Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin Yüzüncü Yılında Kentleşme, Yenilenebilir Enerji ve Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar Arasındaki İlişki Üzerine Küresel Ampirik Bir Araştırma

Öz

1990-2020 döneminde seçilen farklı gelir gruplarına ait 39 ülkede doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar, kentleşme ve yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi arasındaki ilişkinin incelendiği bu çalışmada serilerin durağanlık analizi CIPS testi ile yapılmıştır. GMM yöntemine dayalı panel VAR modeli kurulduktan sonra değişkenler arasındaki etkileşimi ortaya çıkarmak için Dumitrescu-Hurlin nedensellik testi, varyans ayrıştırma yöntemi ve etki-tepki analizi yapılmıştır. Bulgular, doğrudan yabancı yatırımdan yenilenebilir enerji tüketimine ve yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminden kentleşmeye doğru tek yönlü bir nedenselliğin varlığını kanıtlamaktadır. Ayrıca, yenilenebilir enerjinin kentleşme üzerinde olumsuz, doğrudan yabancı yatırımların ise yenilenebilir enerji üzerinde olumlu etkisi olduğu tespit edildi. Ancak bu etkilerin oldukça düşük olduğu görülmektedir. Cumhuriyetin yüzüncü yılında ülkemizde de yapılacak olan benzer nitelikli bilimsel çalışmalar ülkemizin karar alıcı mercileri için politikalarını belirleme noktasında referans olacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi
• Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar
• Şehirleşme

A Global Empirical Research on the Relationship Between Urbanization, Renewable Energy and Foreign Direct Investments in the Centenary of the Republic of Turkiye

Abstract

The relationship between foreign direct investments, urbanization and renewable energy consumption is investigated in 39 countries belonging to different income groups selected in the 1990-2020 period. In the study, the CIPS test is used to determine the series' stationarity. After establishing the panel VAR model based on the GMM method, Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality test, variance decomposition method and impulse-response analysis were performed to reveal the interaction between the variables. The findings prove the existence of unidirectional causality running from foreign direct investment to renewable energy consumption and from renewable energy consumption to urbanization. In addition, it is determined that renewable energy has a negative effect on urbanization and foreign direct investments have a positive effect on renewable energy. However, these effects are observed to be quite low. Similar scientific studies to be conducted in our country on the centenary of the Republic will be a reference for our country's decision-making authorities in determining their policies.

Keywords

• Renewable Energy Consumption
• Foreign Direct Investments
• Urbanization

References

1. Akram, R., Chen, F., Khalid, F., Huang, G., & Irfan, M. (2021). Heterogeneous effects of energy efficiency and renewable energy on economic growth of BRICS countries: a fixed effect panel quantile regression analysis. Energy, 215, 119019.
2. Alam, M. M., & Murad, M. W. (2020). The impacts of economic growth, trade openness and technological progress on renewable energy use in organization for economic co-operation and development countries. Renewable Energy, 145, 382-390.
3. Arı, A. (2021). Renewable Energy and Foreign Direct Investment: The Case of Turkey, KMU Journal of Social and Economic Research, 23, 22-31
4. Başaran, U.A.R., & Bektaş, O., Güneri, E.,(2020) Pre-service Science Teacher’ Views Regarding Renewable Energy Sources, Manas Journal of Social Studies, 10, 828-850
5. Bellakhal, R., Kheder, S. B., & Haffoudhi, H. (2019). Governance and renewable energy investment in MENA countries: How does trade matter?. Energy Economics, 84, 104541.
6. British Petroleum, (Date of Access: 01.11.2021). https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html
7. Bui, Q., Wang, Z., Zhang, B., Le, H. P., & Vu, K. D. (2021). Revisiting the biomass energy-economic growth linkage of BRICS countries: A panel quantile regression with fixed effects approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 316, 128382.
8. Dumitrescu, E. I., & Hurlin, C. (2012). Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Economic modelling, 29(4), 1450-1460.

9. Elheddad, M., Alfar, A.J.K., Haloub, R., Sharma, N. and Gomes, P. (2022), "The impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on renewable and non-renewable energy in Bangladesh: does the global climate change emergencies required?", International Journal of Emergency Services, Vol. 11 No. 3, pp. 409-421. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJES-12-2021-0083
10. Han, J., Zeeshan, M., Ullah, I., Rehman, A., & Afridi, F. E. A. (2021). Trade Openness and Urbanization impact on Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption in China.
11. Holtz-Eakin, D., Newey, W., & Rosen, H. S. (1988). Estimating vector autoregressions with panel data. Econometrica: Journal of the econometric society, 1371-1395.
12. Islam, M. M., Irfan, M., Shahbaz, M., & Vo, X. V. (2022). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption in Bangladesh: The relative influencing profiles of economic factors, urbanization, physical infrastructure and institutional quality. Renewable Energy, 184, 1130-1149.
13. Kahia, M., Aïssa, M. S. B., & Charfeddine, L. (2016). Impact of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on economic growth: New evidence from the MENA Net Oil Exporting Countries (NOECs). Energy, 116, 102-115.
14. Kasperowicz, R., Bilan, Y., & Štreimikienė, D. (2020). The renewable energy and economic growth nexus in European countries. Sustainable Development, 28(5), 1086-1093.
15. Khan, A., Chenggang, Y., Hussain, J., & Kui, Z. (2021). Impact of technological innovation, financial development and foreign direct investment on renewable energy, non-renewable energy and the environment in belt & Road Initiative countries. Renewable Energy, 171, 479-491.
16. Khuong, P. M., McKenna, R., & Fichtner, W. (2019). Analyzing drivers of renewable energy development in Southeast Asia countries with correlation and decomposition methods. Journal of cleaner production, 213, 710-722.
17. Marton, C., & Hagert, M. (2017). The effects of FDI on renewable energy consumption.
18. Mielnik O. & Goldemberg J. (2022). Foreign direct investment and decoupling between energy and gross domestic product in developing countries. Energy Policy. Volume 30, Issue 2, January 2002, Pages 87-89
19. OECD, (Date of Access 27.04.2022). https://data.oecd.org/energy/renewable-energy.htm
20. MFA, (Date of Access 17.08.2023). www.mfa.gov.tr
21. Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross‐section dependence. Journal of applied econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
22. Qamruzzaman, M., & Jianguo, W. (2020). The asymmetric relationship between financial development, trade openness, foreign capital flows, and renewable energy consumption: Fresh evidence from panel NARDL investigation. Renewable Energy, 159, 827-842.
23. Shahbaz, M., Sinha, A., Raghutla, C., & Vo, X. V. (2022). Decomposing scale and technique effects of financial development and foreign direct investment on renewable energy consumption. Energy, 238, 121758.
24. Tan Y. & Uprasen U. (2022). The effect of foreign direct investment on renewable energy consumption subject to the moderating effect of environmental regulation: Evidence from the BRICS countries. Renewable Energy, Volume 201, Part 2, December 2022, Pages 135-149.
25. Wang, Q., Guo, J., & Dong, Z. (2021). The positive impact of official development assistance (ODA) on renewable energy development: Evidence from 34 Sub-Saharan Africa Countries. Sustainable Production and Consumption.
26. WorldBank, (Date of Access: 28.10.2021). https://databank.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG/1ff4a498/Popular-Indicators#
27. Zhou, A., & Li, J. (2022). How do trade liberalization and human capital affect renewable energy consumption? Evidence from the panel threshold model. Renewable Energy, 184, 332-342.