007). Is the CVI an acceptable indicator of content validity? Appraisal and recommendations. Research in Nursing & Health, 30(4), 459–467. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20199
  • Rajendran, G., Alloway, T. P., & Archibald, L. (2009). Working memory in children with developmental disorders. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 42(4), 372-382. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022219409335214
  • Roth, R. M., Isquith, P. K., & Gioia, G. A. (2005). Behavior rating inventory of executive function—Adult version: Professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources..
  • Sahakian, B. J., & Owen, A. M. (1992). Computerized assessment in neuropsychiatry using CANTAB: Discussion paper. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 85(7), 399–402
  • Seçer, İ. (2015). Psikolojik test geliştirme ve uyarlama süreci [Psychological test development and adaptation process]. (1. Baskı). Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık. ISSBN, 978–605.
  • Tavşancıl, E. (2019). Tutumların Ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile Veri Analizi [Measurement of Attitudes and Data Analysis with SPSS] (6th ed.). Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Terwee, C. B., Bot, S. D., de Boer, M. R., van der Windt, D. A., Knol, D. L., Dekker, J., Bouter, L. M., & de Vet, H. C. (2007). Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 60(1), 34–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.03.012

РАЗРАБОТКА ШКАЛЫ ИСПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫХ ФУНКЦИЙ: ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ НАДЕЖНОСТИ И ВАЛИДНОСТИ

Year 2024, Issue: 63, 31 - 50
https://doi.org/10.17498/kdeniz.1512772

Abstract

Введение: Исполнительные функции включают в себя когнитивные процессы контроля, такие как организация, регулирование и планирование поведения.
Цель: Целью данного исследования является проведение исследования надежности и валидности шкалы исполнительных функций, разработанной для оценки этих функций.
Метод: Данные исследования были собраны с помощью Google Forms через социальные сети (Facebook и Instagram), а также через WhatsApp, методом простого случайного отбора. Выборка составила 338 человек, удовлетворяющих критериям включения. Пилотное исследование было проведено на выборке из 50 человек, и эти данные не были включены в основную группу. В исследовании было проведено три этапа: формирование пула вопросов, оценка содержательной и поверхностной валидности, а также оценка психометрических свойств. Вопросы шкалы были разработаны на основе всестороннего обзора литературы и оценки содержательной валидности, проведенной шестью экспертами. Для изучения факторной структуры шкалы были использованы методы эксплораторного факторного анализа (EFA) и подтверждающего факторного анализа (CFA). Шкала также была оценена на предмет надежности по методу разделения на половины, композитной надежности и конвергентной валидности. Результаты: Индекс содержательной валидности шкалы составил 0,93. Окончательная версия шкалы состоит из 19 пунктов с двумя субшкалами. Согласно результатам CFA, соответствие модели данным было на хорошем уровне (χ2= 258,95, df=148, p=0,000, χ2/df=1,74, RMSEA: 0,04, RMR: 0,03, SRMR: 0,03, CFI: 0,99, NNFI: 0,99, NFI: 0,98, GFI: 0,93, AGFI: 0,90, IFI: 0,99, и RFI: 0,97). Коэффициенты надежности по Кронбаху составили 0,90 для "Фактора 1", 0,84 для "Фактора 2" и 0,93 для всей шкалы. Коэффициенты корреляции между баллами по вопросам субшкал варьировались от 0,35 до 0,80 для "Фактора 1" и от 0,54 до 0,66 для "Фактора 2".
Заключение: Шкала Исполнительных Функций является надежным и валидным инструментом, который можно использовать для оценки исполнительных функций у взрослых.

References

  • Alpar, R. (2018). Uygulamalı İstatistik ve Geçerlik-Güvenilirlik [Applied Statistics and Validity-Reliability]. Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Baddeley, A. (2007). Working memory, thought, and action. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Barkley, R. A. (1997). Behavioural inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of AD / HD. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 65-94.
  • Barkley, R. A., & Fischer, M. (2011). Predicting impairment in major life activities and occupational functioning in hyperactive children as adults: Self-reported executive function (EF) deficits versus EF tests. Developmental Neuropsychology, 36(2), 137–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565641.2010.549877
  • Barkley, R. A., & Murphy, K. R. (2011). The nature of executive function (EF) deficits in daily life activities in adults with ADHD and their relationship to EF tests. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33(2), 137– 158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862
  • Brown, T. E., & Sönmez, E. Ç. (2005). Dikkat eksikliği bozukluğu: Çocuklarda ve yetişkinlerde odaklanamayan zihin [Attention deficit disorder: Unfocused mind in children and adults]. ODTÜ Geliştirme Vakfı Yayıncılık.
  • Bryman, A., & Cramer, D. (2002). Quantitative data analysis with SPSS release 10 for Windows: A guide for social scientists. Routledge.
  • Burgess, P. W., Alderman, N., Wilson, B. A., Evans, J. J., & Emslie, H. (1996). The Dysexecutive Questionnaire. Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome. Thames Valley Test Company.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2018). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı [Handbook of data analysis for social sciences]. Pegem Atıf İndeksi, 001-214.
  • Chan, R. C., Shum, D., Toulopoulou, T., & Chen, E. Y. (2008). Assessment of executive functions: Review of instruments and identification of critical issues. Archives of clinical neuropsychology, 23(2), 201-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2007.08.010
  • Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (2013). A first course in factor analysis. Psychology press.
  • Denckla, M. B. (1996). A theory and model of executive function: A neuropsy-chological perspective. En G.R. Lyon & N. A. Krasnegor (Eds.), Attention, memory, and executive function (pp. 263-278). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.
  • DeVellis, R. F. (2016). Scale development: Theory and applications. Sage publications.
  • Diamond, A. (2012). Activities and programs that improve children’s executive functions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21, 335–341. https://doi.org/10.1177/096372141245372
  • Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. sage.
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics.
  • Goldstein, S. ve Naglieri, J. A. (Eds.). (2014). Handbook of executive functioning. The Frontal Lobes and Executive Functioning (TM Otero and LA Barker), Springer Science + Business Media.
  • Goldstein, S., Naglieri, J. A., Princiotta, D., & Otero, T. M. (2013). Introduction: A history of executive functioning. In S. Goldstein & J. A. Naglieri (Eds.), Handbook of executive functioning, New York, NY: Springer.
  • Hoaken, P. N. S., Allaby, D. B., & Earle, J. (2007). Executive cognitive functioning and the recognition of facial expressions of emotion in incarcerated violent offenders, non-violent offenders, and controls. Aggressive Behavior, 33(5), 412–421. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20194
  • Jacob, R., & Parkinson, J. (2015). The potential for school-based interventions that target executive function to improve academic achievement: A review. Review of Educational Research, 85(4), 512–552. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654314561338
  • Johnson, R. B., & Christensen, L. (2019). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches. SAGE Publications, Incorporated.
  • Kartal, M., & Bardakçı, S. (2018). SPSS ve AMOS uygulamalı örneklerle güvenirlik ve geçerlik analizleri [Reliability and validity analyses with SPSS and AMOS applied examples]. Akademisyen Yayınevi: Ankara.
  • Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
  • Kumral, E. (2014). Klinik nöropsikoloji ve nöropsikiyatrik hastalıklar [Clinical neuropsychology and neuropsychiatric disorders].
  • López, M. B., Arán Filippetti, V., & Richaud, M. C. (2022). Adult Executive Functioning Inventory (ADEXI): Factor structure, convergent validity, and reliability of a Spanish adaptation. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 29(6), 1380-1386. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2021.1880408
  • Marcoulides, G. A., & Schumacker, R. E. (2001). New developments and techniques in structural equation modeling. Psychology Press.
  • McCloskey, G., Perkins, L. A., & Van Divner, B. R. (2009). Assessment and intervention for executive function diffi culties. New York: Routledge.
  • Özdamar, K. (2016). Ölçek ve test geliştirme yapısal eşitlik modellemesi [Scale and test development structural equation modelling]. Eskişehir: Nisan Kitabevi.
  • Polit, D. F., Beck, C. T., & Owen, S. V. (2007). Is the CVI an acceptable indicator of content validity? Appraisal and recommendations. Research in Nursing & Health, 30(4), 459–467. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20199
  • Rajendran, G., Alloway, T. P., & Archibald, L. (2009). Working memory in children with developmental disorders. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 42(4), 372-382. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022219409335214
  • Roth, R. M., Isquith, P. K., & Gioia, G. A. (2005). Behavior rating inventory of executive function—Adult version: Professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources..
  • Sahakian, B. J., & Owen, A. M. (1992). Computerized assessment in neuropsychiatry using CANTAB: Discussion paper. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 85(7), 399–402
  • Seçer, İ. (2015). Psikolojik test geliştirme ve uyarlama süreci [Psychological test development and adaptation process]. (1. Baskı). Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık. ISSBN, 978–605.
  • Tavşancıl, E. (2019). Tutumların Ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile Veri Analizi [Measurement of Attitudes and Data Analysis with SPSS] (6th ed.). Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Terwee, C. B., Bot, S. D., de Boer, M. R., van der Windt, D. A., Knol, D. L., Dekker, J., Bouter, L. M., & de Vet, H. C. (2007). Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 60(1), 34–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.03.012

DEVELOPMENT OF THE EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS SCALE: A VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY STUDY

Year 2024, Issue: 63, 31 - 50
https://doi.org/10.17498/kdeniz.1512772

Abstract

Introduction: Executive functions involve cognitive control processes such as organizing, regulating, and planning behaviors.
Objective: The aim of this study is to conduct the validity and reliability study of the executive functions scale developed to evaluate executive functions.
Method: Research data were collected using Google Forms via social media websites (Facebook and Instagram) and WhatsApp through a simple random sampling method. The sample group consisted of 338 individuals who met the inclusion criteria. A pilot study was conducted with a sample group of 50 people, and this data was not included in the main sample group. The study applied three stages: item pool development, content and face validity, and psychometric evaluation. The scale items were developed based on a comprehensive literature review and a content validity evaluation by six experts. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to examine the factor structure of the scale. The scale was also evaluated for split-half reliability, composite reliability, and convergent validity.
Results: The content validity index of the scale was found to be 0.93. The final version of the scale consists of 19 items, with two sub-dimensions. According to the CFA results, the model-data fit was found to be at a good level (χ2= 258.95, df=148, p=0.000, χ2/df=1.74, RMSEA: 0.04, RMR: 0.03, SRMR: 0.03, CFI: 0.99, NNFI: 0.99, NFI: 0.98, GFI: 0.93, AGFI: 0.90, IFI: 0.99, and RFI: 0.97). The Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficients were found to be 0.90 for “Factor 1,” 0.84 for “Factor 2,” and 0.93 for the entire scale. Correlation coefficients between the item scores of the subscales ranged from 0.35 to 0.80 for "Factor 1" and from 0.54 to 0.66 for "Factor 2."
Conclusion: The Executive Functions Scale is a reliable and valid measurement tool that can be used to assess executive functions in adults.

References

  • Alpar, R. (2018). Uygulamalı İstatistik ve Geçerlik-Güvenilirlik [Applied Statistics and Validity-Reliability]. Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Baddeley, A. (2007). Working memory, thought, and action. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Barkley, R. A. (1997). Behavioural inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of AD / HD. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 65-94.
  • Barkley, R. A., & Fischer, M. (2011). Predicting impairment in major life activities and occupational functioning in hyperactive children as adults: Self-reported executive function (EF) deficits versus EF tests. Developmental Neuropsychology, 36(2), 137–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565641.2010.549877
  • Barkley, R. A., & Murphy, K. R. (2011). The nature of executive function (EF) deficits in daily life activities in adults with ADHD and their relationship to EF tests. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33(2), 137– 158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862
  • Brown, T. E., & Sönmez, E. Ç. (2005). Dikkat eksikliği bozukluğu: Çocuklarda ve yetişkinlerde odaklanamayan zihin [Attention deficit disorder: Unfocused mind in children and adults]. ODTÜ Geliştirme Vakfı Yayıncılık.
  • Bryman, A., & Cramer, D. (2002). Quantitative data analysis with SPSS release 10 for Windows: A guide for social scientists. Routledge.
  • Burgess, P. W., Alderman, N., Wilson, B. A., Evans, J. J., & Emslie, H. (1996). The Dysexecutive Questionnaire. Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome. Thames Valley Test Company.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2018). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı [Handbook of data analysis for social sciences]. Pegem Atıf İndeksi, 001-214.
  • Chan, R. C., Shum, D., Toulopoulou, T., & Chen, E. Y. (2008). Assessment of executive functions: Review of instruments and identification of critical issues. Archives of clinical neuropsychology, 23(2), 201-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2007.08.010
  • Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (2013). A first course in factor analysis. Psychology press.
  • Denckla, M. B. (1996). A theory and model of executive function: A neuropsy-chological perspective. En G.R. Lyon & N. A. Krasnegor (Eds.), Attention, memory, and executive function (pp. 263-278). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.
  • DeVellis, R. F. (2016). Scale development: Theory and applications. Sage publications.
  • Diamond, A. (2012). Activities and programs that improve children’s executive functions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21, 335–341. https://doi.org/10.1177/096372141245372
  • Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. sage.
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics.
  • Goldstein, S. ve Naglieri, J. A. (Eds.). (2014). Handbook of executive functioning. The Frontal Lobes and Executive Functioning (TM Otero and LA Barker), Springer Science + Business Media.
  • Goldstein, S., Naglieri, J. A., Princiotta, D., & Otero, T. M. (2013). Introduction: A history of executive functioning. In S. Goldstein & J. A. Naglieri (Eds.), Handbook of executive functioning, New York, NY: Springer.
  • Hoaken, P. N. S., Allaby, D. B., & Earle, J. (2007). Executive cognitive functioning and the recognition of facial expressions of emotion in incarcerated violent offenders, non-violent offenders, and controls. Aggressive Behavior, 33(5), 412–421. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20194
  • Jacob, R., & Parkinson, J. (2015). The potential for school-based interventions that target executive function to improve academic achievement: A review. Review of Educational Research, 85(4), 512–552. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654314561338
  • Johnson, R. B., & Christensen, L. (2019). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches. SAGE Publications, Incorporated.
  • Kartal, M., & Bardakçı, S. (2018). SPSS ve AMOS uygulamalı örneklerle güvenirlik ve geçerlik analizleri [Reliability and validity analyses with SPSS and AMOS applied examples]. Akademisyen Yayınevi: Ankara.
  • Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
  • Kumral, E. (2014). Klinik nöropsikoloji ve nöropsikiyatrik hastalıklar [Clinical neuropsychology and neuropsychiatric disorders].
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There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Educational Psychology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ganime Can Gür 0000-0002-6013-257X

Fatma Özgün Öztürk 0000-0001-5457-2694

Publication Date
Submission Date July 8, 2024
Acceptance Date August 31, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Issue: 63

Cite

APA Can Gür, G., & Özgün Öztürk, F. (n.d.). YÜRÜTÜCÜ İŞLEVLER ÖLÇEĞİNİN GELİŞTİRİLMESİ: GEÇERLİLİK GÜVENİRLİK ÇALIŞMASI. Karadeniz Uluslararası Bilimsel Dergi(63), 31-50. https://doi.org/10.17498/kdeniz.1512772