Tarihi Yapılardaki Taş Malzeme Bozulmalarının Gözlemsel Tespiti: Mardin Eski Amerikan Misyoner Koleji Örneği

Year 2023, , 2761 - 2778, 16.12.2023

Lale Karataş

https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1156788

Abstract

Taş yapıları incelemek, sorunları anlamak ve koruma ihtiyaçlarını belirlemek için bozulma modellerini doğru bir şekilde tanımlamak temel bir gerekliliktir. ICOMOS sözlüğünde standartlaştırılmış çeşitli bozulma tipleri belirlenmiştir; ancak, bu metodolojiler karmaşık durumları yorumlamakta yetersiz kalabilmektedir. Bu nedenle, bozulma tipleri coğrafi bağlamlarına uygun olarak tanımlanmalı ve haritalanmalıdır. Bu amaçları çeşitli ülkelerde sürdürmek bağlamında, tarihî binalardaki malzeme problemleri ve müdahaleler için belirlenen aşamaların coğrafi bağlam içinde sistematik olarak örneklenmesi önemlidir. Bu bağlamda yürütülen çalışma, Mardin'deki tarihî taş binalardaki malzeme problemleri ve müdahaleler için belirlenen aşamaları sistemli bir şekilde örneklemek amacıyla, Eski Amerikan Misyoneri Koleji Hastanesi örneği üzerinden sürdürülebilir bir şekilde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Mardin Eski Amerikan Misyoneri Koleji Hastanesi, Mardin'de korunan bir kentsel arkeolojik alan içinde bulunan, birçok çevresel etkiye rağmen yıllara dayanan eşsiz bir kültür anıtıdır. Eski Amerikan Misyoneri Koleji Hastanesi ile ilgili malzeme bozulmalarını belirlemek ve belgelemek için bir sınıflandırma yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, literatür araştırması, gözlem yoluyla belirleme ve fotoğraf çekme yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bilgiler betimleyici ve sistemli analiz yöntemleri aracılığıyla değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmanın, Mardin Eski Amerikan Misyoneri Koleji Hastanesi'nin taş malzeme problemlerini ele almanın yanı sıra bu coğrafi bağlamdaki diğer binalarla ilgili bozulma tiplerini ve koruma önerilerini örneklemesi beklenmektedir.

Keywords

Mardin, Geleneksel Taş Bina, Taş Bozulmaları,, Bozulma Tipleri, Koruma

Detection of Stone Material Deterioration in Historical Masonry Buildings by Observational Methods: Mardin Former American Missionary College

Abstract

It is essential requirement to define the deterioration models correctly to understand the problems, and to determine the conservation needs and conservation acts, when investigating the stone buildings. Various deterioration types standardized as in the dictionary of ICOMOS are appropriate to achieve the stated objectives; however, these methodologies remain incapable to interpret the situation in complex cases. Therefore, deterioration types must be defined and mapped in accordance with their geographical contexts. Within the context of ensuring the continuity of these objectives in various countries, it is important to exemplify the determination and articulation stages intended for the material problems and interventions on the historical buildings systematically within the geographic context. The study conducted within this context is to exemplify the determination and articulation stages intended for the material problems and interventions systematically within the geographic context, based on Former American Missionary College Hospital case, to manage the material problems on historical masonry buildings in Mardin, which is a unique geographic context, in a sustainable manner. Mardin Former American Missionary College Hospital, which remains within the preserved urban archaeological site in Mardin, is a unique cultural monument, which survives over the years, despite exposure to many environmental influences. A classification was made to determine and document the material deteriorations regarding the Former American Missionary College Hospital. Literature research, determination via observation, and documentation through photographing methods were used in the study. The information obtained was assessed via the descriptive and systematic analysis methods. The study is expected to make contribution into the literature both in terms of addressing the stone material problems of Mardin Former American Missionary College Hospital and of exemplifying the deterioration types and conservation suggestions regarding the other buildings within this geographical context.

Keywords

Mardin, Traditional Stone Building, Stone Deteriorations, Deterioration Types, Conservation

References

• Adamopoulos, E. & Rinaudo, F. (2021). Combining multiband imaging, photogrammetric techniques, and Foss Gıs for affordable degradation mapping of stone monuments. Buildings, 11(1), 304.
• Altun, A. (1971). Mardin’de Türk Devri Mimarisi. Gün Matbaası, İstanbul.
• Alioğlu E. F. (2000). Mardin: Şehir Dokusu ve Evler, İstanbul.
• Alaimo, R., Di Franco, L., Gagliardo Briuccia, V., Giarrusso, R. & Montana, G. (1997). Plasters from the histori-cal buildings of Palermo (Sicily): raw materials, causes and mechanisms of decay. Proceeding of IVth International Symposium on the Conservation of Monuments in The Mediterranean Basin. 1(), 53-64.
• Bradley, S.M. & Middleton, A.P. (1988). A study of the deterioration of Egyptian limestone sculpture. J Am Inst Conserv, 27(2), 64–86.
• Brandi, C. (2005). Theory of restoration, trans. Cynthia Rockwell, Nardini, Firenze patterns in stone conservation projects. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 16(3), 267–275.
• Bozdağ, A., İnce, İ., Bozdağ, A., Hatır, M. E., Tosunlar, M. B. & Korkanç, M. (2019). An assessment of deterioration in cultural heritage: the unique case of Eflatunpınar Hittite Water Monument in Konya, Turkey. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 12(2),250-255.
• Cardell, C., Delalieux, F., Roumpopoulos, K., Moropoulou, A., Auger, F. & Van Griekena, R. (2003). Salt-induced decay in calcareous stone monuments and buildings in a marine environment in SW France. Construction and Building Materials, 17, 165–179.
• Cassar, J. (2002). Deterioration of the globigerina limestone of the Maltese islands. Geological Society, 205(), 33-49.
• Corvo, F., Reyes-Trujeque, J., Valdés, C., Villaseñor, F., Cuesta, O., Aguilar, D. & Quintana, P. (2010). Influence of Air Pollution and Humidity on Limestone Materials Degradation in Historical Buildings Located in Cities Under Tropical Coastal Climates. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 205(), 359-375.
• Cutler, N. A., Viles, H. A., Ahmad, S., McCabe, S. & Smith, B. J. (2013). Algal ‘Greening’ and the conservation of stone heritage structures. Total Environronment, 442(1), 152–164
• Dal, M. & Yardımlı, S. (2021). Taş Duvarlarda Yüzey Bozunmaları. Kent Akademisi, 14(2), 428-451.
• De Gennaro, M; Calcaterra, D., Cappelletti, P., Langella, A. & Morra, V. Building stone and related weathering in the architecture of the ancient city of Naples. J Cult Herit, 1(), 399–414.
• Delgado Rodrigues, J. (2015). Defining, mapping and assessing deterioration patterns in stone conservation projects. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 16(3), 267–275.
• Ergin, Ş., Karahan, B. & Dal, M. (2021). Sultan Hamza-i Kebir Camii’nde Görülen Taş Bozunmaları. Kent Akademisi, 14 (2), 414-427.
• Evans, I.S. (1970). Salt crystallization and rock weathering: a review, Rev. Géomorphol. Dynam, 19(), 153–177.
• Fahmy, A.; Molina-Piernas, E. & Martínez-López, J. (2022). Salt weathering impact on Nero/Ramses II Temple at El-Ashmonein archaeological site (Hermopolis Magna), Egypt. Herit Science, 10(), 125.
• Fitzner, B., Heinrichs, K. & Kownatzki, R. (1995). Weathering forms- classification and mapping, Verwitterungsformen- Klassifizierung und Kartierung. Denkmalpflege und Naturwissenschaft, Natursteinkonservierung 1. Ernst & Sohn, Berlin, 41-88.
• Fitzner, B. (2002). Damage diagnosis on stone monuments—ın situ ınvestigation and laboratory studies. In Proceedings of the International Symposium of the Conservation of the Bangudae Petroglyph, Seoul National University, 29–71, Seoul, Korea.
• Franke, L., Schumann, I., Van, H. R., Van der, K. L., Naldini, S., Binda, L., Baronio, G., Van Balen, K. & Mateus, J. (1998). Classification of damage patterns found in brick masonry, protection and conservation of european cultural heritage. Research Report European Commission, 8(2), Stuttgart: Frauenhofer IRB, Verlag.
• Graue, B., Siegesmund, S., Oyhantcabal, P., Naumann, R., Licha, T. & Simon, K. (2013). The effect of air pollution on stone decay: the decay of the Drachenfels trachyte in industrial, urban, and rural environments—a case study of the Cologne, Altenberg and Xanten cathedrals. Environmental Earth Sciences, 69(4), 1095–1124.
• Hatır, M. E., İnce, M. & Korkanç, M. (2021). Intelligent detection of deterioration in cultural stone heritage. Journal of Building Engineering, 21(1), 173-182.
• Heinrichs, K. (2008). Diagnosis of weathering damage on rock-cut monuments in Petra, Jordan. Environ Geol, 56(), 643–75.
• Henriques, M. A., Delgado-Rodrigues, J., Aires-Barros, L. & Proença, N. (2004). Materiais Pétreos e similares: terminologia das formas de alteraçao e degradaçao. In: ICT Informaçao técnica, Patologia e reabilitaçao das construçoes, ISBN: ITPRC 2, 39.
• Jo, Y. H. & Lee, C. H. (2014). Quantitative modeling of blistering zones by active thermography for deterioration evaluation of stone monuments. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 15(6), 621–627.
• Karataş, L. (2022). Photograph archive of Mardin Stone Mansion.
• Karataş, L., Alptekin, A., Kanun, E. & Yakar, M. (2022). Tarihi kârgir yapılarda taş malzeme bozulmalarının İHA fotogrametrisi kullanarak tespiti ve belgelenmesi: Mersin Kanlıdivane ören yeri vaka çalışması. İçel Dergisi, 2(2), 41-49.
• Karataş, L. (2022). Investigating the historical building materials with spectroscopic and geophysical methods: A case study of Mardin Castle. Turkish Journal of Engineering, 7(3), 266-278.
• Karataş, L. (2016). A reasearch on material use and porblems of religous structures located on Mardin urban archeological site. Master’s Thesis, Uludağ University, Institute of Science, Bursa, 340p (in Turkish).
• Kramar, S., Mladenovic, A., Pristacz, H. & Mirtič, B. (2011). Deterioration of the black Drenov Grič limestone on historical monuments (Ljubljana, Slovenia). Acta Carsologica, 40(2), 483-495.
• Korkanç, M. (2013). Deterioration of different stones used in historical buildings within Nigde province, Cappadocia. Construction and Building Materials, 48(), 789-803.
• Kottke, J., Matero, F. & Hinchman, J. (2011). Terrestrial Laser Scanning: Imaging, Quantifying, and Monitoring Microscale Surface Deterioration of Stone at Heritage Sites. Change Over Time. 1. 268-287.
• Küçükkaya, G (2004). Taşların bozulma nedenleri koruma yöntemleri. Birsen Yayınevi.
• Lee, C.H. & Yi, J.E. (2007). Kore Cumhuriyeti, Gyeongju'daki Bunhwangsa tapınak taş pagodasındaki kaya özelliklerinin ayrışma hasarı değerlendirmesi. Environ Geol, 52(), 1193– 205.
• Lee, C.H., Lee, M.S., Suh, S. & Choi, S.W. (2005). Weathering and deterioration of rock properties of the Dabotap pagoda (World Cultural Heritage). Environ Geol, 47(), 547–57.
• Lisci, M., Monte, M. & Pacini, E. (2003). Lichens and higher plants on stone: a review. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 51(), 1e17.
• Mardin Metropolitan Municipality (2022). Mardin Stone Mansion archive.
• Martinho, E., Dionísio, A., Almeida, F., Mendes, M, & Grangeia, C. (2014). Integrated geophysical approach for stone decay diagnosis in cultural heritage. Construction and Building Materials, 52(), 345–352.
• Moroni, B., Pitzurra, L. & Poli, G. (2004). Microbial growth and air pollutants in the corrosion of carbonate building stone: Results of laboratory and outdoor experimental tests. Environmental Geology, 46, 436–447.
• Normal 1/88 (1990). Alterazioni macroscopiche dei materiali lapidei: lessico, Macroscopic alteration of stone materials: glossary. Comas Graphica, Rome.
• Patil, S. M., Kasthurba, A. K. & Patil, M. V. (2021). Characterization and assessment of stone deterioration on heritage buildings. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 15(1)-173-184.
• Rothert, E., Eggers, T. & Cassar, J. (2007) Stone properties and weathering induced by salt crystallization of maltese globigerina limestone. In: Prikryl R, Smith B J (ed) Building stone decay: from diagnosis to conservation. Geological society, Special publications, London, 271, 189–198.
• Ruiz-Agudo, E., Mees, F., Jacobs, P. & Rodriguez-Navarro, C. (2007). The role of saline solution properties on porous limestone salt weathering by magnesium and sodium sulphates. Environ Geol. 52(), 269–81.
• Salonia, P. & Negri, A. (2003). Historical buildings and their decay: data recording, analysing and transferring in an ITC environment. Int. Arch. Photogrammetry. Remote. Sensing. 34 (Part 5), W12.
• Sanjurjo-S´anchez, J. & Alves, C. (2012). Decay effects of pollutants on stony materials in the built environment. Environ. Chem, Lett. 10 () 131–143.
• Scolastico, S. (2006). Innovative systems for 2D-3D documentation and conservation of Cultural Heritage. MIA Journal, (), 41–6.
• Scrivano, S. & Gaggero, L. (2020). An experimental investigation into the salt—weathering susceptibility of building limestones. Rock Mech Rock Eng., 53(12), 5329–43.
• Silva, B., Prieto, B., Rivas, T. & Pereira, L. (2010). Gypsum-induced decay in granite monuments in Northwestern Spain. Materiales de Construcción, 60 (297), 97e110.
• Siegesmund, S. & Snethlage, R. (2011). Stone in Architecture Volume 680, Characterisation of Stone Deterioration on Buildings. ISBN: 10.1007/978-3-642-14475-2.
• Topal, T. & Sözmen, B. (2003). Deterioration mechanisms of tuffs in Midas monument. Eng Geol, 68(), 201–23.
• Uchida, E., Ogawa, Y., Maeda, N. & Nakagawa, T. (1999). Deterioration of stone materials in the Angkor monuments. Eng Geol., 55(), 101–12.
• VDI, 3798 (1998). Untersuchung und Behandlung von immissionsgeschädigten Werkstoffen, insbesondere bei kulturhistorischen Objekten. Die Graphische Dokumentation. VDIRichtlinien, 1-27.
• Vergès-Belmin, V. (2008). Illustrated Glossary on Stone Deterioration Patterns = Glossaire illustré sur les formes d’altération de la pierre.
• Zakar, L. & Eyüpgiller, K. K. (2015). Protection techniques and methods of architectural restoration. ISBN: Ömür matbaacılık a.ş, Istanbul.
• Zarif, İ.H. & Gürpınar, O. (2012). İstanbul'daki tarihi anıt ve yapılarda kullanılan kireçtaşlarının kirlenme ve ayrışmasında etkin faktörler. İstanbul Yerbilimleri Dergisi, 12 (1).
• Webb, A. H., Bawden, R. J., Busby, A. K. & Hopkins, J. N. (1992). Studies on the effects of air pollution on limestone in Great Britain. Atmospheric Environment, 26(2), 165–181.