Australian Military Organization and Formation process of Australian Imperial Force at Pre-World War I (1870-1914)

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 1, 165 - 211, 25.05.2018

Orhan Özcan

https://doi.org/10.17134/khosbd.427059

Öz

Abstract

 

After
gold mines were discovered in Australian lands in 1850, Australia, whose
economy made much progress with the gold mine discoveries, rejected convict
settlers who came from Great Britain in 1868. Thereupon, Great Britain
withdrawn a major part of its troops from Australia colony in 1870. So,
Australian states which became independent initiated to form its local and
idiosyncratic military system. On the other hand, irrational perception of
threat not only by Asian countries Japan and China but also by European
Imperialist Powers Germany and France in Asia-Pacific are a resulted in need
for military security by Great Britain. In this paper, formation processes of
Australian military organization at pre-World War I (1870-1914) and Imperial
Force are studied. In this context, a brief history of Australia and influence
of Australian geopolitics on Australian military organization are evaluated.
Construction, institutionalization, alteration and transformation processes of
Australian Military under the influence of Great Britain during the time of
both pre-federation and post-federation era are investigated. Also, impact of
Australian politics elitism on Australian Military System from geostrategic
perspective in the context of foreign policy is analyzed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Australian History, Australian Military Organization, Australian Imperial Force, Great Britain, World War I

I.Dünya Savaşı Öncesi Avustralya Askerî Organizasyonu ve Avustralya İmparatorluk Kuvveti’nin Oluşum Süreci (1870-1914)

Öz

Öz

 

Avustralya topraklarında 1850’li yıllarda altın
madeninin bulunmasıyla, ekonomik düzeyi iyileşen Avustralya, 1868’de Büyük
Britanya’dan gelen son mahkûm yerleşimcileri kabul etmiştir. Bunun üzerine
Büyük Britanya, 1870 yılında Avustralya kolonisinden askerî birliklerinin büyük
bir kısmını geri çekmiştir. Böylece bağımsız olan Avustralya Eyaletleri, yerel
ve kendine has askerî yapısını oluşturmaya girişmiştir. Ancak Asya-Pasifik
bölgesinde Avustralya’nın, gerek Almanya ve Fransa gibi Avrupalı emperyalist güçlerin
gerekse Japonya ve Çin gibi Asya toplumlarından kaynaklı irrasyonel tehdit
algısı, tekrar Büyük Britanya askerî gücüne güvenlik gerekçesiyle ihtiyaç
duymasına neden olmuştur. Bu makalede, I.Dünya Savaşı öncesi (1870-1914)
Avustralya’nın askerî organizasyonunun ve İmparatorluk Kuvveti’nin oluşum
süreci incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda Avustralya’nın kısa tarihi ve Avustralya
jeopolitiğinin, Avustralya askerî organizasyona etkisi değerlendirilmiş ve
Avustralya’nın federasyon öncesi ve sonrası, Büyük Britanya etkisinde askerî
yapılanması, kurumsallaşması, değişim ve dönüşüm safhaları araştırılmıştır.
Ayrıca Avustralya siyasi elitizminin jeostratejik açıdan dış politikası
bağlamında, Avustralya askerî yapılanmasına tesirleri analiz edilmiştir.

Anahtar
Kelimeler: Avustralya
Tarihi, Avustralya Askerî Organizasyonu, Avustralya İmparatorluk Kuvveti, Büyük
Britanya, I.Dünya Savaşı. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Avustralya Tarihi, Avustralya Askerî Organizasyonu, Avustralya İmparatorluk Kuvveti, Büyük Britanya, I.Dünya Savaşı

Kaynakça

• Kaynakça
• Kitaplar
• Andrews E. M. (1993), Anzac Illusion: Anglo-Australian Relations During World War I, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Bean C.E.W. (1941), The Official History of Australia in the War of 1914-1918, Vol.I The Story of Anzac: First Phase, Eleventh Edition, Angus&Robertson Ltd, Sydney. Clark C. C. (2001), The Encyclopaedia of Australia’s Battles, Allen&Unwin, NSW. Docherty J. C. (2007), Historical Dictionary of Australia, The Scarecow Press, Maryland US, Toronto CA, Plymouth UK, Third Edition. Firth S. (2005), Australia in İnternational Poltics: An İntroduction to Australian Policy, Allen&Unwin, NSW. Fleming R. (2012), The Australian Army in World War I, Editor: Martin Windrow, Men-at-Arms Series, Osprey Publishing, Oxford. Fredrickson G. M. (2002), Racism: A Short History, Princeton University Press, New Jersey. Grey J. (2008), A Military History of Australia, Cambridge University Press, Third Edition, Cambridge. Laffin J. (1982), The Australian Army at War 1899-1975, Editör: Martin Windrow, Osprey Men at Arms Series 123, Osprey Publishing, London. Jenks M.A.E. (1912), A History of the Australasian Colonies, Cambridge at the University Press. Mat C. (2007), Türk Romanında Çanakkale Muharebeleri, Akçağ Yayınları, Ankara. Mordike J. (2002), We Should Do This Thing Quietly- Japan and the Great Deception in Australian Defence Policy 1911-1914, National Library of Australia. Palazzo A. (2001), The Australian Army: A History of its Organisation 1901-2001, Oxford University Press, Melbourne. Palmer J. (2009), The Bloody White Baron, Basic Books, New York. Simkins P. (2007), Kitchener’s Army: The Raising of New Army 1914-1916, Pen & Sword Military, First Published 1988, South Yorkshire. The Empire and The Century, Edited: Murray J. (1905), London. Wallace E. (1915), Kitchener’s Army and the Territorial Forces, the Full Story of a Great Achievement, George Newnes Ltd., London. West B.A., Frances T. M. (2010) , A Brief History of Australia, Facts on File, New York.
• Makaleler
• Fai L.W., “Perceptions of the East – Yellow Peril: An Archive of Anti-Asian Fear”, Irish Times, http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/perceptions- of-the-east-yellow-peril-an-archive-of-anti-asian-fear-1.1895696 (Erişim Tarihi: 05.02.2017). Mordike J. (March/April 1991), “The Origins of Australia’s Army: The Imperial and National Priorities”, Australian Defence Force Journal, No.87. Lockhart G., “Race Fear, Dangerous Denial”, https://griffithreview.com/articles/ race-fear-dangerous-denial (Erişim Tarihi: 12.09.2018). http://www.abc. net.au/news/2011-06-17/lockhart--- the-secret-centenary/2761502 (Erişim Tarihi: 14.12.2016). Wilcox C., “Pre-War Military Planning (Australia)”, https://encyclopedia.1914- 1918-online.net/article/pre-war_military_planning_australia (Erişim Tarihi: 26.02.2018).
• Tezler
• Bates S. (2013), The Anzac Day Legend: İts Orgins, Meaning, Power and İmpact on Shaping Australia’s İdentity, Master’s of Peace and Conflict Studies Dissertation, University of Sydney, Sydney. Kirişçi A.C. (2011), Nation-Building and Gallipoli: Represantations in Turkish, Australian and New Zealand Literatures, Dissertation Doctor of Philosopfy in English Literature, Boğaziçi University, İstanbul. Mckane B. (2012), Remembering the Great War in the Dominions of British Empire, MA Thesis, Leiden University.
• Yazarı belli olmayan web sitesi makalesi
• http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/fisher/in-office.aspx (Erişim Tarihi: 28.05.2017). https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/atwar/first-world-war (Erişim Tarihi:11.01.2018). http://www.iwm.org.uk/history/podcasts/voices-of-the-first-world-war/podcast-3- joining-up (Erişim Tarihi: 18.03.2017). http://www.ww1propaganda.com/world-war-1-posters/australian-ww1- propaganda-posters (Erişim Tarihi: 19.03.2017). https://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/the-australian-continent (Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2018). http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamenta ry_Library/pubs/rp/rp1415/ComParl (Erişim Tarihi: 14.06.2017). http://www.gutenberg.org/files/26350/26350-8.txt (Erişim tarihi: 06.02.2017).
• Arşiv Belgesi
• National Australia of Archive (NAA), Naval Defence of Australia: Policy of Fisher Government1909,A6661,1325,https://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRet rieve/Interface/ViewImage.aspx?B=422426 (Erişim Tarihi: 28.05.2017).
• Resmi Yayın
• Kemp J. (1910), Light Horse Manuel (Australia), Government Printer, Melbourne.
• Gazeteler
• Braidwood Dispatch and Mining Journal, 19 Kasım 1910. Great Southern Leader, 27 Ocak 1911. Midlands Advertiser, 6 Ocak 1911. Barrier Miner, 24 Temmuz 1911. The Argus, 3 Ağustos 1914.