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Comparing Smart Country Experiences: The Cases of Estonia and Singapore

Year 2022, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 630 - 647, 15.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1063765

Abstract

In parallel with technological developments, cities have entered a rapid transformation process. With this transformation, the demands and expectations of the people living in the city have been constantly updated. There has been a significant change in the viewpoint of the managers on the policy making process, the relationship they establish with the citizens, the process of involving the stakeholders in the decision mechanisms and the way of service delivery. As a reflection of this change and transformation in cities, the concept of smart city has become a popular discussion topic in recent years. Estonia, which gained its independence in 1991, has achieved success both by using blockchain technology and by carrying out studies to create a digital citizen. Singapore, which is located in the southernmost part of the Asian continent and is poor in terms of natural resources but is now an important trade center in the world, has shown an exemplary digital transformation performance. In this respect, these two countries have been chosen as examples worth examining. Answers were sought to the questions of what kind of digital transformation Estonia and Singapore are going through and what practices that can inspire other cities in this transformation that took place in a short time. In Estonia, especially in Tallinn, projects have been carried out for the smart economy, smart mobility, smart environment, smart people, smart governance and smart life components of the smart city. Among Estonia's prominent smart and digital projects; contactless mobile payment, autonomous vehicle, 3D Urban Information Model, SmartEnCity Initiative, digital signature, mobile identity card, e-residence, DigiDoc, e-cabinet, e-law, e-tax, e-school, online voting, x- road data layer and Telliskivi Loomelinnak Transformation Project. Smart projects realized by Singapore are Lab on Wheels and SkillsFuture programs, HealthHub, OneService, SafeEntry, MyTransport.SG mobile apps, Auto Rider Autonomous Tool and 3D printing center. The main purpose of the study is to make a comparative evaluation on the projects developed by identifying smart or digital applications realized in Singapore and Estonia. In the study, the case study method, which is one of the qualitative research methods, was used.

References

  • Ahas, R., Mooses, V., Kamenjuk, P., & Tamm, R. (2019). Retrofitting Soviet-Era Apartment Buildings with ‘Smart City’Features: The H2020 SmartEnCity Project in Tartu, Estonia. Housing Estates in the Baltic Countries; Springer Science and Business Media LLC: Berlin, Germany, 357.
  • Arcadis, (2018). The Sustainable Cities Index, https://www.arcadis.com/campaigns/citizencentriccities/images/%7B1d5ae7e2-a348-4b6e-b1d7-6d94fa7d7567%7Dsustainable_cities_index_2018_arcadis.pdf.
  • Akande, A., Cabral, P., Gomes, P., & Casteleyn, S. (2019). The Lisbon Ranking for Smart Sustainable Cities in Europe. Sustainable cities and society, 44, 475-487.
  • Balticurbanlab.eu,(2021), Tallinn'deki Telliskivi Yaratıcı Kent, http://www.balticurbanlab.eu/goodpractices/telliskivi-creative-city-tallinn (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2021).
  • Bhati, A., Hansen, M., & Chan, C. M. (2017). Energy conservation through smart homes in a smart city: A lesson for Singapore households. Energy Policy, 104, 230-239.
  • Bootcamp.uxdesign.cc, (2022), Case study: Redesigning MyTransport.sg, https://bootcamp.uxdesign.cc/redesigning-mytransport-sg-a-ui-ux-case-study-50d623273e14, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2022).
  • Das, D., & Zhang, J. J. (2021). Pandemic in a smart city: Singapore’s COVID-19 management through technology & society. Urban Geography, 42(3), 408-416.
  • Dünya Bankası, (2019), Singapore economy, https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/singapore/overview#1, (Erişim Tarihi: 11.12.2021).
  • Dünya Bankası, (2021). Gayrisafi Yurtiçi Hasılası Verileri, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?end=2020&locations=SG-EE&start=1995&view=chart, (Erişim Tarihi: 24.11.2021).
  • Dünya Bankası, (2022a). Nüfus Veriler, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL (Erişim Tarihi: 12.04.2021).
  • Dünya Bankası, (2022b). Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV.CD.WD?locations=EE-SG (Erişim Tarihi: 12.04.2021).
  • EasyPark, (2021). The Cities of the Future Index EasyPark, https://easyparkgroup.com/studies/cities-of-the-future/en/.
  • European Commission, 2020, European Capitals of Innovation 2016-2019, European Commission, DG Research and Innovation, Luxembourg, doi:10.2777/442734.
  • Estonia.ee, (2021), Estonya Akıllı Kenti, https://estonia.ee/ (Erişim Tarihi: 02.12.2021). E-resident.gov.ee, (2020), Estonya Çipli İkamet Kartı, https://www.e-resident.gov.ee/blog/posts/temporary-pick-up-points-for-e-residency-digital-id-in-barcelona-munich-istanbul (Erişim Tarihi: 09.12.2021).
  • Gemma, S. ve Bulderberga, Z., (2017). Smart Specialization Strategy In Latvia, Estonia And iıthuania, Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference “Economic Science For Rural Development” No 45 Jelgava, LLU ESAF, 27-28 April 2017, pp. 71-78.
  • Giffinger, R., Fertner, C., Kramar, H., & Meijers, E. (2007).City-Ranking of European Medium-Sized Cities. http://www.smart-cities.eu/download/city_ranking_final.pdf.
  • Goede, M. (2019). E-Estonia: The e-government cases of Estonia, Singapore, and Curaҫao. Archives of Business Research, 7(2), 216-227.
  • Government Technology Agency. (2021), OneService app, https://www.tech.gov.sg/media/technews/developing-the-one-service-chatbot, (Erişim Tarihi: 09.12.2021). Fabulos.eu, (2021), Fabulos Projesi, https://www.fabulos.eu/ (Erişim Tarihi: 02.12.2021).
  • HealthHub, (2022), HealthHub Services, https://www.healthhub.sg/HealtheServices, (Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2022).
  • Hoe, S. L. (2016). Defining a smart nation: the case of Singapore. Journal of information, Communication and Ethics in Society.
  • IESE. (2020). Cities in Motion Index, https://media.iese.edu/research/pdfs/ST-0542-E.pdf.
  • IMD, (2021). IMD Smart City Index, https://www.imd.org/smart-city-observatory/home/. Infocomm Media Development Authority, (2022), Lab on Wheels Programme, https://www.imda.gov.sg/programme-listing/lab-on-wheels-programme, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2022).
  • Investinestonia.com, (2021), Kuzey Avrupa'nın Bilgi ve Dijital İş Merkezi, https://investinestonia.com/ (Erişim Tarihi: 12.12.2021).
  • Joo, Y. M. (2021). Developmentalist smart cities? the cases of Singapore and Seoul. International Journal of Urban Sciences, 1-19.
  • Juniper Research, (2018). The Top 20 Smart Cities Globally, https://www.disruptive-technologies.com/blog/the-top-20-sustainable-smart-cities-in-the-world.
  • Kar, A.K., Ilavarasan, V., Gupta, M.P. et al. (2019). Moving beyond Smart Cities: Digital Nations for Social Innovation & Sustainability. Inf Syst Front 21, 495–501. Kristjan V., 2017. Estonian e-Government Ecosystem: Foundation, Applications, Outcomes. Retrieved from: http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/ 165711456838073531/WDR16-BP-Estonian-eGov-ecosystem-Vassil.pdf.
  • Land Transport Authority, (2022), Autonomous Vehicles, https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/industry_innovations/technologies/autonomous_vehicles.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 04.01.2022).
  • Lee, O. L., Im Tay, R., Too, S. T., & Gorod, A. (2019). A Smart City transportation System of Systems Governance Framework: A Case Study of Singapore. In 2019 14th Annual Conference System of Systems Engineering (SoSE) (pp. 37-42). IEEE.
  • Majeed, U., Khan, L. U., Yaqoob, I., Kazmi, S. A., Salah, K., & Hong, C. S. (2021). Blockchain for IoT-based smart cities: Recent advances, requirements, and future challenges. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 103007. Martinson, P. (2019). Estonia–the Digital Republic Secured by Blockchain. Pricewaterhouse Coopers: London, UK, 1-12.
  • Nanyang Teknoloji Üniversitesi, (2022), 3 D Print Center, https://www.ntu.edu.sg/sc3dp, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.01.2022).
  • Rivera, R., Robledo, J. G., Larios, V. M., & Avalos, J. M. (2017). How digital identity on blockchain can contribute in a smart city environment. In 2017 International smart cities conference (ISC2) (pp. 1-4). IEEE.
  • Sai, A., & Boadi, P. O. (2017). A Bundled Approach to Explaining Technological Change: The Case of e-Estonia. European Journal of Business and Management, 9, 1-17.
  • Sai, A. (2018). An Exploratory Study of Innovation Adoption in Estonia. Open Journal of Business and Management, 6, 857-889. doi: 10.4236/ojbm.2018.64064.
  • Siemens, (2020). European Green City Index, https://assets.new.siemens.com/siemens/assets/api/uuid:fddc99e7-5907-49aa-92c4-610c0801659e/european-green-city-index.pdf.
  • SkillsFuture Singapore, (2022), SkillsFuture Programme, https://www.skillsfuture.gov.sg/AboutSkillsFuture, (Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2022).
  • Smartcityhub.com, (2017), Estonya Nasıl Dünyanın En Dijital Ülkesi Oldu?,https://smartcityhub.com/governance-economy/how-estonia-became-the-most-digital-country-in-the-world/ (Erişim Tarihi: 02.10.2021).
  • Smartcitylab.eu, (2021), Estonya Akıllı Kent Kümesi, http://smartcitylab.eu/ (Erişim Tarihi: 22.12.2021).
  • Smartencity.eu, (2021), Avrupa'da Akıllı Sıfır CO2 Kentlerine Doğru, https://smartencity.eu/ (Erişim Tarihi: 11.12.2021).
  • Smart Nation, (2022a), Digital Government Services, https://www.smartnation.gov.sg/initiatives/digital-government-services, Erişim Tarihi: 20.01.2022.
  • Smart Nation, (2022b), OneService, https://www.smartnation.gov.sg/initiatives/urban-living/oneservice-app, (Erişim Tarihi: 26.01.2022).
  • Straitstimes.com, (2021), Malls in Singapore roll out SafeEntry Gateway boxes for checking out, https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/malls-roll-out-safeentry-gateway-boxes-for-checking-out (Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2022).
  • Şenol, P. ve Kemeç, A. (2018). Enformasyon Çağı–Zaman–Mekân İlişkisi Bağlamında Bölgesel Kalkınma Kuram ve Süreçleri. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(1), 108-124.
  • Telliskivi.cc, (2021), Telliskivi Yaratıcı Kent, https://telliskivi.cc/en (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2021).
  • The Mori Memorial Foundation, (2021). Global Power City Index, https://mori-m-foundation.or.jp/pdf/GPCI2021_summary.pdf.
  • TOP 50 Smart City Government, (2020). TOP 50 Smart City Government, https://www.smartcitygovt.com/202021-publication.
  • Valdmaa, K., Pugh, R., & Müür, J. (2021). Challenges with strategic placed-based innovation policy: implementation of smart specialization in Estonia and Wales. European Planning Studies, 29(4), 681-698. 2thinknow, (2021). Innovation Cities™ Index, https://www.innovation-cities.com/worlds-most-innovative-cities-2021-top-100/25477/.

Akıllı Ülke Deneyimlerinin Karşılaştırılması: Estonya ve Singapur Örnekleri

Year 2022, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 630 - 647, 15.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1063765

Abstract

Teknolojik gelişmelere paralel olarak kentler hızlı bir dönüşüm sürecine girmiştir. Bu dönüşümle birlikte, kentte yaşayanların talepleri ve beklentileri de sürekli güncellenmiştir. Yöneticilerin, politika üretim sürecine bakış açısı, vatandaşlar ile kurduğu ilişki, paydaşları karar mekanizmalarına katma süreci ve hizmet sunum biçimi değişimlerden bazılarıdır. Kentlerde yaşanan bu değişim ve dönüşümün yansıması olarak akıllı kent kavramı son yıllarda popüler tartışma konusu haline gelmiştir. Bağımsızlığını 1991 yılında kazanan Estonya, gerek blok zincir teknolojisini kullanarak gerekse dijital vatandaşı oluşturmaya yönelik çalışmalar yürüterek başarı sağlamıştır. Asya kıtasının en güneyinde yer alan, doğal kaynaklar yönünden fakir olan ancak günümüzde dünyanın önemli ticaret merkezi konumunda bulunan Singapur örnek bir dijital dönüşüm performansı sergilemiştir. Bu yönüyle bu iki ülke incelemeye değer örnek olarak seçilmiştir. Estonya’nın ve Singapur’un nasıl bir dijital dönüşüm yaşadığı ve kısa sürede gerçekleşen bu dönüşümde, diğer kentlere ilham olabilecek uygulamaların neler olduğu sorularına yanıtlar aranmıştır. Estonya’da, özelikle Tallinn kentinde, akıllı kentin akıllı ekonomi, akıllı hareketlilik, akıllı çevre, akıllı insan, akıllı yönetişim ve akıllı yaşam bileşenlerine yönelik olarak projeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Estonya’nın öne çıkan akıllı ve dijital projeleri arasında; temassız mobil ödeme, otonom araç, Üç Boyutlu Kentsel Bilgi Modeli, SmartEnCity Girişimi, dijital imza, mobil kimlik kartı, e-ikamet, DigiDoc, e-kabine, e-kanun, e-vergi, e-okul, çevrimiçi oylama, x-road veri katmanı ve Telliskivi Loomelinnak Dönüşüm Projesi yer almaktadır. Singapur’un gerçekleştirdiği akıllı projeler ise; Lab on Wheels ve SkillsFuture programları, HealthHub, OneService, SafeEntry, MyTransport.SG mobil uygulamaları, Auto Rider Otonom Aracı ve üç boyutlu baskı merkezidir. Çalışmanın temel amacı, Singapur ve Estonya’da gerçekleştirilen akıllı veya dijital uygulamaları saptayarak geliştirilen projeler üzerinden karşılaştırmalı değerlendirme yapmaktır. Çalışmada, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden biri olan örnek durum incelemesi yöntemi kullanılmıştır.

References

  • Ahas, R., Mooses, V., Kamenjuk, P., & Tamm, R. (2019). Retrofitting Soviet-Era Apartment Buildings with ‘Smart City’Features: The H2020 SmartEnCity Project in Tartu, Estonia. Housing Estates in the Baltic Countries; Springer Science and Business Media LLC: Berlin, Germany, 357.
  • Arcadis, (2018). The Sustainable Cities Index, https://www.arcadis.com/campaigns/citizencentriccities/images/%7B1d5ae7e2-a348-4b6e-b1d7-6d94fa7d7567%7Dsustainable_cities_index_2018_arcadis.pdf.
  • Akande, A., Cabral, P., Gomes, P., & Casteleyn, S. (2019). The Lisbon Ranking for Smart Sustainable Cities in Europe. Sustainable cities and society, 44, 475-487.
  • Balticurbanlab.eu,(2021), Tallinn'deki Telliskivi Yaratıcı Kent, http://www.balticurbanlab.eu/goodpractices/telliskivi-creative-city-tallinn (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2021).
  • Bhati, A., Hansen, M., & Chan, C. M. (2017). Energy conservation through smart homes in a smart city: A lesson for Singapore households. Energy Policy, 104, 230-239.
  • Bootcamp.uxdesign.cc, (2022), Case study: Redesigning MyTransport.sg, https://bootcamp.uxdesign.cc/redesigning-mytransport-sg-a-ui-ux-case-study-50d623273e14, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2022).
  • Das, D., & Zhang, J. J. (2021). Pandemic in a smart city: Singapore’s COVID-19 management through technology & society. Urban Geography, 42(3), 408-416.
  • Dünya Bankası, (2019), Singapore economy, https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/singapore/overview#1, (Erişim Tarihi: 11.12.2021).
  • Dünya Bankası, (2021). Gayrisafi Yurtiçi Hasılası Verileri, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?end=2020&locations=SG-EE&start=1995&view=chart, (Erişim Tarihi: 24.11.2021).
  • Dünya Bankası, (2022a). Nüfus Veriler, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL (Erişim Tarihi: 12.04.2021).
  • Dünya Bankası, (2022b). Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV.CD.WD?locations=EE-SG (Erişim Tarihi: 12.04.2021).
  • EasyPark, (2021). The Cities of the Future Index EasyPark, https://easyparkgroup.com/studies/cities-of-the-future/en/.
  • European Commission, 2020, European Capitals of Innovation 2016-2019, European Commission, DG Research and Innovation, Luxembourg, doi:10.2777/442734.
  • Estonia.ee, (2021), Estonya Akıllı Kenti, https://estonia.ee/ (Erişim Tarihi: 02.12.2021). E-resident.gov.ee, (2020), Estonya Çipli İkamet Kartı, https://www.e-resident.gov.ee/blog/posts/temporary-pick-up-points-for-e-residency-digital-id-in-barcelona-munich-istanbul (Erişim Tarihi: 09.12.2021).
  • Gemma, S. ve Bulderberga, Z., (2017). Smart Specialization Strategy In Latvia, Estonia And iıthuania, Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference “Economic Science For Rural Development” No 45 Jelgava, LLU ESAF, 27-28 April 2017, pp. 71-78.
  • Giffinger, R., Fertner, C., Kramar, H., & Meijers, E. (2007).City-Ranking of European Medium-Sized Cities. http://www.smart-cities.eu/download/city_ranking_final.pdf.
  • Goede, M. (2019). E-Estonia: The e-government cases of Estonia, Singapore, and Curaҫao. Archives of Business Research, 7(2), 216-227.
  • Government Technology Agency. (2021), OneService app, https://www.tech.gov.sg/media/technews/developing-the-one-service-chatbot, (Erişim Tarihi: 09.12.2021). Fabulos.eu, (2021), Fabulos Projesi, https://www.fabulos.eu/ (Erişim Tarihi: 02.12.2021).
  • HealthHub, (2022), HealthHub Services, https://www.healthhub.sg/HealtheServices, (Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2022).
  • Hoe, S. L. (2016). Defining a smart nation: the case of Singapore. Journal of information, Communication and Ethics in Society.
  • IESE. (2020). Cities in Motion Index, https://media.iese.edu/research/pdfs/ST-0542-E.pdf.
  • IMD, (2021). IMD Smart City Index, https://www.imd.org/smart-city-observatory/home/. Infocomm Media Development Authority, (2022), Lab on Wheels Programme, https://www.imda.gov.sg/programme-listing/lab-on-wheels-programme, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2022).
  • Investinestonia.com, (2021), Kuzey Avrupa'nın Bilgi ve Dijital İş Merkezi, https://investinestonia.com/ (Erişim Tarihi: 12.12.2021).
  • Joo, Y. M. (2021). Developmentalist smart cities? the cases of Singapore and Seoul. International Journal of Urban Sciences, 1-19.
  • Juniper Research, (2018). The Top 20 Smart Cities Globally, https://www.disruptive-technologies.com/blog/the-top-20-sustainable-smart-cities-in-the-world.
  • Kar, A.K., Ilavarasan, V., Gupta, M.P. et al. (2019). Moving beyond Smart Cities: Digital Nations for Social Innovation & Sustainability. Inf Syst Front 21, 495–501. Kristjan V., 2017. Estonian e-Government Ecosystem: Foundation, Applications, Outcomes. Retrieved from: http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/ 165711456838073531/WDR16-BP-Estonian-eGov-ecosystem-Vassil.pdf.
  • Land Transport Authority, (2022), Autonomous Vehicles, https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/industry_innovations/technologies/autonomous_vehicles.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 04.01.2022).
  • Lee, O. L., Im Tay, R., Too, S. T., & Gorod, A. (2019). A Smart City transportation System of Systems Governance Framework: A Case Study of Singapore. In 2019 14th Annual Conference System of Systems Engineering (SoSE) (pp. 37-42). IEEE.
  • Majeed, U., Khan, L. U., Yaqoob, I., Kazmi, S. A., Salah, K., & Hong, C. S. (2021). Blockchain for IoT-based smart cities: Recent advances, requirements, and future challenges. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 103007. Martinson, P. (2019). Estonia–the Digital Republic Secured by Blockchain. Pricewaterhouse Coopers: London, UK, 1-12.
  • Nanyang Teknoloji Üniversitesi, (2022), 3 D Print Center, https://www.ntu.edu.sg/sc3dp, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.01.2022).
  • Rivera, R., Robledo, J. G., Larios, V. M., & Avalos, J. M. (2017). How digital identity on blockchain can contribute in a smart city environment. In 2017 International smart cities conference (ISC2) (pp. 1-4). IEEE.
  • Sai, A., & Boadi, P. O. (2017). A Bundled Approach to Explaining Technological Change: The Case of e-Estonia. European Journal of Business and Management, 9, 1-17.
  • Sai, A. (2018). An Exploratory Study of Innovation Adoption in Estonia. Open Journal of Business and Management, 6, 857-889. doi: 10.4236/ojbm.2018.64064.
  • Siemens, (2020). European Green City Index, https://assets.new.siemens.com/siemens/assets/api/uuid:fddc99e7-5907-49aa-92c4-610c0801659e/european-green-city-index.pdf.
  • SkillsFuture Singapore, (2022), SkillsFuture Programme, https://www.skillsfuture.gov.sg/AboutSkillsFuture, (Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2022).
  • Smartcityhub.com, (2017), Estonya Nasıl Dünyanın En Dijital Ülkesi Oldu?,https://smartcityhub.com/governance-economy/how-estonia-became-the-most-digital-country-in-the-world/ (Erişim Tarihi: 02.10.2021).
  • Smartcitylab.eu, (2021), Estonya Akıllı Kent Kümesi, http://smartcitylab.eu/ (Erişim Tarihi: 22.12.2021).
  • Smartencity.eu, (2021), Avrupa'da Akıllı Sıfır CO2 Kentlerine Doğru, https://smartencity.eu/ (Erişim Tarihi: 11.12.2021).
  • Smart Nation, (2022a), Digital Government Services, https://www.smartnation.gov.sg/initiatives/digital-government-services, Erişim Tarihi: 20.01.2022.
  • Smart Nation, (2022b), OneService, https://www.smartnation.gov.sg/initiatives/urban-living/oneservice-app, (Erişim Tarihi: 26.01.2022).
  • Straitstimes.com, (2021), Malls in Singapore roll out SafeEntry Gateway boxes for checking out, https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/malls-roll-out-safeentry-gateway-boxes-for-checking-out (Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2022).
  • Şenol, P. ve Kemeç, A. (2018). Enformasyon Çağı–Zaman–Mekân İlişkisi Bağlamında Bölgesel Kalkınma Kuram ve Süreçleri. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(1), 108-124.
  • Telliskivi.cc, (2021), Telliskivi Yaratıcı Kent, https://telliskivi.cc/en (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2021).
  • The Mori Memorial Foundation, (2021). Global Power City Index, https://mori-m-foundation.or.jp/pdf/GPCI2021_summary.pdf.
  • TOP 50 Smart City Government, (2020). TOP 50 Smart City Government, https://www.smartcitygovt.com/202021-publication.
  • Valdmaa, K., Pugh, R., & Müür, J. (2021). Challenges with strategic placed-based innovation policy: implementation of smart specialization in Estonia and Wales. European Planning Studies, 29(4), 681-698. 2thinknow, (2021). Innovation Cities™ Index, https://www.innovation-cities.com/worlds-most-innovative-cities-2021-top-100/25477/.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Urban Policy
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Abidin Kemeç 0000-0001-9395-4118

Publication Date June 15, 2022
Submission Date January 27, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 15 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Kemeç, A. (2022). Akıllı Ülke Deneyimlerinin Karşılaştırılması: Estonya ve Singapur Örnekleri. Kent Akademisi, 15(2), 630-647. https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1063765

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