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Gözetim Şehirleri: Orwell’in 1984 ve Arslanoğlu’nun Sessizlik Kuleleri 2084 Romanlarının Foucaultcu Bir Okuması

Year 2025, Volume: 18 Issue: 6, 3851 - 3863, 20.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1663863

Abstract

Jeremy Bentham’ın Panoptikon mimari sisteminden yola çıkarak Michel Foucault, disiplin ve iktidar mekanizmalarını açıklamak için Bentham’ın modelini bir metafor olarak kullanmıştır. Disiplin ve Ceza: Hapishanenin Doğuşu adlı eserinde Foucault, Jeremy Bentham tarafından 1785’te tasarlanan bir hapishane modeli olan Panoptikon’u ele alır. Panoptikon, merkezinde yüksek bir gözetleme kulesi bulunan dairesel bir yapıdır. Bu modelde, mahkumların gözlemciyi görememesi kritik öneme sahiptir çünkü bu durum onlara sürekli bir gözetim hissi verir ve bu da kendilerini denetlemelerine neden olur. Böylece disiplin, mahkumların görünürlüğü ve gözetmenin görünmezliği ile sağlanır. Bireyler kategorilere ayrılır ve bu da onları kontrol etmeyi kolaylaştırır. Bu tasarımda nihai amaç düzen ve itaat yaratmaktır. Benzer tasarımlara distopik şehirlerde büyük ölçekte rastlanabilir çünkü şehirler, ait oldukları sistemlerin zihniyetlerini somutlaştırır. Bu analiz, Türk yazar Kaan Arslanoğlu’nun Sessizlik Kuleleri 2084 ve George Orwell’in ünlü Bin Dokuz Yüz Seksen Dört romanlarında tasvir edilen şehirleri Foucaultcu bir bakış açısıyla inceler. Her iki şehir de vatandaşların görünürlüğüyle kontrolün ve disiplinin nasıl sağlandığını, kentsel güç kullanımının nasıl ortaya çıkarıldığını göstermektedir. Bu iki romanın seçilmesinin nedeni, bireylerin günlük yaşama yerleştirilmiş çeşitli araçlar tarafından şehirlerde nasıl kontrol altına alındığını göstermeleridir. Arslanoğlu’nun 2084 romanındaki şehir, Orwell’in 1984 romanında bulunmayan teknolojilere sahip daha gelişmiş bir toplumu yansıtırken nihayetinde bireysellik, çeşitlilik ve özerklik gibi önemli unsurlardan yoksundur. Orwell’in şehri ise tam bir tezat oluşturur. Şehrin bakanlıkların mega yapılarının olduğu zengin mahalleleri ve yoksul bölgeleri vardır. Bu bölgelerde, dezavantajlı kesimler en temel ihtiyaçlarını bile karşılayamamaktadır. Buna karşılık, Arslanoğlu’nun şehri daha sentetik bir niteliğe sahiptir. Her iki romandaki şehirler, gözetim, sınıflandırma, disiplin ve özdenetim mekanizmalarını bir araya getirerek Bentham’ın panoptikonu gibi işlev görür. Görünürlüğün özdenetim ve sorgulamadan disiplini içselleştirmenin bir aracı olarak işlev gördüğü bu şehirlerde, Foucault’nun öne sürdüğü gibi disiplinli bir toplum ortaya çıkar.

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References

  • Agrest, D. (1980). The city as the place of representation. Design Quarterly (113/114), 8-13. https://doi.org/10.2307/4091024
  • Baldwin, J. (1981). The language of the streets. In M. C. Jaye & A. C. Watts (Eds.), Literature & the american urban experience: Essays on the city and literature (133-137). Manchester University Press. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=BxHpAAAAIAAJ
  • Barclay, K., & Riddle, J. (2021). Urban emotions and the making of the city. In K. Barclay & J. Riddle (Eds.), Urban emotions and the making of the city: Interdisciplinary perspectives (pp. 1-18). Taylor & Francis. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=--EaEAAAQBAJ
  • Bentley, N. (2014). Postmodern cities. In K. R. McNamara (Ed.), The Cambridge companion to the city in literature (pp. 175–187). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Fiedler, L. (1981). Mythicizing the city. In M. C. Jaye & A. C. Watts (Eds.), Literature and the American urban experience: Essays on the city and literature (pp. 113–115). Manchester University Press. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=BxHpAAAAIAAJ
  • Foucault, M. (1994). The order of things: An archaeology of the human sciences. Vintage Books.
  • Foucault, M. (1995). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison (A. Sheridan, Trans.). 2nd Vintage Books ed. Vintage Books.
  • Gottmann, J. (1961). Megalopolis: The urbanized northeastern seaboard of the United States. The Twentieth Century Fund.
  • Hassan, I. (1981). "Cities of mind, urban words: The dematerialization of metropolis in contemporary American fiction". In M. C. Jaye & A. C. Watts (Eds.), Literature & the American urban experience: Essays on the city and literature (93-112). Manchester University Press. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=BxHpAAAAIAAJ
  • Hobsbawm, E. J. (1962). The age of revolution: Europe 1789–1848. Vintage Books.
  • Kristiaan Versluys (2000) The city in literature: A review article on recent studies, English Studies, 81:3, 228-236, DOI: 10.1076/0013-838X(200005)81:3;1-M;FT236
  • Latham, R., & Hicks, J. (2014). Urban dystopias. In K. R. McNamara (Ed.), The Cambridge companion to the city in literature (pp. 163–174). Cambridge University Press
  • Lefebvre, H. (1991). The production of space (D. Nicholson-Smith, Trans.). Blackwell. (Original work published 1974)
  • Lefebvre, H. (1996). The right to the city. In E. Kofman & E. Lebas (Eds. & Trans.), Writings on cities (pp. 63–181). Blackwell. (Original work published 1968)
  • Lehan, R. (2023). The city in literature: An intellectual and cultural history. University of California Press. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=IxEr_v_2l4YC
  • O’Leary, J. (2021). Converting the cityscape: Emotions, religion and civic ritual in the renaissance city for the Tenshō embassy. In K. Barclay & J. Riddle (Eds.), Urban emotions and the making of the city: Interdisciplinary perspectives (pp. 19-35). Taylor & Francis. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=--EaEAAAQBAJ
  • Orwell, G. (1949). 1984. Harcourt, Brace and Company.
  • Vidler, A. (2014). Troubles in theory VI: From utopia to heterotopia. The Architectural Review. Retrieved January 9, 2025, from https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/utopia/troubles-in-theory-vi-from-utopia-to-heterotopia
  • Wesselman, D. (2023). Reflecting on the city through literature: Urban spaces, differences and embodiments. Taylor & Francis. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=4vvSEAAAQBAJ

Cities of Surveillance: A Foucauldian Reading of Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four and Arslanoğlu’s Silence Towers 2084

Year 2025, Volume: 18 Issue: 6, 3851 - 3863, 20.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1663863

Abstract

Based on Jeremy Bentham's Panopticon architectural system, Michel Foucault employs Bentham's model as a metaphor to illuminate the mechanisms of discipline and power. In Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, Foucault discusses the Panopticon, a prison model designed by Jeremy Bentham in 1785. The Panopticon is a circular building with a high watchtower at its centre. In this model, the inability of the inmates to see the observer is critical since it gives them a sense of constant surveillance, which causes them to regulate themselves. Discipline is thus sustained through visibility of the inmates and the invisibility of the supervisor. Individuals are categorized, which makes controlling them simpler. With this design, the ultimate aim is to create order and obedience. Similar designs can be encountered on a large scale in dystopian cities. Cities embody the mindsets of the systems to which they belong. This analysis examines the cities that are portrayed in Kaan Arslanoğlu’s novel Silence Towers 2084, a novel by the Turkish author and the city in the renowned Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell from a Foucauldian stance. Both cities demonstrate how control and discipline are ordained through the visibility of citizens, revealing the urban exercise of power. The reason for selecting these two novels is their portrayal of how individuals are taken under control by various tools embedded in everyday life. While the city in Arslanoğlu’s 2084 showcases a more advanced society with technologies absent in Orwell’s 1984, it ultimately lacks crucial elements such as individualism, diversity, and autonomy. Orwell’s city presents a stark contrast. There are the megastructures of the ministries with wealthy neighbourhoods and areas in poverty. In those areas, the underprivileged live without meeting even their most basic needs as humans. In comparison, Arslanoğlu’s city has a more synthetic quality. Cities in both novels function like Bentham’s panopticon by incorporating mechanisms of surveillance, categorisation, discipline and self-regulation. In these cities, where visibility acts as a means of self-regulation and internalizing discipline without questioning, a disciplinary society, as Foucault suggests, emerges.

Ethical Statement

Etik kriterlere bağlı kaldığımı beyan ederim.

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References

  • Agrest, D. (1980). The city as the place of representation. Design Quarterly (113/114), 8-13. https://doi.org/10.2307/4091024
  • Baldwin, J. (1981). The language of the streets. In M. C. Jaye & A. C. Watts (Eds.), Literature & the american urban experience: Essays on the city and literature (133-137). Manchester University Press. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=BxHpAAAAIAAJ
  • Barclay, K., & Riddle, J. (2021). Urban emotions and the making of the city. In K. Barclay & J. Riddle (Eds.), Urban emotions and the making of the city: Interdisciplinary perspectives (pp. 1-18). Taylor & Francis. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=--EaEAAAQBAJ
  • Bentley, N. (2014). Postmodern cities. In K. R. McNamara (Ed.), The Cambridge companion to the city in literature (pp. 175–187). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Fiedler, L. (1981). Mythicizing the city. In M. C. Jaye & A. C. Watts (Eds.), Literature and the American urban experience: Essays on the city and literature (pp. 113–115). Manchester University Press. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=BxHpAAAAIAAJ
  • Foucault, M. (1994). The order of things: An archaeology of the human sciences. Vintage Books.
  • Foucault, M. (1995). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison (A. Sheridan, Trans.). 2nd Vintage Books ed. Vintage Books.
  • Gottmann, J. (1961). Megalopolis: The urbanized northeastern seaboard of the United States. The Twentieth Century Fund.
  • Hassan, I. (1981). "Cities of mind, urban words: The dematerialization of metropolis in contemporary American fiction". In M. C. Jaye & A. C. Watts (Eds.), Literature & the American urban experience: Essays on the city and literature (93-112). Manchester University Press. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=BxHpAAAAIAAJ
  • Hobsbawm, E. J. (1962). The age of revolution: Europe 1789–1848. Vintage Books.
  • Kristiaan Versluys (2000) The city in literature: A review article on recent studies, English Studies, 81:3, 228-236, DOI: 10.1076/0013-838X(200005)81:3;1-M;FT236
  • Latham, R., & Hicks, J. (2014). Urban dystopias. In K. R. McNamara (Ed.), The Cambridge companion to the city in literature (pp. 163–174). Cambridge University Press
  • Lefebvre, H. (1991). The production of space (D. Nicholson-Smith, Trans.). Blackwell. (Original work published 1974)
  • Lefebvre, H. (1996). The right to the city. In E. Kofman & E. Lebas (Eds. & Trans.), Writings on cities (pp. 63–181). Blackwell. (Original work published 1968)
  • Lehan, R. (2023). The city in literature: An intellectual and cultural history. University of California Press. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=IxEr_v_2l4YC
  • O’Leary, J. (2021). Converting the cityscape: Emotions, religion and civic ritual in the renaissance city for the Tenshō embassy. In K. Barclay & J. Riddle (Eds.), Urban emotions and the making of the city: Interdisciplinary perspectives (pp. 19-35). Taylor & Francis. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=--EaEAAAQBAJ
  • Orwell, G. (1949). 1984. Harcourt, Brace and Company.
  • Vidler, A. (2014). Troubles in theory VI: From utopia to heterotopia. The Architectural Review. Retrieved January 9, 2025, from https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/utopia/troubles-in-theory-vi-from-utopia-to-heterotopia
  • Wesselman, D. (2023). Reflecting on the city through literature: Urban spaces, differences and embodiments. Taylor & Francis. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=4vvSEAAAQBAJ
There are 19 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Cultural Studies (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Alper Tulgar 0000-0002-8784-0795

Project Number yok
Publication Date November 20, 2025
Submission Date March 23, 2025
Acceptance Date November 7, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 18 Issue: 6

Cite

APA Tulgar, A. (2025). Cities of Surveillance: A Foucauldian Reading of Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four and Arslanoğlu’s Silence Towers 2084. Kent Akademisi, 18(6), 3851-3863. https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1663863

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