19. YÜZYIL RUS İMPARATORLUĞU’NDA İDEOLOJİK TARTIŞMALAR

Year 2025, Issue: 67, 89 - 113, 28.09.2025

Ainur Nurgali

https://doi.org/10.17498/kdeniz.1697617

Abstract

1825'teki Dekabrist Ayaklanması, Rusya devlet tarihinde bir dönüm noktasıydı. 19. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde meydana gelen olaylar, yani Batı kültürü ve dünya görüşüyle tanışma, Rus toplumunu, özellikle de Rus aydınlarını harekete geçirmiştir. Batı’nın liberal görüşleri giderek daha sık duyulmaya başlanmıştır. Liberal fikirlerin yayılmasının tartışmalara katılan herkes tarafından olumlu karşılandığı söylenemez. Aksine, Rus düşünürler ve ülke liderleri arasında, Rus İmparatorluğu’nun devlet yapısı ve sosyal yaşamı konusunda muhafazakâr görüşlere sahip olanlar vardı. Bu çelişki, hem muhalefet faaliyetleriyle daha fazla entelektüel düşünceye ivme kazandıran Dekabristler arasında hem de Muhafazakârlık ve Liberalizm, Slavcılık ve Batıcılık gibi ideolojik grupların sonraki temsilcilerinin çalışmalarında ifadesini bulmuştur. Yukarıda adı geçen ideolojik hareketlerin tüm taraftarları, Avrupa deneyimini benimserken Rus kimliğine zarar vermeyecek bir devlet modeli geliştirmenin gerekliliğini savundular.
Bu nedenle, bu çalışmanın amacı, 19. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğindeki olayların, özellikle de Avrupa etkisinin, Rus İmparatorluğu'ndaki ideolojik ve siyasi düşünce üzerindeki etkisini ve o dönemin Rus entelektüel çevrelerinin bu sürece yönelik tutumlarını incelemekti. Kullanılan kaynaklar arasında yalnızca tanınmış düşünürlerin ve kamu figürlerinin eserleri değil, aynı zamanda üst düzey hükümet yetkilileri tarafından çıkarılan kararnameler ve yüzyıllar boyunca geçmiş olaylara dair bir bakış açısı yansıtan çağdaş Rus kaynakları da yer alıyordu. Ayrıca, klasik Rus edebiyatı eserlerinden yararlanan ve bu çalışmada tartışılan konuyu ele alan Türkçe kaynaklarına da atıfta bulunulmuştur. Bu çalışmanın sonucu, Aralık 1825 olaylarının altındaki nedenleri ve itici gücü, ideolojik ve siyasi ikilemin özünü ve 20. yüzyıla yaklaşırken bazı şahsiyetlerin görüşlerindeki değişimleri anlamaktı. Ek olarak, çalışmanın son bölümünde, 1991 sonrası Rusya Federasyonu'nun küresel dünyadaki rolü ve yeri hakkındaki düşüncelerin ikircikliliğiyle bir benzetme yapılmıştır.

Keywords

Rusya , Dekabristler , Muhafazakârlık , Liberalizm , Slavcılık , Batıcılık

IDEOLOGICAL DEBATES IN THE 19TH-CENTURY RUSSIAN EMPIRE

Abstract

The Decembrist Uprising of 1825 marked a pivotal event in the history of the Russian state. The developments of the first quarter of the 19th century - particularly the exposure to Western culture and its worldviews provoked significant intellectual activity within Russian society, especially among its intellectuals. Liberal principles originating from the West were increasingly articulated in public discourse. However, it cannot be claimed that the dissemination of liberal ideas was universally welcomed by all participants in these debates. On the contrary, among Russian thinkers and state authorities, some adhered to conservative views regarding the organization of the state and social life in the Russian Empire. This tension manifested both among the Decembrists, whose oppositional activities catalyzed further intellectual reflection, and in the works of subsequent representatives of ideological groups such as Conservatism, Liberalism, Slavophilism, and Westernism. All adherents of the aforementioned ideological currents upheld the necessity of establishing a state model which, while incorporating European experience, would not compromise Russian cultural distinctiveness.
In this regard, the present study aimed to examine the impact of the events of the first quarter of the nineteenth century, in particular the European influence on ideological and political thought in the Russian Empire, as well as the attitude of Russian intellectual circles of that period toward this process. As references, the study employed not only the works of prominent thinkers and public figures, but also decrees issued by the highest state authorities, alongside contemporary Russian materials that reflect views on past events across the span of centuries. In addition, Turkish sources were referenced, which, relying on the works of the classics of Russian literature, likewise shed light on the problem addressed in this study. The outcome of the research was an understanding of the principal causes and driving forces behind the events of December 1825, the essence of the ideological and political dilemma, and the evolution of certain individuals’ views as the 20th century approached. Furthermore, in the concluding part of the work, an analogy was drawn with the ambivalence of reflections on the role and place of the Russian Federation in the global world after 1991.

Keywords

Russia , Decembrists , Conservatism , Liberalism , Slavophilism , Westernism

ИДЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ СПОРЫ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ИМПЕРИИ 19-ОГО ВЕК

Abstract

Восстание Декабристов 1825 года стало поворотным событием в истории российского государства. События происходившие в первую четверть 19-го века, а именно знакомство с западной культурой и мировоззрением всколыхнуло российское общество, в частности русских интеллектуалов. Всё чаще стали слышаться либеральные постулаты Запада. Нельзя утверждать, что распространение либеральных идей было воспринято позитивно всеми участниками дискуссий. Напротив, среди русских мыслителей и руководства страны находились те, кто придерживался консертивативных взглядов на государственное устройство и социальную жизнь Российской империи. Это противоречие выражалось как среди Декабристов, оппозиционная деятельность которых послужила толчком к дальнейшим интелектуальным размышлениям, так и в трудах последующих представителей таких идеологических групп как Консерватизм и Либерализм, Славянофильство и Западничество. Все последователи упомянутых идеологических направлений отстаивали необходимость формирования государственной модели, которая бы при условии перенятия европейского опыта не нанесла бы вред русской самобытности.
В связи с этим, задачей данной работы являлось изучение влияния событий первой четверти 19-го века, в частности европейского влияния на идеолого-политическую мысль в Российской империи и отношения к этому процессу русских интеллектуальных кругов того периода. В качестве источников были использованы труды не только известных мыслителей и общественных деятелей, но и Указы первых лиц государства, а также российские материалы нынешнего периода отражающие взгляд на события прошлого сквозь столетия. В дополнение, были упомянуты турецкие источники, в которых, опираясь на труды классиков русской литературы, также освещалась рассматриваемая в настоящем материале проблема. Итогом проделанной работы явилось понимание основных причин и движущей силы событий декабря 1825 года, сути идеолого-политической дилеммы и изменения ближе к 20-му веку взглядов некоторых персоналий. Вдобавок, в заключительной части работы была проведена аналогия с двоякостью размышлений о роли и месте Российской Федерации в глобальном мире после 1991 года.

Keywords

Россия , Декабристы , Консерватизм , Либерализм , Славянофильство , Западничество

References

• Alevras, N. N. (2008). N. M. Karamzin i Fenomen “Karamzinskogo Konservatizma”. Rossiya i Mir: Panorama Istoricheskogo Razvitiya: Sbornik Nauchnykh Statey, Posvyashchennyy 70-letiyu Istoricheskogo Fakul'teta Ural'skogo Gosudarstvenn ogo Universiteta im. A. M. Gor'kogo. Yekaterinburg.
• Andreeva, T. (2023). M. M. Speransky’s Administrative Reform Projects in a Comparative Retrospective of the Reigns of Alexander I and Nicholas I. Quaestio Rossica, 11(3), 880-898. doi: 10.15826/qr.2023.3.824
• Anokhin, A. A., Zhitin, D. V., Krasnov, A. I., Lachininskiy, S. S. (2014). Yevraziystvo: Istoki i Sovremennost'. Bulletin of the Serbian Geographical Society, 1, 1-14. DOI: 10.2298/GSGD1401001A
• Badalyan, D. A. (2018). “Ofitsial'naya Narodnost'” ili Narodnost'. S. S. Uvarov i A. S. Khomyakov. Tetradi po Konservatizmu: Al'manakh, 1, 51-66. Available at: https://history.pravorg.ru/files/2018/10/1_2018.pdf
• Badalyan, D. A. (2023). Slavyanofily i Ikh Protivniki v Sporakh o Reformakh Petra I. Russko-Vizantiyskiy Vestnik, 4(15), 176-191. doi: 10.47132/2588-0276_2023_4_176
• Bagayeva, K. A. & Zhapova, N. A. (2020). Zapadnichestvo i Slavyanofil'stvo: Dvesti Let Spustya. Yevraziystvo i Mir, 1, 16-21. doi: 10.18101/2306-630X-2020-1-16-21
• Belousov, M. S., Abdullaev, Ya. S., Chikina, V. A. (2019). Polish Question in the Discourse of Russian Pre- Revolutionary Social Thought. Nauchnyi Вialog, 10, 328-346. doi: 10.24224/2227-1295-2019-10-328-346.
• Belov, K. (2025). Challenges of Adaptation: Political Projects of Late Slavophilism. Review of the Monograph ‘Political Projects of the Late Slavophiles: Ideas for the Restructuring of Russian Statehood', Patria, 2(2), 116–119. doi: 10.17323/3034-4409-2025-2-2-116-119
• Bobrovskikh, Y. V. (2015). Znacheniye “Narodnosti” v Kontseptsii Slavyanofilov. Kontury Global'nykh Transformatsiy: Politika, Ekonomika, Pravo, 4(8), 101-106. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/znachenie-narodnosti-v-kontseptsii-slavyanofilov
• Borisov, P. I. (1951). Izbrannyye Sotsial'no-politicheskiye i Filosofskiye Proizvedeniya Dekabristov. Tom III. Leningrad: Gosudarstvennoye Izdatel'stvo Politicheskoy Literatury.
• Chistyakova, T. L. (2000). Problema Lichnosti v Filosofii Slavyanofilov i Zapadnikov. Vestnik MGTU, 3(3), 503-506. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/problema-lichnosti-v-filosofii-slavyanofilov-i-zapadnikov
• Chizhkov, S. L. (2022). Kontseptsiya Okhranitel'nykh Nachal v Sotsial'no-Politicheskoy Teorii B.N. Chicherina. Rossiyskaya Yustitsiya, 8, 3-12. doi: 10.52433/01316761_2022_08_03 EDN: YZYYTM
• Chizhkov, S. L. (2011). Sud'ba Idei “Okhranitel'nogo” Liberalizma Borisa Chicherina (Predisloviye k Publikatsii). Oriyentiry, 7, 148-152. Available at: https://iphras.ru/uplfile/root/biblio/orientiry/or_7/8.pdf
• Chumakova, T. V., Zlatopol'skaya, A. A. (2006). Rabota V. Ye. Val'denberga “Yekaterina II i Montesk'yo v Ikh Politicheskikh Vozzreniyakh”. Voprosy Filosofii, 1, 109-127. Available at: https://seconda.rhga.ru/upload/iblock/d1a/%D0%A2.%D0%92.%20%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0 %BE%D0%B2%D0%B0,%20A.A.%20%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81 %D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F%20- %20%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%20%D0%92.%D0%95.%20%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C% D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%20%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1 %80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%20II%20%D0%B8%20%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D1% 8C%D0%B5%20%D0%B2%20%D0%B8%D1%85%20%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5 %D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85.pdf
• Denisova, N. D. (2005). Konstitutsionnyy Proyekt P. I. Pestelya “Russkaya Pravda” (Avtoreferat Dissertatsii na Soiskaniye Uchenoy Stepeni Kandidata Yuridicheskikh Nauk). Moskovskaya Gosudarstvennaya Yuridicheskaya Akademiya, Moskva.
• Edel'man, O. (2025). O Politicheskom Leksikone P. I. Pestelya. Territoriya: Zhurnal Istoricheskikh Issledovaniy, 1(1), 143-174. Available at: https://territory.hse.ru/article/view/26826
• Edel'man, O. (2022). Pavel Pestel': Ocherki. M.: Modest Kolerov.
• Erkan, Ü. (2017). 19. Yüzyıl Rus Edebiyatında Modernleşme Eleştirisi. Bartın Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(1), 21-46. Available at: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/319687
• Fedneva, N. L. (2021). Ministerstvo Politsii Rossiyskoy Imperii: Realizatsiya Proyekta M.M. Speranskogo. Aktual'nyye Problemy Gosudarsta i Prava, 5(19), 412-424. doi: 10.20310/2587-9340-2021-5-19-412-424
• Gayda, F. A. (2021a). “Pravoslavıye” v Triade S. S. Uvarova. Vestnik PSTGU, 100, 32-46. doi: 10.15382/sturII2021100.32-46
• Gayda, F. A. (2021b). Ideya Natsii v Triade Grafa S.S. Uvarova. Istoriya Russkoy Mysli, 1(33), 155-161. doi: 10.24412/2218-1229-2021-1-155-161
• Gavrilov, I. B. (2019). Sergey Semenovich Uvarov. Zhizn'. Trudy. Mirovozzreniye. Trudy Kafedry Bogosloviya Sankt- Peterburgskoy Dukhovnoy Akademii, 2(4), 131-191. doi: 10.24411/2541-9587-2019-10019
• Gavrilova, N. A. (2004). 1812 God: Vliyaniye Gosudarstvennoy Ideologii na Vospriyatiye i Izucheniye Voyny. Novyy Istoricheskiy Vestnik, 11, 57-72. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/1812-god-vliyanie- gosudarstvennoy-ideologii-na-vospriyatie-i-izuchenie-voyny
• Gnatyuk, O. L. (2013). Konservativnyy (“Okhranitel'nyy”) Liberalizm B. N. Chicherina. Filosofskiye Traditsii i Sovremennost', 2, 22-29. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/konservativnyy-ohranitelnyy-liberalizm- b-n-chicherina
• Gorozhankina, D. V., Panteleev, I. A. (2022). Project Activity of M.M. Speransky on the Transformation of the Russian Court in the First Quarter of the XIX Century (Dedicated to the 250th Anniversary of the Great Reformer of Russia). Law and State: Theory and Practice, 12(216), 15-18. doi: 10.47643/1815-1337_2022_12_15
• Goryunov, A. V. (2022). Three Views on the Past and Future of Russia — Westerning, Eurasianism, Soilism. Theological Herald, 1(44), 291–306. doi: 10.31802/GB.2022.44.1.015
• Grosul, V. Ya. (2016). Russkiye Slavyanofily za Rubezhom v 30-40-kh gg. XIX v. Vestnik Slavyanskikh Kul'tur, 40, 33-51. Available at: http://www.vestnik-sk.ru/assets/files/02---grosul.pdf
• Grosul, V. Ya. (2021). Russkiy Liberalizm Posle Otechestvennoy Voyny 1812 g. Slavyanskiye Chteniya: Cbornik Materialov Mezhdunarodnoy Nauchnoy Konferentsii Instituta Slavyanskoy Kul'tury. Moskva.
• Grosul, V. Ya., Itenberg, B. S., Tvardovskaya, V. A., Shatsillo, K. F., Eymontova, R. G. (2000). Russkiy Konservatizm 19 Veka. Ideologiya i Praktika. M.: Progress-Traditsiya.
• Ilıca, S. (2021). 1812 Anayurt Savaşı ve 19. Yüzyıl Rus Edebiyatında Dekabristler. Ankara: IKSAD Yayınevi.
• Ilyin, V. N. (2018). Triada S.S. Uvarova “Pravoslaviye – Samoderzhaviye – Narodnost”. Altayskiy Vestnik Gosudarstvennoy i Munitsipal'noy Sluzhby, 16, 33-35. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/triada-s-s- uvarova-pravoslavie-samoderzhavie-narodnost
• Ivanov, A. A. (2016). Problematika Lichnosti v Filosofii Slavyanofilov. Kontekst i Refleksiya: Filosofiya o Mire i Cheloveke, 3, 12-22. Available at: http://publishing-vak.ru/archive-2016/map-philosophy.htm
• Ivanova, S. I. (2014). Natsional'naya Kontseptsiya K. N. Leont'yeva: “Pol'skiy Vopros” v Ideologii Russkogo Konservatizma. Novyy Vzglyad: Mezhdunarodnyy Nauchnyy Vestnik, 6, 190-203. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/natsionalnaya-kontseptsiya-k-n-leontieva-polskiy-vopros-v-ideologii- russkogo-konservatizma
• Karamzin, N. M. (1991). Zapiska o Drevney i Novoy Rossii. Moskva: “Nauka”. Glavnaya Redaktsiya Vostochnoy Literatury.
• Khouruzhiy, S. S. (2010). Problema Lichnosti v Sporakh Zapadnikov i Slavyanofilov. Istoriko-Filosofskiy Yezhegodnik, 2009, 343-370. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/problema-lichnosti-v-sporah- zapadnikov-i-slavyanofilov
• Kislyagina, L. G. (1976). Formirovaniye Obshchestvenno-politicheskikh Vzglyadov N. M. Karamzina (1785-1803 gg.). Moskva: Izdatel'stvo Moskovskogo Universiteta.
• Kiyanskaya, O. I. (2009). Dekabrysty v UkraïnI: Doslizhennya y Materialy. Tom 6. Kyyiv: Instytut istoriï Ukraïny NAN Ukraïny, Kyïvsʹkyy Natsionalʹnyy Universytet imeni Tarasa Shevchenka.
• Kiyanskaya, O. I. (2017). The Decembrists in Russian History and Historiography: Polemical Notes. Russia and the Contemporary World, 2(95), 42-56. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/dekabristy-v- otechestvennoy-istorii-i-istoriografii-polemicheskie-zametki
• Koren', Ye. V. (2017). Tema Slavyanskogo Vozrozhdeniya v Dukhovno-Tsennostnykh Iskaniyakh Russkoy Intelligentsii po Materialam Dekabristov. Mentalitet Slavyan i Integratsionnyye Protsessy: Istoriya, Sovremennost', Perspektivy: Materialy X Mezhdunarodnoy Nauchnoy Konferentsii, Gomel'.
• Kozhurin, A. Ya. (2015). At the Root of Russian Conservatism. Review of Russian Christian Academy, 16(4), 128-142. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/u-istokov-russkogo-konservatizma-a-s-shishkov-f-v- rostopchin-i-n-m-karamzin
• Kruczkowski, T. (2022). The History of Poland and the Polish Question in Russia in the Assessment of A.S. Budilovich. Zeszyty Naukowe Ostrołęckiego Towarzystwa Naukowego, XXXVI, 10-34. Available at: https://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.ojs-issn-0860-9608-year-2022-volume-zeszyt- issue-XXXVI-article-64752957-3fac-320f-9223-ce1d94747613
• Kudryashev, V. N. (2017). Narodnost' i Gosudarstvo v Slavyanofil'skoy Doktrine (1840–1880-ye gg.). Vestnik Tomskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta, 417, 103-109. doi: 10.17223/15617793/417/15
• Kupriyanov, V. A. (2018). Russia and Europe in the Early and Late Slavophile Philosophy (A. S. Khomyakov and V. I. Lamansky). Solovyov Studies, 2(58), 21-33. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/rossiya-i-evropa-v- rannem-i-pozdnem-slavyanofilstve-a-s-homyakov-i-v-i-lamanskiy
• Kuvshinova, N. V. (2020). N. M. Karamzin O Reformakh i Zakonakh. Sbornik Materialov Vserossiyskoy Nauchno- Prakticheskoy Konferentsii. Karamzinskiy Sbornik. Nikolay Karamzin i Yego Sovremenniki. Ul'yanovsk.
• Kuznetsov, O. V., Lotarev, K. A. (2021). Dve “Pravdy”: Yaroslav Mudryy i Pavel Pestel': K Voprosu Poiska i Utverzhdeniya Politiko-Istoricheskikh Smyslov “Pravdy” i “Zakona” V Politicheskoy Istorii Rossii. Vlast', 3, 149-157. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/dve-pravdy-yaroslav-mudryy-i-pavel-pestel-k-voprosu- poiska-i-utverzhdeniya-politiko-istoricheskih-smyslov-pravdy-i-zakona-v-1
• Lamanskiy, V. I. (1892). Tri Mira Aziysko-Yevropeyskogo Materika. Sankt-Peterburg.: Tipo-khromo-litografiya A. Transhel'.
• Lyubeznikov, O. A. (2012). Popytki Provedeniya N. N. Novosil'tsovym Obshcheimperskoy Natsional'noy Politiki v Zapadnykh Guberniyakh Rossii i Tsarstve Pol'skom v 1810–1820-ye Gody. Trudy Istoricheskogo Fakul'teta Sankt- Peterburgskogo Universiteta, 11, 163-171. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/popytki-provedeniya-n- n-novosiltsovym-obscheimperskoy-natsionalnoy-politiki-v-zapadnyh-guberniyah-rossii-i-tsarstve-polskom- v-1810-1820-e
• Lyubeznikov, O. A. (2013). O Roli N. N. Novosil’tsova v Politike Rossii v Otnoshenii Yevreyskogo Naseleniya v Pervoy Chetverti XIX Veka. Vestnik SPbGU, 1(2), pp. 135-140. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/o-roli-n-n- novosiltsova-v-politike-rossii-v-otnoshenii-evreyskogo-naseleniya-v-pervoy-chetverti-xix-veka
• Malinov A. V. (2016). Ponyatiye “Narodnost'” v Istoriosofskoy Kontseptsii S. S. Uvarova. Rossiya v Global'nom Mire, 8(31), 519-526. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ponyatie-narodnost-v-istoriosofskoy-kontseptsii- s-s-uvarova
• Malinov, A. V. (2022). V. I. Lamanskiy i Istoki “Russkogo Vizantizma”. Vestnik PSTGU, 100, 67-87. doi: 10.15382/sturI2022100.67-87
• Medovarov, M. V., Snezhnitskaya, S. I. (2019). Raskol Sredi Pozdnikh Slavyanofilov i Rol' V. I. Lamanskogo v Nem (1887-1897 gg.). Vestnik Nizhegorodskogo Universiteta im. N. I. Lobachevskogo, 5, 38-47. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/raskol-sredi-pozdnih-slavyanofilov-i-rol-v-i-lamanskogo-v-nem-1887-1897- gg
• Meshcheryakova, A. O. (2014). Graf S. S. Uvarov v Istorii Russkogo Konservatizma. Sovremenna Nauka: Aktual'nyye Problemy Teorii i Praktiki, 7-8, 46-52. Available at: http://www.nauteh-journal.ru/files/0a83a503- f09e-4884-8aa3-cb28cdbda2a7
• Minakov, A. Iu. (2014). U Istokov Russkogo Konservatizma: “Russkaya Partiya” Pervoy Chetverti 19 Veka. Tractus Aevorum: Evolyutsiya Sotsiokul'turnykh i Politicheskikh Prostranstv, 1(1), 67-77. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/u-istokov-russkogo-konservatizma-russkaya-partiya-pervoy-chetverti-xix-v
• Moshchelkov, Ye. N. (2018). Constitutional Ideas and Projects of the Decembrists: Modern Reading. The Caspian Region: Politics, Economics, Culture, 2(55), 136-144. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/konstitutsionnye-idei-i-proekty-dekabristov-sovremennoe-prochtenie
• Nachapkin, N. M. (2002). Russkiy Konservatizm XIX - Pervoy Poloviny XX Veka. Yekaterinburg: Rossiyskiy Gosudarstvennyy Professional'no-Pedagogicheskiy Universitet.
• Nagevichene, V. Ya. (2016). Russkiye “Zapadniki”: Ikh Sud'by i Vzglyady. Chelyabinsk: Izdatel'skiy Tsentr YUUrGU.
• Narezhnyy, A. I. (2018). N. M. Karamzin o Pol’skom Voprose. Izvestiya Vuzov. Severo-Kavkazskiy Region, 2(198), 82- 87. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/n-m-karamzin-o-polskom-voprose
• Nechkina, M. V. (1955). Dvizheniye Dekabristov. Tom II. Moskva: Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR.
• Pavlov, V. (2017). Obshchestvo Soyedinonnykh Slavyan: Vzglyad iz Sovremennosti. Filosofskiy Polilog: Zhurnal Mezhdunarodnogo Tsentra Izucheniya Russkoy Filosofii, 2, 79-89. doi: https://doi.org/10.31119/phlog.2017.2.7
• Pavlov, V. (2020). Severnoye Obshchestvo Dekabristov: Oriyentiry, Tsennosti, Deystviya. Praktichna Fílosofíya, 1(75), 81-92. Available at: https://dspace.nuft.edu.ua/handle/123456789/34082
• Pavlov, V. (2021). Sotsial'no-Filosofskiye Idei v Programmnykh Dokumentakh Severnogo i Yuzhnogo Obshchestv Dekabristov. Filosofskiy Polilog, 1(9), 63-76. doi: https://doi.org/10.31119/phlog.2021.1.133
• Petrovich, I. K. (2018). Ideya Slavyanskogo Yedinstva v Obshchestvennom Dvizhenii Rossii Pervoy Poloviny XIX v. Slavyanskiy Mir: Obshchnost' i Mnogoobraziye, 1, 52-55. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2619-0869.2018.1.4.1
• Pipes, R. (2008). Russian Conservatism and Its Critics: A Study in Political Culture. New Haven, London: Yale University Press.
• Pokrovskiy, M. N. (1958). Vosstaniye Dekabristov. Dokumenty. Tom VII. Moskva: Gospolitizdat.
• Rubanik, S. A. (2009a). The Concept of the Constitutional State in Russian Political and Legal Thought in the First Half of the XIX Century. Scientific Notes of Tavrida National V. I. Vernadsky University - Series: Juridical Sciences, 22(61), 73-82. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kontseptsiya-konstitutsionnogo-gosudarstva-v- russkoy-politiko-pravovoy-mysli-pervoy-poloviny-hih-veka
• Rubanik, S. A. (2009b). Nikita Mikhaylovich Murav'yov: Formirovaniye Gosudarstvenno-Pravovykh Vzglyadov. Vektor Nauki Tol'yattinskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta, 5(8), 106-110. Available at: https://elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_17915000_82284219.pdf
• Ruzhitskaya, I. V. (2018). Krest'yanskaya Reforma ot Aleksandra I do Aleksandra II: Puti Voploshcheniya. Saint- Petersburg Historical Journal, 1(17), 53-64. Available at: https://hist.spbiiran.ru/wp- content/uploads/2019/11/krestyanskaya-reforma-ot-aleksandra-i-do-aleksandra-ii-puti-voploscheniya.pdf
• Sakharov, A. N. (1998). Aleksandr 1 i Arakcheyev. Otechestvennaya Istoriya, 4, 24-39. Available at: https://xn--- -7sbxcach3agmieaceq1th.xn--p1ai/archive/1998-4
• Sapchenko, L. A. (2022). Voyna 1812 Goda i Yeyo Posledstviya v Pis'makh i Stikhakh N. M. Karamzina. Smysl Voyny i Mira (Mira) v Russkoy Literature i Filosofii 19-nachala 21 Stoletiya. Ul'yanovsk: UlGTU.
• Shil'der, N. K. (1898). Imperator Aleksandr Pervyy. Yego Zhizn' i Tsarstvovaniye. Tom IV. Sankt-Peterburg.: Izdaniye A. S. Suvorina.
• Shirokova, M. A. (2021). Slavyanofily o Yevropeyskom Prosveshchenii i Reformakh Petra I kak Prichinakh Transformatsii Rossiyskoy Kul'turnoy Identichnosti i Istoricheskoy Pamyati. Izvestiya Altayskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta, 5(121), 41-46. doi: 10.14258/izvasu(2021)5-06.
• Shirokova, M. A. (2011). Sootnosheniye Printsipov Lichnoy Svobody, Narodnosti i Sobornosti v Slavyanofil'skoy Sotsial'noy Filosofii. Vestnik Tomskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta, 349, 64-67. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sootnoshenie-printsipov-lichnoy-svobody-narodnosti-i-sobornosti-v- slavyanofilskoy-sotsialnoy-filosofii
• Sonina, L. V. (2002). Obzor Osnovnykh Polozheniy Konstitutsionnykh Proyektov P. I. Pestelya i N. M. Murav'yeva. Vestnik Chelyabinskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta, 2(9), 15-23. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/obzor-osnovnyh-polozheniy-konstitutsionnyh-proektov-p-i-pestelya-i-n-m- muravieva
• Speranskiy, M. M. (1905). Plan Gosudarstvennago Preobrazovaniya Grafa M. M. Speranskogo (Vvedeniye k Ulozheniyu Gosudarstvennykh Zakonov 1809 g.). Moskva: Izdaniye “Russkoy Mysli”.
• Speranskiy, M. M. (1961). Proyekty i Zapiski. Moskva-Leningrad.: Akademiya Nauk SSSR.
• Starkova, L. K. (2012). Tsenzurnaya Politika Yekateriny II v 1762-1771 Gody. Izvestiya Saratovskogo Universiteta. Ser.: Istoriya. Mezhdunarodnyye Otnosheniya, 12(1), 9-16. doi: 10.18500/1819-4907-2012-12-1-9-16
• Startsev, I. M. (2018). Obshchestvenno-politicheskaya Programma P.I. Pestelya i Vzglyady Rossiyskikh Konservativnykh Publitsistov Pervoy Poloviny XIX Veka. Vestnik Moskovskogo Gorodskogo Pedagogicheskogo Universiteta. Seriya: Istoricheskiye Nauki, 2(30), 26-34. Available at: https://vestnik- historicalsciences.mgpu.ru/2021/08/30/obshhestvenno-politicheskaya-programma-p-i-pestelya-i-vzglyady- rossijskih-konservativnyh-publiczistov-pervoj-poloviny-xix-veka/
• Stennik, Yu. V. (2006). A. P. Sumarokov — Kritik “Nakaza” Yekateriny II. XVIII Vek: Sbornik, 24, 125–143. Available at: http://lib.pushkinskijdom.ru/Portals/3/PDF/XVIII/24_tom_XVIII/Stennik/Stennik.pdf
• Struve, P. B. (2013). Nikita Murav'yev i Pavel Pestel'. “Rossiyskaya” (Imperskaya) i “Russkaya” (Natsional'no- Tsentralistskaya) Idei v Politicheskikh Proyektakh Dekabristov. Politicheskaya Nauka, 3, 230-237. Available at: https://www.politnauka.ru/jour/article/view/285
• Sukhov, A. D. (1998). Stoletnyaya Diskussiya: Zapadnichestvo i Samobytnost' v Russkoy Filosofii. M.:IFRAN.
• Sverdlov, M. B. (2018). Istoriya Rossii v Trudakh N. M. Karamzina. SPB.: Nestor-Istoriya.
• Timoshina, T. M. (2009). Ekonomicheskaya Istoriya Rossii. Moskva: YUSTITSINFORM.
• Udalov, S. V. (2006). Teoriya Ofitsial'noy Narodnosti: Mekhanizmy Vnedreniya. Osvoboditel'noye Dvizheniye v Rossii: Mezhvuzovskiy Sbornik Nauchnykh Trudov, Saratov.
• Uvarov, S. S. (2014). Gosudarstvennyye Osnovy. M.: Institut Russkoy Tsivilizatsii.
• Vakhitov, R. R. (2025). V. I. Lamansky and Eurasianism: “Columsus” of the “Continent Eurasia”. Russian-Byzantine Herald, 1(20), 67-75. doi: 10.47132/2588-0276_2025_1_67
• Volkova, I. V. (2006). Myatezh Dekabristov. Obshchestvennyye Nauki i Sovremennost', 4, 100-111. Available at: https://publications.hse.ru/pubs/share/folder/y8gvkgqfa6/79493853.pdf
• Vulgar, Y. (1771). Nakaz Yeya Imperatorskago Velichestva Yekateriny II. Uchrezhdennoy Kommissii o Sostavlenii Proyekta Novago Ulozheniya. Sankt-Peterburg: Tipografiya Akademii Nauk.
• Yakushkin, V. Y. (1906). Gosudarstvennaya Vlast' i Proyekty Gosudarstvennoy Reformy v Rossii. S-Peterburg: Tipografiya Al'tshulera.
• Yesyukov, A. I., Chestneyshin, N. V. & Chestneyshina, D. A. (2009). Sotsial'naya Filosofiya Russkogo Konservatizma. Arkhangelsk.: Pomorskiy Gosudarstvennyy Universitet Imeni M.V. Lomonosova.
• Yıldırım, N. (2020). V. A. Sollogub’un “Tarantas” Adlı Eserinin Işığında 1840’lı Yılların Rusya’sına Bir Bakış. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 39, 193-200. doi: https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.681975
• Zaytseva, T. I. (2015). Filosofiya Okhranitel'nogo Liberalizma kak Kredo Russkogo Patriota. Idei i Idealy, 2(24), 53- 60. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/filosofiya-ohranitelnogo-liberalizma-kak-kredo-russkogo- patriota
• Zavrazhin, A. V. (2007). Dvizheniye Dekabristov i Yego Vliyaniye na Politicheskoye Pereustroystvo Rossii. Vestnik Voyennogo Universiteta, 3(11), 81-89. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/dvizhenie-dekabristov-i- ego-vliyanie-na-politicheskoe-pereustroystvo-rossii