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Comparative Analysis of the Relationship Between Democracy and Digitalization

Year 2025, Volume: 18 Issue: 3, 1692 - 1711
https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1551735

Abstract

Technology, which is the product of the struggles of human beings with their survival instinct, is used for different purposes in different historical phases. It is developed, updated and shaped according to the purposes of the people or structures that use it. On the one hand, it plays an important role in shaping the relations and practices of individuals with themselves, each other, the outside world, their future and their past, while on the other hand, it has an impact on the political, cultural, social, economic structures and collective memory of society. Digitalization, the most prominent expression of today's technology, is easily adopted by large masses and disrupts long-standing habits and life practices at the individual and social level. Digitalization affects, changes and transforms many areas from the individual's way of thinking and behavior to the different structures of the social system. The study aims to reveal to what extent and in what direction global digitalization contributes to the democratization processes of countries. In the research, a two-stage method, namely literature review and comparative analysis, was preferred. After reviewing the literature on democracy, digitalization and technological paradigms, the data selected as a sample from statistical data such as the democracy index of countries published by Freedom House and The Economist Intelligence Unit from 2006 to 2023 and the digitalization reports of countries published by Archive and Wearesocial within the said time period were analyzed by comparative method. Data were collected manually from the websites of Freedom House, The Economist Intelligence Unit, Wearesocial and Archive. The collected data were coded, compiled and classified in tables developed in accordance with the purpose of the study. Comparative interpretations, inferences and analyses were made on the graphs created. As a result of the research, an inversely proportional relationship was found between data on digitalization and data on democratization. As the rate of digitalization increases, the rate of democratization of countries slows down and authoritarianism accelerates.

References

  • Aydın, K., & Hanağası, U. B. (2017). Sosyoloji ve siyasal araştırmalarda karşılaştırmalı yöntem. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 33(1), 57-86.
  • Barth, T. D., & Schlegelmilch, W. (2014). Cyber democracy: The future of democracy? NY Publisher.
  • Beriş, H. E. (2006). Teoride ve pratikte demokrasi: Tarihsel ve siyasal gelişim. Lotus Yayınları.
  • Castells, M. (2004). The network society: A cross-cultural perspective. Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Castells, M. (2016). İletişim gücü (E. Kılıç, Çev.). İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Castells, M., & Cardoso, G. (2005). The network society: From knowledge to policy. Johns Hopkins Center for Transatlantic Relations.
  • Coleman, S., & Norris, D. F. (2005). A new agenda for E-democracy. Oxford Internet Institute.
  • Deibert, R. (2021). Reset: Reclaiming the internet for civil society. September Publishing.
  • Demir, N. (2010). Demokrasinin temel ilkeleri ve modern demokrasi kuramları. Ege Akademik Bakış, 10(2), 597-611.
  • Fidan, A. (2024). Digital Transformation in Public Administration: Theory and Practices. Chapter 4: Intranet Systems and Big-Data Integration – DERBIS Example in the Public Digital Transformation Process. In S. Gabriel & N. Huilleret (Eds.), Joint research on digitalization in management (pp. 35–50). Nova Science Publishers.
  • Feldstein, S. (2021). The rise of digital repression: How technology is reshaping power, politics, and resistance. Oxford University Press.
  • Freedom House. (2024). Freedom in the world [Veri]. Freedom House. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world#Data (Erişim Tarihi: 13.08.2024).
  • Fry, H. (2018). Hello world: Being human in the age of algorithms. W.W. Norton Company.
  • Internet Archive. (2024). Archive. https://archive.org (Erişim Tarihi: 16.08.2024).
  • Kaczmarczyk, A. (2010). Cyberdemocracy: Change of democratic paradigm in the 21st century. House Inc.
  • Khalil, L. (2020). Digital authoritarianism, China and Covid. The Lowy Institute. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/digital-authoritarianism-china-and-covid (Erişim Tarihi: 16.08.2024)
  • MacKinnon, R. (2012). Consent of the networked: The worldwide struggle for internet freedom. Basic Books.
  • Mozur, P. (2019). One month, 500,000 face scans: How China is using AI to profile a minority. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/15/technology/china-surveillance-xinjiang.html (Erişim Tarihi: 19.08.2024).
  • Neuman, W. L. (2006). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Allyn & Bacon.
  • Noble, S. (2018). Algorithms of oppression. New York University Press.
  • Oğuz, M. C. (2018). Şebekeleşmiş otoriteryanizm ya da otoriter rejimlerin siber alanla ilişkisi: Rusya ve Çin üzerine bir literatür incelemesi. Türkiye İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, (31), 103-120.
  • Schlaepfer, R. (2015). Industry 4.0: Challenges and solutions for the digital transformation and use of exponential technologies. Deloitte.
  • Schmidt, A. G. (2002). Demokrasi kuramlarına giriş (M. Köktaş, Çev.). Vadi Yayınları.
  • Schumacher, A. (2016, Kasım). Automation, digitization, and digitalization and their implications for manufacturing processes. Paper presented at the Innovation and Sustainability Scientific Conference, Bucharest.
  • Selçuk, S. (1999). Demokrasiye doğru. Yeni Türkiye Yayınları.
  • Shambaugh, D. (2016). China’s future. Polity Press.
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  • The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2011). Democracy index 2011 [PDF]. The Economist Intelligence Unit. https://www.eiu.com/public/thankyou_download.aspx?activity=download&campaignid=DemocracyIndex2011 (Erişim Tarihi: 18.08.2024).
  • The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2012). Democracy index [PDF]. The Economist Intelligence Unit. https://www.eiu.com/public/thankyou_download.aspx?activity=download&campaignid=DemocracyIndex12 (Erişim Tarihi: 14.08.2024).
  • The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2013). Democracy index [PDF]. The Economist Intelligence Unit. https://www.eiu.com/public/thankyou_download.aspx?activity=download&campaignid=Democracy0814 (Erişim Tarihi: 13.08.2024).
  • The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2014). Democracy index [PDF]. The Economist Intelligence Unit. https://www.eiu.com/public/thankyou_download.aspx?activity=download&campaignid=Democracy0115 (Erişim Tarihi: 14.08.2024).
  • The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2015). Democracy index 2015 [PDF]. The Economist Intelligence Unit. https://www.eiu.com/Handlers/WhitepaperHandler.ashx?fi=EIU-Democracy-Index-2015.pdf&mode=wp&campaignid=DemocracyIndex2015 (Erişim Tarihi: 15.08.2024).
  • The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2016). Democracy index 2016 [PDF]. The Economist Intelligence Unit. https://www.eiu.com/Handlers/WhitepaperHandler.ashx?fi=Democracy-Index-2016.pdf&mode=wp&campaignid=DemocracyIndex2016 (Erişim Tarihi: 15.08.2024).
  • The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2017). Democracy index 2017: Free speech under attack. The Economist Intelligence Unit. https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2017-free-speech-under-attack/ (Erişim Tarihi: 15.08.2024).
  • The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2018). Democracy index 2018. The Economist Intelligence Unit. https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2018/ (Erişim Tarihi: 20.08.2024).
  • The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2019). Democracy index 2019. The Economist Intelligence Unit. https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2019/ (Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2024).
  • The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2020). Democracy Index 2020 download success. The Economist Intelligence Unit. https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020-download-success (Erişim Tarihi: 16.08.2024).
  • The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2021). EIU democracy index 2021. The Economist Intelligence Unit. https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/eiu-democracy-index 2021.pdf?mkt_tok=NzUzLVJJUS00MzgAAAGVKTEdI4XLy4sRv9QDlwHIXp3rIibRBIJ9DGL-D9lHfxMLUaqUYWuyfx21mwM1uZPKPBooCDxq9ja5VyxzuxVss-j-1vJ7kTc7fdZFItzhg6Zj9w (Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2024).
  • The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2023). Democracy index: Final version report. https://web.archive.org/web/20230330123307/https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/DI-final-version-report.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 16.08.2024).
  • The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2024). The Economist Intelligence Unit. https://www.eiu.com/n/ (Erişim Tarihi: 15.08.2024).
  • The Economist. (2007). Democracy index: The economists' democracy index 2007. The Economist. https://www.economist.com/media/pdf/DEMOCRACY_TABLE_2007_v3.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 15.08.2024).
  • Törenli, N. (2005). Bilişim teknolojileri temelinde haber medyasının yeniden biçimlenişi: Yeni medya, yeni iletişim ortamı. Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Vogelsang, M. (2010). Digitalization in open economies. Physica-Verlag.
  • We Are Social. (2024). We Are Social. https://wearesocial.com (Erişim Tarihi: 16.08.2024).
  • Yankın, F. B. (2019). Dijital dönüşüm sürecinde çalışma yaşamı. Trakya Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi E-Dergi, 7(2), 1-38.

Demokrasi ve Dijitalleşme Arasındaki İlişkinin Karşılaştırmalı Analizi

Year 2025, Volume: 18 Issue: 3, 1692 - 1711
https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1551735

Abstract

İnsanoğlunun hayatta kalma içgüdüsüyle giriştiği mücadelelerinin mahsulü olan teknoloji farklı tarihsel evrelerde farklı amaçlarla kullanılmaktadır. Kullanan insan ya da yapının amaçlarına göre geliştirilip güncellenmekte ve biçimlenmektedir. Bir yandan bireylerin kendisiyle, birbirleriyle, dış dünyayla, gelecek ve geçmişleriyle ilgili ilişkilerinin ve pratiklerinin şekillenmesinde önemli rol oynarken, diğer yandan toplumun siyasal, kültürel, sosyal, ekonomik yapıları ve ortak hafızası üzerinde etkili olmaktadır. Günümüz teknolojisinin en belirgin ifadesi olan dijitalleşme geniş kitleler tarafından kolayca benimsenmekte, bireysel ve toplumsal boyutta uzun süredir devam eden alışkanlıkları ve yaşam pratiklerini altüst etmektedir. Dijitalleşme bireyin düşünce ve davranış biçimlerinden tutalım toplumsal sistemin farklı yapılarına kadar birçok alanı etkilemekte, değiştirmekte ve dönüştürmektedir. Çalışmada, küresel dijitalleşmenin ülkelerin demokratikleşme süreçlerine ne oranda ve ne yönde katkıda bulunduklarını ortaya koymak amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada literatür taraması ve karşılaştırmalı analiz olmak üzere iki aşamalı yöntem yeğlenmiştir. Demokrasi, dijitalleşme ve teknolojik paradigmalara ilişkin literatüre yer verildikten sonra Freedom House ve The Economist Intelligence Unit’in 2006 yılından 2023 yılına kadar yayınladığı ülkelerin demokrasi endeksi ile söz konusu zaman dilimi içerisinde Archive ve Wearesocial’in yayınladığı ülkelerin dijitalleşme raporları vb. istatistiksel verilerden örneklem olarak seçilen veriler karşılaştırmalı yöntemle analiz edilmiştir. Veriler Freedom House, The Economist Intelligence Unit, Wearesocial ve Archive’in internet sitelerinden manuel olarak toplanmıştır. Toplanan veriler, araştırmanın amacına uygun olarak geliştirilen tablolarda kodlanmış, derlenmiş ve sınıflandırılmıştır. Oluşturulan grafikler üzerinden karşılaştırmalı yorum, çıkarım ve analizler yapılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde Microsoft Excel programı kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda dijitalleşmeyle ilgili verilerle demokratikleşmeye ilişkin veriler arasında ters orantılı bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Dijitalleşme oranı yükseldikçe ülkelerin demokratikleşme hızı yavaşlamakta ve otoriterleşmesi hızlanmakta olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır.

References

  • Aydın, K., & Hanağası, U. B. (2017). Sosyoloji ve siyasal araştırmalarda karşılaştırmalı yöntem. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 33(1), 57-86.
  • Barth, T. D., & Schlegelmilch, W. (2014). Cyber democracy: The future of democracy? NY Publisher.
  • Beriş, H. E. (2006). Teoride ve pratikte demokrasi: Tarihsel ve siyasal gelişim. Lotus Yayınları.
  • Castells, M. (2004). The network society: A cross-cultural perspective. Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Castells, M. (2016). İletişim gücü (E. Kılıç, Çev.). İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Castells, M., & Cardoso, G. (2005). The network society: From knowledge to policy. Johns Hopkins Center for Transatlantic Relations.
  • Coleman, S., & Norris, D. F. (2005). A new agenda for E-democracy. Oxford Internet Institute.
  • Deibert, R. (2021). Reset: Reclaiming the internet for civil society. September Publishing.
  • Demir, N. (2010). Demokrasinin temel ilkeleri ve modern demokrasi kuramları. Ege Akademik Bakış, 10(2), 597-611.
  • Fidan, A. (2024). Digital Transformation in Public Administration: Theory and Practices. Chapter 4: Intranet Systems and Big-Data Integration – DERBIS Example in the Public Digital Transformation Process. In S. Gabriel & N. Huilleret (Eds.), Joint research on digitalization in management (pp. 35–50). Nova Science Publishers.
  • Feldstein, S. (2021). The rise of digital repression: How technology is reshaping power, politics, and resistance. Oxford University Press.
  • Freedom House. (2024). Freedom in the world [Veri]. Freedom House. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world#Data (Erişim Tarihi: 13.08.2024).
  • Fry, H. (2018). Hello world: Being human in the age of algorithms. W.W. Norton Company.
  • Internet Archive. (2024). Archive. https://archive.org (Erişim Tarihi: 16.08.2024).
  • Kaczmarczyk, A. (2010). Cyberdemocracy: Change of democratic paradigm in the 21st century. House Inc.
  • Khalil, L. (2020). Digital authoritarianism, China and Covid. The Lowy Institute. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/digital-authoritarianism-china-and-covid (Erişim Tarihi: 16.08.2024)
  • MacKinnon, R. (2012). Consent of the networked: The worldwide struggle for internet freedom. Basic Books.
  • Mozur, P. (2019). One month, 500,000 face scans: How China is using AI to profile a minority. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/15/technology/china-surveillance-xinjiang.html (Erişim Tarihi: 19.08.2024).
  • Neuman, W. L. (2006). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Allyn & Bacon.
  • Noble, S. (2018). Algorithms of oppression. New York University Press.
  • Oğuz, M. C. (2018). Şebekeleşmiş otoriteryanizm ya da otoriter rejimlerin siber alanla ilişkisi: Rusya ve Çin üzerine bir literatür incelemesi. Türkiye İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, (31), 103-120.
  • Schlaepfer, R. (2015). Industry 4.0: Challenges and solutions for the digital transformation and use of exponential technologies. Deloitte.
  • Schmidt, A. G. (2002). Demokrasi kuramlarına giriş (M. Köktaş, Çev.). Vadi Yayınları.
  • Schumacher, A. (2016, Kasım). Automation, digitization, and digitalization and their implications for manufacturing processes. Paper presented at the Innovation and Sustainability Scientific Conference, Bucharest.
  • Selçuk, S. (1999). Demokrasiye doğru. Yeni Türkiye Yayınları.
  • Shambaugh, D. (2016). China’s future. Polity Press.
  • Thakur, M. K. (2010). Cyberdemocracy and E-citizen. Medhashri Publications.
  • The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2007). Democracy index 2007 [PDF]. The Economist Intelligence Unit. https://www.economist.com/media/pdf/democracy_index_2007_v3.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 24.08.2024).
  • The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2008). Democracy index 2008 [PDF]. The Economist Intelligence Unit. https://graphics.eiu.com/PDF/Democracy%20Index%202008.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 25.08.2024).
  • The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2010). Democracy index 2010 [PDF]. The Economist Intelligence Unit. https://www.eiu.com/public/thankyou_download.aspx?activity=download&campaignid=demo2010 (Erişim Tarihi: 23.08.2024).
  • The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2011). Democracy index 2011 [PDF]. The Economist Intelligence Unit. https://www.eiu.com/public/thankyou_download.aspx?activity=download&campaignid=DemocracyIndex2011 (Erişim Tarihi: 18.08.2024).
  • The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2012). Democracy index [PDF]. The Economist Intelligence Unit. https://www.eiu.com/public/thankyou_download.aspx?activity=download&campaignid=DemocracyIndex12 (Erişim Tarihi: 14.08.2024).
  • The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2013). Democracy index [PDF]. The Economist Intelligence Unit. https://www.eiu.com/public/thankyou_download.aspx?activity=download&campaignid=Democracy0814 (Erişim Tarihi: 13.08.2024).
  • The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2014). Democracy index [PDF]. The Economist Intelligence Unit. https://www.eiu.com/public/thankyou_download.aspx?activity=download&campaignid=Democracy0115 (Erişim Tarihi: 14.08.2024).
  • The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2015). Democracy index 2015 [PDF]. The Economist Intelligence Unit. https://www.eiu.com/Handlers/WhitepaperHandler.ashx?fi=EIU-Democracy-Index-2015.pdf&mode=wp&campaignid=DemocracyIndex2015 (Erişim Tarihi: 15.08.2024).
  • The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2016). Democracy index 2016 [PDF]. The Economist Intelligence Unit. https://www.eiu.com/Handlers/WhitepaperHandler.ashx?fi=Democracy-Index-2016.pdf&mode=wp&campaignid=DemocracyIndex2016 (Erişim Tarihi: 15.08.2024).
  • The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2017). Democracy index 2017: Free speech under attack. The Economist Intelligence Unit. https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2017-free-speech-under-attack/ (Erişim Tarihi: 15.08.2024).
  • The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2018). Democracy index 2018. The Economist Intelligence Unit. https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2018/ (Erişim Tarihi: 20.08.2024).
  • The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2019). Democracy index 2019. The Economist Intelligence Unit. https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2019/ (Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2024).
  • The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2020). Democracy Index 2020 download success. The Economist Intelligence Unit. https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020-download-success (Erişim Tarihi: 16.08.2024).
  • The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2021). EIU democracy index 2021. The Economist Intelligence Unit. https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/eiu-democracy-index 2021.pdf?mkt_tok=NzUzLVJJUS00MzgAAAGVKTEdI4XLy4sRv9QDlwHIXp3rIibRBIJ9DGL-D9lHfxMLUaqUYWuyfx21mwM1uZPKPBooCDxq9ja5VyxzuxVss-j-1vJ7kTc7fdZFItzhg6Zj9w (Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2024).
  • The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2023). Democracy index: Final version report. https://web.archive.org/web/20230330123307/https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/DI-final-version-report.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 16.08.2024).
  • The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2024). The Economist Intelligence Unit. https://www.eiu.com/n/ (Erişim Tarihi: 15.08.2024).
  • The Economist. (2007). Democracy index: The economists' democracy index 2007. The Economist. https://www.economist.com/media/pdf/DEMOCRACY_TABLE_2007_v3.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 15.08.2024).
  • Törenli, N. (2005). Bilişim teknolojileri temelinde haber medyasının yeniden biçimlenişi: Yeni medya, yeni iletişim ortamı. Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Vogelsang, M. (2010). Digitalization in open economies. Physica-Verlag.
  • We Are Social. (2024). We Are Social. https://wearesocial.com (Erişim Tarihi: 16.08.2024).
  • Yankın, F. B. (2019). Dijital dönüşüm sürecinde çalışma yaşamı. Trakya Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi E-Dergi, 7(2), 1-38.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Environment and Culture
Journal Section All Articles
Authors

Mehmet Emin Begtimur 0000-0003-4458-3976

Early Pub Date March 30, 2025
Publication Date
Submission Date September 17, 2024
Acceptance Date March 10, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 18 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Begtimur, M. E. (n.d.). Demokrasi ve Dijitalleşme Arasındaki İlişkinin Karşılaştırmalı Analizi. Kent Akademisi, 18(3), 1692-1711. https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1551735

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