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Afetlerde Kriz İletişimi ve Sosyal Medyanın Rolü: Acil Durum Yönetimi Öğrencilerinin Metaforik Değerlendirmeleri

Year 2025, Volume: 18 Issue: 5, 3187 - 3207, 19.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1604678

Abstract

Doğal afetler, toplumlar üzerinde yıkıcı etkiye sahip olabilen doğal ya da insan eliyle gerçekleşen olaylardır. Afetlerin kendileri halihazırda yıkıcı bir etkiye sahipken, ortaya çıktıkları süreçte kurulan iletişim bu yıkıcılığı azaltabilir ya da artırabilir. Bu yüzden kriz iletişimi; afetlerin yönetiminde bilgi akışını sağlamak, halkı bilgilendirmek ve koordinasyonu güçlendirmek için kullanılan stratejiler ve yaklaşımları kapsamaktadır. Sosyal medyanın varlığı ile kriz iletişimi, çevrim içi ortama taşınmıştır. Kriz iletişiminin başarısı, yalnızca teknik ve pratik becerilere değil, aynı zamanda olayların nasıl algılandığına ve metaforik düşünme yeteneğine de bağlı olabilir. Afetlerde rol üstlenmesi beklenen ve bu doğrultuda eğitim alan Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi Acil Durum Yönetimi (ADAY) öğrencilerinin Kahramanmaraş depremindeki sosyal medyada kriz iletişimi algıları, önem arz etmektedir. Sahada görev üstlenen bu meslek grubu öğrencilerinin kriz iletişimini değerlendirme süreci, çalışma kapsamında metaforik olarak irdelenmiştir. Çalışmada, 9 ayrı tema ve toplamda 95 metafor saptanmıştır. Temalar, kriz iletişimi ve sosyal medyanın doğası ile ilgili olumlu ve olumsuz olarak oluşturulmuştur. Bu temalar; kargaşa ve kontrolsüzlük, doğru ve güvenilir bilgi, yalan ve yanlış bilgi, hız ve erişim, birlik ve dayanışma, olumsuzluk ve endişe, kaynak yönetimi ve kriz, bilgi toplama ve yaymadır. Sonuç olarak, katılımcılar Kahramanmaraş depremleri bağlamında, sosyal medyanın kriz iletişimine ilişkin olumlu ve olumsuz yönlerini çeşitli metaforlar aracılığıyla anlamlandırmaktadır.

Ethical Statement

Çalışmada herhangi bir etik ihlali yoktur. EBYU Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsünden etik kurul onayı alınmıştır

References

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  • Akdağ, M., & Arklan, U. (2011). Kriz yönetimi ve kurumsal sosyal sorumluluk: Kurumsal sosyal sorumluluğun kriz yönetimi sürecine etkisi/katkısı. Humanities Sciences, 6(4), 768-784.
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  • Heath, J. (2010). Legitimation crisis in the later work of Jürgen Habermas.
  • Hugelius, K., Adams, M., & Romo-Murphy, E. (2019). The power of radio to promote health and resilience in natural disasters: a review. International Journal of Environmental Research And Public Health, 16(14), 2526.
  • Jayasekara, P. K. (2019). Role of Facebook as a disaster communication media. International Journal of Emergency Services, 8(2), 191-204.
  • Kadıoğlu, M. (2008). Modern, bütünleşik afet yönetimin temel ilkeleri. Afet zararlarını azaltmanın temel ilkeleri, JICA Türkiye Ofisi.
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  • Lu, Y., & Huang, Y. H. C. (2018). Getting emotional: An emotion-cognition dual-factor model of crisis communication. Public Relations Review, 44(1), 98-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2017.09.007
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Crisis Communication in Disasters and the Role of Social Media: Metaphorical Evaluations of Emergency Management Students

Year 2025, Volume: 18 Issue: 5, 3187 - 3207, 19.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1604678

Abstract

Natural disasters are events, either natural or human-induced, that can have a devastating impact on societies. While disasters inherently have destructive effects, the communication established during such events can either mitigate or exacerbate this impact. Therefore, crisis communication encompasses the strategies and approaches used to facilitate information flow, inform the public, and strengthen coordination in disaster management. The presence of social media has shifted crisis communication to the online platforms. The success of crisis communication depends not only on technical and practical skills but also on how events are perceived and, on the ability to think metaphorically. The perceptions of social media-based crisis communication during the Kahramanmaraş earthquake, as observed by students in Emergency Management (ADAY) program at Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, who are expected to play critical roles in disaster response and are trained accordingly, are particular importance. This study metaphorically examines how these students, who are anticipated to take active roles in the field, evaluate crisis communication. A total of 95 metaphors were identified and categorized under nine distinct themes: chaos and lack of control, accurate and reliable information, misinformation and falsehoods, speed and accessibility, unity and solidarity, negativity and concern, resource management and crisis, as well as information collection and dissemination. The findings indicate that participants assessed both the positive and negative aspects of social media as a medium for crisis communication during the Kahramanmaraş earthquake. In conclusion, participants conceptualize the positive and negative aspects of social media in the context of crisis communication during the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes through various metaphors.

References

  • Adkins, G. L. (2010). Organizational networks in disaster response: An examination of the US government network’s efforts in hurricane Katrina. In W. T. Coombs, & S. J. Holladay . The handbook of crisis communication. (pp. 93-114). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • AFAD. (2024, Aralık 1). Açıklamalı afet yönetimi terimleri sözlüğü. https://www.afad.gov.tr/aciklamali-afet-yonetimi-terimleri-sozlugu
  • Akdağ, M. (2005). Halkla ilişkiler ve kriz yönetimi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (14), 1-20.
  • Akdağ, M., & Arklan, U. (2011). Kriz yönetimi ve kurumsal sosyal sorumluluk: Kurumsal sosyal sorumluluğun kriz yönetimi sürecine etkisi/katkısı. Humanities Sciences, 6(4), 768-784.
  • Almotawa, T., & Aljabri, D. (2020). Role of social media in creating awareness during COVID-19 pandemic. In Proceedings of The 20th International Conference on Electronic Business (pp. 398-405). ICEB’20, Hong Kong SAR, China, December 5-8, 2020.
  • Atkinson, S. & Lee, J. Y. (2023). Social media: Connecting and sharing in a bushfire crisis. Media International Australia. doi: 10.1177/1329878X231163367
  • Ateş, M., & Karatepe, A. (2013). Üniversite öğrencilerinin “çevre” kavramına ilişkin algılarının metaforlar yardımıyla analizi. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 6(2).
  • Baechler, C. (1995). Looking beyond the immediate crisis response: Analyzing the organizational culture to understand the crisis. Journal of the Association for Communication Administration, 24(1), 15-27
  • Bayer, J. B., Triệu, P. & Ellison, N. B. (2020). Social media elements, ecologies, and effects. Annual review of psychology, 71(1), 471-497.
  • Bisel, R. S. & Messersmith, A. S. (2012). Organizational and supervisory apology effectiveness: Apology giving in work settings. Business Communication Quarterly, 75(4), 425-448.
  • Boon-Itt, S.& Skunkan, Y. (2020). Public perception of the COVID-19 pandemic on Twitter: Sentiment analysis and topic modeling study. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 6(4), e21978. https://doi.org/10.2196/21978
  • Charteris-Black, J. (2011). Politicians and rhetoric: The persuasive power of metaphor. Springer.
  • Coombs, W. T. (2001). Teaching the crisis management/communication course. Public Relations Review, 27(1), 89-101.
  • Coombs, W. T. (2007). Ongoing crisis communication: Planning, managing, and responding. Sage.
  • Coombs, W. T. & Tachkova, E. R. (2023). Integrating moral outrage in situational crisis communication theory: A triadic appraisal model for crises. Management communication quarterly, 37(4), 798-820.
  • Coombs, T. & Holladay, F., (2010). Why a concern for apologia and crisis communication? Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 15(4), 337-349.
  • Coombs, W. T., & Tachkova, E. R. (2024). How emotions can enhance crisis communication: Theorizing around moral outrage. Journal of Public Relations Research, 36(1), 6–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2023.2244615
  • Depoux A., Martin, S., Karafillakis E., Preet R., Wilder-Smith, A. & Larson H. (2020). The role of social media in shaping public opinion during the pandemic. Public Health Journal, 45(6), 1192-1200.
  • Fannes, G., Claeys, A. S., & Van Gorp, B. (2024). Phrasing Crisis Communication: How are Distinct Crisis Response Strategies Put Into Words? Business and Professional Communication Quarterly.
  • Fearn-Banks, K. (2001). Crisis communication: A review of some best practices. Handbook of public relations, 479-486.
  • Flett, G. L., Vredenburg, K. & Krames, L. (1997). The continuity of depression in clinical and nonclinical samples. Psychological Bulletin, 121(3), 395.
  • Ghalavand, H., Panahi, S., & Sedghi, S. (2022). How social media facilitate health knowledge sharing among physicians. Behaviour & Information Technology, 41(7), 1544–1553. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2021.1886326
  • Güncü, A. & Güneş, E. (2017). 1939 depremi ile afet yeri olan Erzincan'ın hüzün turizmi potansiyeli üzerine bir araştırma. Electronic Turkish Studies, 12(29). 251-270.
  • Güneş, E., Ekmekçi, Z., & Taş, M. (2022). Sosyal medya ınfluencerlarına duyulan güvenin satın alma öncesi davranış üzerine etkisi: z kuşağı üzerine bir araştırma. Türk Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 163–183. https://doi.org/10.26677/TR1010.2022.946
  • Güneş, E., & Ekmekçi, Z. (2024). The Relationship Between Fear of Missing Out and Depression Among Tourism Students: A Serial Mediating Roles of Social Media Addiction and Anxiety. Yükseköğretim Dergisi, 14(3), 21-22.
  • Gürbüz, S. (2020). Kriz iletişiminde kurumsal özür yanıtlarının kamu öfkesi üzerinde etkisi: deneysel bir çalışma. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 8(1), 21-44.
  • Georgiadou, E. (2023). How sorry are you? Intensified apologies and the mediating role of perceived remorse in corporate crisis communication. Public Relations Review, 49(4), 102356.
  • Gölcü, A., & Demirata, B. K. (2024) İsrail’in Dezenformasyon Stratejisini Çözümlemek: Gazze Saldırıları Örneği. Ombudsman Akademik, (Özel Sayı 2 (Gazze)), 195-226.
  • Gregory, D. (2002). The crisis of modernity? Human geography and critical social theory. In New models in geography (pp. 364-401). Routledge.
  • Hagen, L., Keller, T., Neely, S., DePaula, N., & Robert-Cooperman, C. (2018). Crisis communications in the age of social media: A network analysis of Zika-related tweets. Social Science Computer review, 36(5), 523-541. doi.org/10.1177/0894439317721985
  • Hale, J. E., Dulek, R. E. & Hale, D. P. (2005). Crisis response communication challenges: Building theory from qualitative data. The Journal of Business Communication 42(2), 112-134.
  • Heath, J. (2010). Legitimation crisis in the later work of Jürgen Habermas.
  • Hugelius, K., Adams, M., & Romo-Murphy, E. (2019). The power of radio to promote health and resilience in natural disasters: a review. International Journal of Environmental Research And Public Health, 16(14), 2526.
  • Jayasekara, P. K. (2019). Role of Facebook as a disaster communication media. International Journal of Emergency Services, 8(2), 191-204.
  • Kadıoğlu, M. (2008). Modern, bütünleşik afet yönetimin temel ilkeleri. Afet zararlarını azaltmanın temel ilkeleri, JICA Türkiye Ofisi.
  • Khademipour G. & Khankeh H. (2019) Identifying and explaining the factors affecting the social participation of the ıranian people in natural disasters. Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly. 4(4):185-192. doi.org/10.32598/hdq.4.4.185
  • Koçyiğit, A. (2023). Olağanüstü hallerde sosyal medyada dezenformasyonla mücadele ve kriz iletişimi: Kahramanmaraş depremi üzerine bir analiz. Kastamonu İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10, 68-86. https://doi.org/10.56676/kiad.1264562.
  • Kudchadkar, S. R., & Carroll, C. L. (2020). Using social media for rapid information dissemination in a pandemic: # PedsICU and coronavirus disease 2019. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, 21(8), e538-e546.
  • Lakoff, G.& Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Liu, B. F., Fraustino, J. D.& Jin, Y. (2016). Social media use during disasters: How information form and source influence intended behavioral responses. Communication Research, 43(5), 626–646. doi.org/10.1177/0093650214565917
  • Lu, Y., & Huang, Y. H. C. (2018). Getting emotional: An emotion-cognition dual-factor model of crisis communication. Public Relations Review, 44(1), 98-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2017.09.007
  • Miles, M. B. ve Huberman A. M. (2016). Nitel veri analizi. (Çev. Ed.: Sadegül Akbaba Altun ve Ali Güler) Pegem Akademi, s. 64.
  • Mason, A., Flores, L., Liu, P., Tims, K., Spencer, E.& Gire, T. G. (2019). Disaster communication: An analysis of the digital communication strategies used by the medical tourism industry during the 2017 Caribbean hurricane season. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 2(3), 241-259.
  • Meltzer, M., Ștefănescu, L., & Ozunu, A. (2018). Keep them engaged: Romanian county inspectorates for emergency situations’ Facebook usage for disaster risk communication and beyond. Sustainability, 10(5), 1411.
  • Musolff, A. (2016). Political Metaphor Analysis: Discourse and Scenarios. Bloomsbury Academic
  • Özdemir, E. K. (2024) Social media in crisis communication: a case analysis of the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, (44), 112-131.
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There are 61 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Environment and Culture
Journal Section All Articles
Authors

Zeynep Ekmekçi 0000-0002-2110-8438

Publication Date September 19, 2025
Submission Date December 20, 2024
Acceptance Date June 1, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 18 Issue: 5

Cite

APA Ekmekçi, Z. (2025). Afetlerde Kriz İletişimi ve Sosyal Medyanın Rolü: Acil Durum Yönetimi Öğrencilerinin Metaforik Değerlendirmeleri. Kent Akademisi, 18(5), 3187-3207. https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1604678

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