The Effect of Restrictions and Perceived Risk During Covid-19 Pandemic Term on Travel Intention

Abstract

The Covid-19 pandemic affected the whole world and had a serious impact, especially on the tourism industry beginning of 2020. Traveling in a is possible, but its risks and complications are such that it forces tourists to adapt to new conditions. This study is aimed to examine the effect of travel restrictions caused by the Covid-19 pandemic and the perceived travel risks of tourists on travel intention. Within the scope of the study, data were obtained from 393 people by online survey technique. The obtained data were analyzed with the AMOS program, and confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis were performed within the scope of structural equation modeling. As a result of the studies, while the interpersonal constraint, one of the travel constraints, has a negative effect on the travel intention, no significant impact of the other controls (structural, intrinsic, and interest) has been detected. At the same time, it has been revealed that perceived travel risk negatively affects travel intention.

Keywords

• Covid-19
• Tourist behavior
• Travel constraint
• Perceived travel risk
• Travel intention

Covid-19 Pandemisinde Seyahat Kısıtlarının ve Algılanan Seyahat Riskinin Seyahat Niyetine Etkisi

Abstract

2020 yılının başlarında Covid-19 pandemisi tüm dünyayı etkilemiş ve özellikle turizm endüstrisi üzerinde ciddi bir etki bırakmıştır. Bir pandemi sürecinde seyahat etmek mümkün olduğu kadar riskleri ve komplikasyonları sebebiyle turistlerin yeni koşullara uyum sağlaması gerekmektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışmada, Covid-19'un pandemisinin ortaya çıkardığı seyahat kısıtlarının ve turistlerin algılanan seyahat risklerinin seyahat niyetine etkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında 393 kişiden çevrimiçi anket tekniği ile veriler elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler AMOS programı ile analize tabi tutularak yapısal eşitlik modellemesi kapsamında doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ve yol analizi yapılmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda, seyahat kısıtlarından kişilerarası kısıtın seyahat niyeti üzerinde negatif bir etkisi varken diğer kısıtların (yapısal, içsel ve ilgi) anlamlı bir etkisi tespit edilememiştir. Aynı zamanda algılanan seyahat riskinin de seyahat niyeti üzerinde negatif bir etkisi olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır.

Keywords

• Covid-19
• Turist davranışı
• Covid-19
• Turist davranışı
• Seyahat kısıtı
• Algılanan seyahat riski
• Seyahat niyeti

References

1. Abraham, V., Bremser, K., Carreno, M., Crowley-Cyr, L., & Moreno, M. (2020). Exploring the consequences of COVID-19 on tourist behaviors: Perceived travel risk, animosity and intentions to travel. Tourism Review, 76 (4), 701–717.
2. Baran, Z., & Baran, H. (2021). Dijital teknolojiler bağlamında turistik gezilerin yeni gerçekliği: Sanal uzam, Sivas İnterdisipliner Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4 (2), 175-188
3. Baran, Z., & Baran, H. (2022). The future of digital tourism alternatives in virtual reality. In Handbook of Research on digital communications, internet of things, and the future of cultural tourism (58-84). IGI Global
4. Beirman, D. (2003). United States: September 11, 2001 terrorist attack. The impact on American and global tourism. Oxon: CABI Publishing.
5. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı istatistik, araştırma deseni SPSS uygulamaları ve yorum. Ankara: Pegem Academy.
6. Cavagnaro, E., Staffieri, S., & Postma, A. (2018). Understanding millennials’ tourism experience: values and meaning to travel as a key for identifying target clusters for youth (sustainable) tourism. Journal of Tourism Futures
7. Chen, H.J., Chen, P.J., & Okumuş, F. (2013). The relationship between travel constraints and destination image: A case study of Brunei, Tourism Management, 35(1), 198-208.
8. Chen, C., & Petrick, J. (2016). The roles of perceived travel benefits, importance, and constraints in predicting travel behavior. Journal of Travel Research, 55 (4), 509-522.

9. Çetinkaya, F. Ö. & Şahbaz, R. P. (2019). Sosyal Medyada Gelişmeleri Kaçırma Korkusunun Kişinin Tatil Satın Alma Niyetine Etkisi, Türk Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(3): 383-402.
10. Daniels, M., Rodgers, E., & Wiggins, B. (2005). “Travel tales”: An interpretive analysis of constraints and negotiations to pleasure travel as experienced by persons with physical disabilities. Tourism Management, 26 (6), 919-930.
11. Fleischer, A., & Pizam, A. (2002). Tourism constraints among Israeli seniors. Annals of Tourism Research, 29 (1), 106-123.
12. Floyd, M. F., & Pennington-Gray, L. (2004). Profiling risk perceptions of tourists. Annals of Tourism Research, 31 (4), 1051-1054.
13. Galvani, A., Lew, A.A. & Sotelo Perez, M. (2020), COVID-19 is expanding global consciousness and the sustainability of travel and tourism, Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 1-10.
14. George, D. & Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference. Boston, MA, Pearson.
15. Godbey, G., Crawford, D.W. & Shen, X. (2010). Assessing Hierarchical Leisure Constraints Theory after Two Decades, Journal of Leisure Research 42(1), 111-134.
16. Gössling, S., Scottd, D., & Hallf, C. (2020). Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1-20.
17. Hair, J., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. Pearson Education International.
18. Henthorne, T.L.; George, B.P., & Smith, W.C. (2013). Risk perception and buying behavior: An examination of some relationships in the context of cruise tourism in Jamaica. International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Administration, 14(1), 66-86.
19. Huber, D., Milne, S., & Hyde, K. (2018). Constraints and facilitators for senior tourism. Tourism Management Perspectives, 27, 55-67.
20. Hung, K., & Petrick, J. 2012. Testing the effects of congruity, travel constraints, and self-efficacy on travel intentions: An alternative decision-making model. Tourism Management, 33, 855-867.
21. Hung,K., Bai, X. & Lu, j. (2015). Understanding Travel Constraints Among the Elderly in Hong Kong: A Comparative Study of the Elderly Living in Private and in Public Housing, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(7), 1-20.
22. Irvine, W., & Anderson, A. (2006). The effect of disaster on peripheral tourism places and the disaffection of prospective visitors. Oxford: Tourism, security & safety: From theory to practice, Butterworth-Heinemann, Editör: Y. Mansfeld, A. Pizam.
23. Karaca, Ş. & Kelam, D. (2020). Covid-19 Gölgesinde Uzaktan Eğitim Hizmet Kalitesinin İncelenmesi, SİTA, 5 (1), 7-18.
24. Karaca, Ş. (2015). Sağlık Hizmetlerinde Pazarlama (Bütünleşik Pazarlama İletişimi Yaklaşımıyla), Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım A. Ş
25. Khan, M., Chelliah, S., & Ahmed, S. (2019). Intention to visit India among potential travellers: Role of travel motivation,perceived travel risks, and travel constraints. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 19(3), 351–367.
26. Kourgiantakis, M., Apostolakis, A., & Dimou, I. (2020). COVID-19 and holiday intentions: the case of Crete, Greece. Anatolia.
27. Lee, B. K., Agarwal, S., & Kim, H. J. (2012). Influences of travel constraints on the people with disabilities’ intention to travel: An application of Seligman’s helplessness theory. Tourism Management Cilt 33, Sayı 3, 569-579.
28. Lu, J., & Campbell, M. J. (2008). The nature and heterogeneity of perceived constraints of using the trans-Canada trail for hiking/walking. Leisure/Loisir, 32(1),
29. Mäser, B., Weiermair, K.,(1998). Travel Decision-Making: From the Vantage Point of Perceived Risk and Information Preferences. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing Cilt 7, Sayı 4, 107-121.
30. Mei , X.Y., Lantai, T.,(2018). Understanding travel constraints: An exploratory study of Mainland Chinese International Students (MCIS) in Norway. Tourism Management Perspectives Cilt 28, 1-9.
31. Mertens , G., Gerritsen , L., Duijndam , S., Salemink , E., & Engelhard, I. (2020). Fear of the coronavirus (COVID-19): Predictors in an online study conducted in March 2020. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 102258.
32. Mullens , F., & Glorieux, I. (2019). No interest, no time! Gendered constraints to museum visits in Flanders. Loisir Soc./Soc. Leis., 42 (2) , 244-265.
33. Neuburger, L. & Egger, R. (2020). Travel risk perception and travel behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic 2020: a case study of the DACH region. Current Issues in Tourism 24(5), 1-14
34. Niewiadomski, P. (2020), “COVID-19: from temporary de-globalisation to a re-discovery of tourism? ”, Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 1-6
35. Nyaupane, G., Morais, D., & Graefe, A. (2004). Nature tourism constraints: A cross-activity comparison. Annals of Tourism Research, 31 (3), 540-555.
36. Özdamar K. (2002) Paket Programlarla İstatistiksel Veri Analizi-1. 4. Baskı. Eskişehir: Kaan Kitabevi,
37. Park, S. H. , Hsieh, C. M. , & Lee, C. K. (2017). Examining Chinese college students' intention to travel to Japan using the extended theory of planned behavior: Testing destination image and the mediating role of travel constraints. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 34(1), 113–131.
38. Pavlov , P.A & Gefen, D. (2004). Building Effective Online Marketplaces with Institution-Based Trust, Information Systems Research, 15(1), 37-59
39. Rahman, M. K., Rahaman, M., Gazi, A., & Bhuiyan, M. (2021). Effect of Covid-19 pandemic on tourist travel risk and management perceptions. Plos One 16(9).
40. Reichel, A., Fuchs, G., & Uriely, N. (2007). Perceived risk and the non-institutionalized tourist role: The case of Israeli student ex-backpackers. Journal of Travel Research. 46 (2), 217-226.
41. Reisinger, Y., & Mavondo, F. (2005). Travel anxiety and intentions to travel internationally: Implications of travel risk perception. Journal ofTravel Research, 43(3), 212-225.
42. Rittichainuwat, B. N., & Chakraborty, G. (2009). Perceived travel risks regarding terrorism and disease: The case of Thailand.Tourism Management, 30(3), 410-418.
43. Roehl, W., & Fesenmaier, D. (1992). Risk perceptions and pleasure travel: an exploratory analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 2 (4), 17-26.
44. Seabra, C., Abrantes, J. L., & Kastenholz, E. (2014). The influence of terrorism risk perception on purchase involvement and safety concern of international travellers. Journal of Marketing Management,30(9-10), 874-903.
45. Shin, H., Nicolau, J., Kang, J., Sharma, A., & Lee, H. (2022). Travel decision determinants during and after COVID-19: The role of tourist trust, travel constraints, and attitudinal factors. Tourism Management, 88, 104428.
46. Silva, O., & Correia, A. (2008). Facilitators and constraints in leisure travel participation: The case of the southeast of Portugal. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 2(1), 25-43.
47. Simonetti, B., Albayrak, T., González-Rodriguez, M., & Caber, M. (2020). Does perceived risk really matter in travel behaviour? Journal of Vacation Marketing 26 (3), 334-353.
48. Sönmez, S., & Graefe, A. (1998). Determining future travel behavior from past travel experience and perceptions of risk and safety. Journal of Travel Research, 37 (2), 172-177.
49. Tan W.-K. (2020). Destination selection: influence of tourists’ personality on perceived travel constraints. J. Vacat. Mark., 26 (4), 442-456.
50. Teeroovengadum, V., Seetanah, B., Bindah, E., Pooloo, A., & Veerasawmy, I. (2021). Minimising perceived travel risk in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic to boost travel and tourism. Tourism Review, 910-928.
51. UNWTO (2020), “Impact assessment of the COVID-19 outbreak on international tourism”, www.unwto.org/impact-assessment-of-the-covid-19-outbreak-on-international-tourism (01.06.2022).