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A Phenomenological Approach Towards the Architecture of Peter Zumthor: The Concept of "Atmospheres" and Therme Vals

Year 2025, Volume: 18 Issue: 6, 3574 - 3591, 20.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1635364

Abstract

Architects, interested in philosophy and phenomenology, take into consideration not only the functionality and formal characteristics of architecture but also the perceptual and experiential features of it. Peter Zumthor is one of them. This study aims to examine the architectural approach of Zumthor within the context of its relationship with phenomenology. For this purpose, Zumthor’s concept of "atmospheres" and his architectural approach were examined through conceptual analysis. In the first part of the study, the relation between architecture and philosophy and the concept of architectural phenomenology were evaluated to present the theoretical basis. In this context, Gugalun House, Expo 2000 Swiss Pavilion and Bruder Klaus Chapel projects were examined in order to highlight the architectural characteristics of his design approach. Zumthor has defined nine components that affect the concept he calls “atmospheres”. These components comprise the body of architecture, material compatibility, the sound of a space, the temperature of a space, surrounding objects, between composure and seduction, the tension between interior and exterior, levels of intimacy, and the light on things. In the second part of the study, his Therme Vals project was analyzed within the scope of the components of space atmosphere concept, and the relation that Zumthor established between architecture and phenomenology is deepened. At the end of the study, it is concluded that each of the components affecting the spatial atmospheres have certain architectural correspondences in Therme Vals project, and the relationship between space and user can be deepened when the components affecting the spatial atmospheres are applied to create a meaningful reality.

References

  • Alonso de los Ríos, S. (2024). Intervention Projects in the Rural Alpine Environment: Approaches from the 1990s. Heritage, 7(10), 5611-5640.
  • Archdaily. (2009). The Therme Vals / Peter Zumthor. Retrieved from https://www.archdaily.com/13358/the-therme-vals
  • Aydınlı, S. (2002). Epistemolojik Açıdan Mekan Yorumu. Şentürer, A., Ural, Ş. and Atasoy, A. (Eds.) in Mimarlık ve Felsefe (pp.40-51), İstanbul: Yapı-Endüstri Merkezi Yayınları.
  • Aydoğdu, Ö. (2021). Kavram Analizi Çalışması: “Anımsama”. Elderly Issues Research Journal, 14(2), 104-109.
  • Baudrillard, J. and Nouvel, J. (2002). The Singular Objects of Architecture. University of Minnesota Press Minneapolis.
  • Bilgin, İ. (2020). Mimarın Soluğu Peter Zumthor Mimarlığı Üzerine Denemeler. 4th ed. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Binet, H. (2007). Peter Zumthor Therme Vals. Hauser, S. and Zumthor, P. (Eds.). Scheidegger & Spiess.
  • Cevizci, A. (2012). Felsefeye Giriş. İstanbul: Say Yayınları.
  • Cevizci, A. (2019). Felsefe Sözlüğü. 7th ed. İstanbul: Say Yayınları.
  • Çelikel, S. B. (2015). Endüstriyel Tasarımda Paradigma Kaymaları: Bruno Latour’a Özel Bir İlgiyle. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Ching, F. D. K. (2015). Architecture: Form, Space and Order. New York: John Wiley& Sons.
  • Coombs, J. R. and Daniels, L. R. B. (1991). Philosophical Inquiry: Conceptual Analysis. Short, E. (ed.) in Forms of Curriculum Inquiry (pp. 27-41), State University of New York.
  • Galison, P. (1990). Aufbau/Bauhaus: Logical Positivism and Architectural Modernism. Critical Inquiry, 16(4), 709-752.
  • Gümüş, İ. (2019). Duyular Mimarlığı ve Zumthor. Yapı Dergisi. Retrieved from https://yapidergisi.com/duyular-mimarligi-ve-zumthor/
  • Güney, D. and Yürekli, H. (2004). Mimarlığın Tanımı Üzerine Bir Deneme. İTÜDERGİSİ/a, 3(1), 31-42.
  • Harries, K. (2009). Art Matters: A Critical Commentary on Heidegger’s ‘The Origin of the Work of the Art’. Springer.
  • Hauser, S. (2007). Peter Zumthor Therme Vals. Hauser, S. and Zumthor, P. (Eds.). Scheidegger & Spiess.
  • Heidegger, M. (2002a). The Age of World Picture. Young, J. and Hayness, K. et al. (Eds. and tT.) in Martin Heidegger: Off the Beaten Track (pp.57-85), Cambridge: University Press.
  • Heidegger, M. (2002b). The Origin of the Work of Art. Young, J. and Hayness, K. et al. (Eds. and Tr.) in Martin Heidegger: Off the Beaten Track (pp.1-56), Cambridge: University Press.
  • İnam, A. (2002). Mimarın Felsefeden Devşirebilecekleri Üzerine. Şentürer, A., Ural, Ş. and Atasoy, A. (Eds.) in Mimarlık ve Felsefe (pp. 126-131), İstanbul: Yapı-Endüstri Merkezi Yayınları.
  • Karatani, K. (1995). Architecture as Metaphor: Language, Number, Money. MIT Press.
  • Kosterec, M. (2016). Methods of Conceptual Analysis. FILOZOFIA, 71(3), 220-230.
  • Le Corbusier. (1931). Towards A New Architecture. New York: Dover Publications.
  • Merin, G. (2013). A Photographer’s Journey Through Zumthor Valley. Retrieved from https://www.archdaily.com/419367/a-photographer-s-journey-through-peter-zumthor-valley?ad_medium=gallery
  • Merleau-Ponty, M. (2005). Phenomenology of Perception. Routledge.
  • Murray, S. (2007). Material Experience: Peter Zumthor’s Thermal Bath at Vals. The Senses and Society, 2(3), 363-369.
  • Myburgh, S. and Tammaro, A. M. (2013). Constructing a Theoretical Framework. in Exploring Education for Digital Librarians (pp. 133-172), Chandos Publishing.
  • Norberg-Schulz, C. (1991). Genius Loci: Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture. New York: Rizzoli.
  • Otero-Pailos, J. (2010). Architecture’s Historical Turn: Phenomenology and the Rise of the Postmodern. University of Minnesota Press.
  • Örnek, Y. (2015). Mimarlık ve Felsefe: Çağdaş Filozofların Mimarlığı Yeniden Düşünmesi. Ethos: Dialogues in Philosophy and Social Science, 8(2), 125-139.
  • Pallasmaa, J. (2005). The Eyes of the Skin: Architecture and the Senses. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Sharr, A. (2007). Heidegger for Architects. Routledge.
  • Shirazi, M. R. (2013). Towards an Articulated Phenomenological Interpretation of Architecture. Routledge.
  • Souza, E. (2016). Peter Zumthor’s Therme Vals Through the Lens of Fernando Guerra. Retrieved from https://www.archdaily.com/798360/peter-zumthors-therme-vals-through-the-lens-of-fernando-guerra
  • Söyler, M. 2020. Concept and Theory Analysis Method: The Tradition of Sartori. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 17(66), 93-115.
  • Spier, S. (2001). Place, Authorship and the Concrete: Three Conversations with Peter Zumthor. ARQ: Architectural Research Quarterly, 5(1), 15-36.
  • Sveiven, M. (2011). Bruder Klaus Field Chapel / Peter Zumthor. Retrieved from https://www.archdaily.com/106352/bruder-klaus-field-chapel-peter-zumthor
  • URL 1. (2000). Swiss Pavilion Peter Zumthor. Retrieved from https://rolandhalbe.eu/portfolio/swiss-pavilion-by-zumthor/
  • Uysal, M. and Cordan, Ö. (2020). Mekan Atmosferinin İmzası: Peter Zumthor Üzerine Bir Okuma. Retrieved from https://yapidergisi.com/mekan-atmosferinin-imzasi/
  • Yücel, A. (2002). Mimarlık Nedir, Mimar Kimdir, (Felsefeye Nasıl Başvurur)?. Şentürer, A., Ural, Ş. and Atasoy, A. (Eds.) in Mimarlık ve Felsefe (pp. 12-17), İstanbul: Yapı-Endüstri Merkezi Yayınları.
  • Yücel, A. and Bekdaş, H. D. (2023). Zumthor’un “Atmosfer”lerine Vals Termal Hamamı Üzerinden Bir Bakış. Retrieved from. https://yapidergisi.com/zumthorun-atmosferlerine-vals-termal-hamami-uzerinden-bir-bakis/
  • Zumthor, P. (2006a). Atmospheres. Birkhauser Publishers.
  • Zumthor, P. (2006b). Thinking Architecture. 2.nd ed. Birkhauser Publishers.
  • Zumthor, P. (2007). Peter Zumthor Therme Vals. Hauser, S. and Zumthor, P. (eds.). Scheidegger & Spiess.

Peter Zumthor Mimarlığı Üzerine Fenomenolojik Bir Yaklaşım: "Atmosferler" Konsepti ve Vals Termal Hamamı

Year 2025, Volume: 18 Issue: 6, 3574 - 3591, 20.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1635364

Abstract

Felsefe ve fenomenolojiyle ilgilenen mimarlar, mimarlığın yalnızca işlevselliğini ve biçimsel özelliklerini değil, aynı zamanda algısal ve deneyimsel özelliklerini de dikkate alırlar. Peter Zumthor bu mimarlardan biridir. Bu çalışma, Zumthor’un mimari yaklaşımını fenomenolojiyle ilişkisi bağlamında incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla, Zumthor'un “Atmosferler” konsepti ile mimarlık yaklaşımı kavramsal analiz yöntemiyle irdelenmiştir. Çalışmanın birinci kısmında, mimarlık ve felsefe arasındaki ilişki ve mimari fenomenoloji kavramı teorik temeli sunmak amacıyla değerlendirilmiştir. Bu bağlamda, Gugalun Evi, Expo 2000 İsviçre Pavyonu ve Bruder Klaus Şapeli projeleri Zumthor’un tasarım yaklaşımının mimari özelliklerini vurgulamak amacıyla incelenmiştir. Zumthor, “Atmosferler” olarak adlandırdığı mekan konseptini etkileyen bileşenleri dokuz başlık altında tanımlamıştır. Bu bileşenler; mimari beden, malzemenin uyumu, mekanın sesi, mekanın sıcaklığı, kuşatan nesneler, sakinlik ve cazibe arasındalık, iç ve dış arasındaki gerilim, samimiyet dereceleri ve şeylerin sahip olduğu ışıktır. Çalışmanın ikinci kısmında, Zumthor’un Vals Termal Hamamı projesi, mekan atmosferleri konseptinin bileşenleri kapsamında analiz edilmiş ve Zumthor’un mimarlık ile fenomenoloji arasında kurduğu ilişki derinleştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda, mekan atmosferlerini etkileyen bileşenlerin her birinin Vals Termal Hamamı projesinde belirli mimari karşılıklarının bulunduğu, mekan atmosferlerini etkileyen bileşenlerin anlamlı bir gerçeklik yaratmak amacıyla uygulandığında mekan ve kullanıcı arasındaki ilişkiyi derinleştirilebileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

References

  • Alonso de los Ríos, S. (2024). Intervention Projects in the Rural Alpine Environment: Approaches from the 1990s. Heritage, 7(10), 5611-5640.
  • Archdaily. (2009). The Therme Vals / Peter Zumthor. Retrieved from https://www.archdaily.com/13358/the-therme-vals
  • Aydınlı, S. (2002). Epistemolojik Açıdan Mekan Yorumu. Şentürer, A., Ural, Ş. and Atasoy, A. (Eds.) in Mimarlık ve Felsefe (pp.40-51), İstanbul: Yapı-Endüstri Merkezi Yayınları.
  • Aydoğdu, Ö. (2021). Kavram Analizi Çalışması: “Anımsama”. Elderly Issues Research Journal, 14(2), 104-109.
  • Baudrillard, J. and Nouvel, J. (2002). The Singular Objects of Architecture. University of Minnesota Press Minneapolis.
  • Bilgin, İ. (2020). Mimarın Soluğu Peter Zumthor Mimarlığı Üzerine Denemeler. 4th ed. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Binet, H. (2007). Peter Zumthor Therme Vals. Hauser, S. and Zumthor, P. (Eds.). Scheidegger & Spiess.
  • Cevizci, A. (2012). Felsefeye Giriş. İstanbul: Say Yayınları.
  • Cevizci, A. (2019). Felsefe Sözlüğü. 7th ed. İstanbul: Say Yayınları.
  • Çelikel, S. B. (2015). Endüstriyel Tasarımda Paradigma Kaymaları: Bruno Latour’a Özel Bir İlgiyle. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Ching, F. D. K. (2015). Architecture: Form, Space and Order. New York: John Wiley& Sons.
  • Coombs, J. R. and Daniels, L. R. B. (1991). Philosophical Inquiry: Conceptual Analysis. Short, E. (ed.) in Forms of Curriculum Inquiry (pp. 27-41), State University of New York.
  • Galison, P. (1990). Aufbau/Bauhaus: Logical Positivism and Architectural Modernism. Critical Inquiry, 16(4), 709-752.
  • Gümüş, İ. (2019). Duyular Mimarlığı ve Zumthor. Yapı Dergisi. Retrieved from https://yapidergisi.com/duyular-mimarligi-ve-zumthor/
  • Güney, D. and Yürekli, H. (2004). Mimarlığın Tanımı Üzerine Bir Deneme. İTÜDERGİSİ/a, 3(1), 31-42.
  • Harries, K. (2009). Art Matters: A Critical Commentary on Heidegger’s ‘The Origin of the Work of the Art’. Springer.
  • Hauser, S. (2007). Peter Zumthor Therme Vals. Hauser, S. and Zumthor, P. (Eds.). Scheidegger & Spiess.
  • Heidegger, M. (2002a). The Age of World Picture. Young, J. and Hayness, K. et al. (Eds. and tT.) in Martin Heidegger: Off the Beaten Track (pp.57-85), Cambridge: University Press.
  • Heidegger, M. (2002b). The Origin of the Work of Art. Young, J. and Hayness, K. et al. (Eds. and Tr.) in Martin Heidegger: Off the Beaten Track (pp.1-56), Cambridge: University Press.
  • İnam, A. (2002). Mimarın Felsefeden Devşirebilecekleri Üzerine. Şentürer, A., Ural, Ş. and Atasoy, A. (Eds.) in Mimarlık ve Felsefe (pp. 126-131), İstanbul: Yapı-Endüstri Merkezi Yayınları.
  • Karatani, K. (1995). Architecture as Metaphor: Language, Number, Money. MIT Press.
  • Kosterec, M. (2016). Methods of Conceptual Analysis. FILOZOFIA, 71(3), 220-230.
  • Le Corbusier. (1931). Towards A New Architecture. New York: Dover Publications.
  • Merin, G. (2013). A Photographer’s Journey Through Zumthor Valley. Retrieved from https://www.archdaily.com/419367/a-photographer-s-journey-through-peter-zumthor-valley?ad_medium=gallery
  • Merleau-Ponty, M. (2005). Phenomenology of Perception. Routledge.
  • Murray, S. (2007). Material Experience: Peter Zumthor’s Thermal Bath at Vals. The Senses and Society, 2(3), 363-369.
  • Myburgh, S. and Tammaro, A. M. (2013). Constructing a Theoretical Framework. in Exploring Education for Digital Librarians (pp. 133-172), Chandos Publishing.
  • Norberg-Schulz, C. (1991). Genius Loci: Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture. New York: Rizzoli.
  • Otero-Pailos, J. (2010). Architecture’s Historical Turn: Phenomenology and the Rise of the Postmodern. University of Minnesota Press.
  • Örnek, Y. (2015). Mimarlık ve Felsefe: Çağdaş Filozofların Mimarlığı Yeniden Düşünmesi. Ethos: Dialogues in Philosophy and Social Science, 8(2), 125-139.
  • Pallasmaa, J. (2005). The Eyes of the Skin: Architecture and the Senses. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Sharr, A. (2007). Heidegger for Architects. Routledge.
  • Shirazi, M. R. (2013). Towards an Articulated Phenomenological Interpretation of Architecture. Routledge.
  • Souza, E. (2016). Peter Zumthor’s Therme Vals Through the Lens of Fernando Guerra. Retrieved from https://www.archdaily.com/798360/peter-zumthors-therme-vals-through-the-lens-of-fernando-guerra
  • Söyler, M. 2020. Concept and Theory Analysis Method: The Tradition of Sartori. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 17(66), 93-115.
  • Spier, S. (2001). Place, Authorship and the Concrete: Three Conversations with Peter Zumthor. ARQ: Architectural Research Quarterly, 5(1), 15-36.
  • Sveiven, M. (2011). Bruder Klaus Field Chapel / Peter Zumthor. Retrieved from https://www.archdaily.com/106352/bruder-klaus-field-chapel-peter-zumthor
  • URL 1. (2000). Swiss Pavilion Peter Zumthor. Retrieved from https://rolandhalbe.eu/portfolio/swiss-pavilion-by-zumthor/
  • Uysal, M. and Cordan, Ö. (2020). Mekan Atmosferinin İmzası: Peter Zumthor Üzerine Bir Okuma. Retrieved from https://yapidergisi.com/mekan-atmosferinin-imzasi/
  • Yücel, A. (2002). Mimarlık Nedir, Mimar Kimdir, (Felsefeye Nasıl Başvurur)?. Şentürer, A., Ural, Ş. and Atasoy, A. (Eds.) in Mimarlık ve Felsefe (pp. 12-17), İstanbul: Yapı-Endüstri Merkezi Yayınları.
  • Yücel, A. and Bekdaş, H. D. (2023). Zumthor’un “Atmosfer”lerine Vals Termal Hamamı Üzerinden Bir Bakış. Retrieved from. https://yapidergisi.com/zumthorun-atmosferlerine-vals-termal-hamami-uzerinden-bir-bakis/
  • Zumthor, P. (2006a). Atmospheres. Birkhauser Publishers.
  • Zumthor, P. (2006b). Thinking Architecture. 2.nd ed. Birkhauser Publishers.
  • Zumthor, P. (2007). Peter Zumthor Therme Vals. Hauser, S. and Zumthor, P. (eds.). Scheidegger & Spiess.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Architectural Design
Journal Section Review
Authors

Sıdıka Benan Çelikel 0000-0003-4895-0139

Birsu Ece Kaya 0000-0001-8834-6732

İkbal Erbaş 0000-0002-6327-1399

Early Pub Date November 20, 2025
Publication Date November 20, 2025
Submission Date February 7, 2025
Acceptance Date November 9, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 18 Issue: 6

Cite

APA Çelikel, S. B., Ece Kaya, B., & Erbaş, İ. (2025). A Phenomenological Approach Towards the Architecture of Peter Zumthor: The Concept of "Atmospheres" and Therme Vals. Kent Akademisi, 18(6), 3574-3591. https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1635364

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