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İspanya’nın, Bask Bölgesi’nde Terörizmle Mücadelesinin “Çatışma ve Değişim” Bağlantısı Üzerinden Bir İncelemesi

Year 2022, Issue: 41, 1 - 40, 09.05.2022
https://doi.org/10.17134/khosbd.1100573

Abstract

Bask Milliyetçiliği ile İspanya Devleti arasındaki tarihi çekişme, karmaşık dinamiklerden etkilenmektedir. Bask tarafının temel argümanları Baskların ayrı bir ulus olarak tarihlerinin büyük bir bölümünde İspanya ile hiçbir zaman tam manasıyla bütünleşmediği tezine ve dolayısıyla münhasıran self-determinasyon hakkına sahip olduğu savına dayanmaktadır. Öte yandan İspanya için mesele etnik ayrılıkçılıkla mücadeledir ve Baskların İspanya içinde sahip oldukları siyasi, kültürel ve finansal özerklikle yetinmeleri istenilmektedir. Buna karşılık Bask Milliyetçiliğinin en radikal yüzü olan Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA), şiddeti politik emellerine ulaşmak üzere bir araç olarak belirleyerek İspanya Devleti ile uzun yıllara yayılan, yoğunluğu kimi zaman artan, kimi zaman azalan ama nihai bir hedef olarak Bask ülkesinin bağımsızlığı hususunu gündemde tutma ülküsünden uzaklaşmayan bir çatışma sürecine girmiştir. Nihayetinde ise ETA, 60 yılda 829 kişinin hayatına ve binlerce kişinin yaralanmasına neden olduktan sonra içeriden ve dışarıdan baskılanarak şiddet üretemez hale getirilmiştir. Öte yandan, ETA’nın koşulsuz teslimolarak, kendini lağvederek veya İspanya ilebir uzlaşı süreci sonunda kalıcı barış tesis ederek eylemlerine son vermediği hususları göz ardı edilmemelidir. Bu çerçevede ETA yüzüyle temsil edilen Bask Milliyetçiliği ile İspanya Devleti arasındaki anlaşmazlığı, Çatışma Yönetimi veya Çatışma Çözümü gibi literatürdeki diğer popüler yaklaşımlardan ziyade, çatışmanın dinamik doğasını haritalandırmayı amaçlayan değişim odaklı bir bağlamda incelemenin daha uygun olabileceği düşünülmektedir.

References

  • Alcoba, M. L. (2009). ¿Por qué el terrorismo? Madrid: Luna Alcoba.
  • Anderson, W. (2003). The ETA: Spain's Basque Terrorists. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group.
  • Bercovitch, J. (2019). Social Conflicts and Third Parties: Strategies of Conflict Resolution. New York: Routledge.
  • Cassan, P. (1998). Francia y la Cuestión Vasca. Nafarroa: Txalaparta.
  • Ciment, J. (2011). World Terrorism: An Encyclopedia of Political Violence from Ancient Times to the Post 9-11 Era. New York: Routledge.
  • Clark, R. P. (1979). The Basques, the Franco Years and Beyond. Nevada: University of Nevada Press.
  • Clark, R. (1991). Negotiating with ETA: Obstacles to Peace in the Basque Country, 1975-1988. Nevada: University of Nevada Press.
  • Conversi, D. (2000). The Basques, the Catalans and Spain. Londra: C. Hurst&Co.
  • Corbí, M. S. & Simón, M. (2017). Historia de un Desafío: Cinco Décadas de Lucha Sin Cuartel de la Guardia Civil Contra ETA. Barcelona: Ediciones Península.
  • Demir, C. K. (2017). Sebeplerinden Mücadele Yöntemlerine Etnik Ayrılıkçı Terörizm: PIRA, ETA, PKK. Ankara: Nobel.
  • Fernandez, G. (2017). The origins of ETA. R. Leonisio, F. Molina, D. Muro (Der.), içinde ETA’s Terrorist Campaign: From Violence to Politics, 1968–2015 (19-35). London: Routledge.
  • García, L. R. (2013). Historia de España: Prueba de Acceso a la Universidad para Mayores de 25 Años. Palibrio: Bloomington.
  • Kurlansky, M. (2000). The Basque History of the World. London: Vintage Books.
  • Larrañaga, R. S. Guerilla y Terrorismo en Colombia y España: ELN y ETA. Bucaramanga: UNAB.
  • Ledarach, J. P. (2014). The Little Book of Conflict Resolution. New York: Good Books
  • Mees, L. (2003). Violence and Democracy: The Basque Clash of Identities. New York: Palgrave.
  • Miller C. E. (2005). A Glossary of Terms and Concepts in Peace and Conflict Studies. Addis Ababa: University for Peace.
  • Mitchell, C. (1993). The Process and Stages of Mediation: Two Sudanese Cases. içinde D. R. Smock (Der.), Making War and Waging Peace (139-159). Washington, D.C: USIP Press.
  • Mitchell, C. (2003). Problem Solving. içinde S. Cheldelin, D. Druckman, L. A. Fast (Der.), Conflict: From Analysis to Intervention (241-254). London: Continuum.
  • Mitchell, C. (2011). Conflict, Change and Conflict Resolution. içinde B. Austin, M. Fischer, H.J. Giessmann (Der.), Advancing Conflict Transformation (75-101). Berlin: Barbara Budrich Publishers.
  • Morgan, F.E., Mueller, K.P., Medeiros, E.S., Pollpeter, K.L., Cliff, R. (2008). Dangerous Thresholds: Managing Escalation in the 21st Century. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation.
  • Murua, I. (2017). Ending ETA's Armed Campaign: How and Why the Basque Armed Group Abandoned Violence. Oxon: Routledge.
  • Ortigosa, J. L. (2013). La Cuestión Vasca: Desde la Prehistoria hasta la Muerte de Sabino Arana. Madrid: Vision Libros.
  • Payne, S. G. (1975). Basque Nationalism. Nevada: University of Nevada Press.
  • Reimer, E. L. & Thiessen, C. (2018). “Intervention Voices: Emerging Research on Peacebuilding and Conflict Resolution” içinde Conflict Transformation, Peacebuilding, and Storytelling. Maryland: The Rowman and the Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.
  • Sánchez, A. (1995). Quién es Quién en la Democracia Española. Madrid: Flor del Viento Ediciones.
  • Sullivan, J. L. (1988). ETA and Basque Nationalism: The Fight for Euskadi 1890- 1986. New York: Routledge.
  • Trask, L. (1997). The History of Basque. New York: Routledge.
  • Unzueta, P. (1988). Los Nietos de la IRA. Nacionalismo y Violencia en el Pais. Madrid: El Pais Aguilar.
  • Wallensteen, P. (2015). Understanding Conflict Resolution. Londra: Saga.
  • Whitfield, T. (2014). Endgame for ETA: Elusive Peace in the Basque Country. New York: Oxford UP.
  • Zulaika, J. & Douglass W. (1996). Terror and Taboo. New York: Routledge.
  • Alonso, R. (2009). Una Evaluación de las Dinámicas Psicosociales Relacionadas con la Organización Terrorista ETA y la Política Antiterrorista del Gobierno Español Entre 2004 y 2008. Revista de Psicología Social, 24(2), 261–290.
  • Bilbao, Z. & Irizar, O. (2017). The Importance of Historical Context: A New Discourse on the Nation in Basque Nationalism? Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 23 (2), 142–147.
  • Castells, A. L. (2017). La Dociedad Vasca ante el Terrorismo. Las Ventanas Cerradas (1977-2011). Historia y Política, 38(1), 347–382.
  • Çakaş, C. Ö. (2020). İspanya’daki Bask Etnik Milliyetçiliğinin Tarihsel Gelişimi Üzerine bir İnceleme. Akademi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(20), 118–155.
  • De Pablo, S., Mees, L. & Rodríguez Ranz, J. A. (1999). El Péndulo Patriótico. Historia del Partido Nacionalista Vasco, 1(1), 1895-2005. Barcelona: Crítica.
  • Domínguez, F. (2004). ETA: Un Análisis de Situación. Cuadernos de Pensamiento Político, 4(1), 93–116.
  • Felix, J., Zarranz, J. J., Otaegui, D. & de Munain, A. L. (2015). Neurogenetic disorders in the Basque Population. Annals of Human Genetics, 79(1), 57– 75.
  • Hegre, H. (2017). Evaluating the Scope and Intensity of the Conflict Trap: A Dynamic Simulation Approach. Journal of Peace Research, 54(2), 243– 261.
  • Konuralp, E. (2019). İspanya’da Bölgeli Devletin Tarihsel Gelişimi, Yasal Düzeni ve Siyasal Yapılanışı. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 14(1), 345–402
  • López R. R. & Gaizka, F. S. (2018). From Ethnic Exclusion to Terrorism? The Case of Radical Basque Nationalism. Journal of Iberian and Latin American Studies, 24(3), 449–451.
  • Mitchell, C. (2002). Beyond Resolution: What Does Conflict Transformation Actually Transform? Peace and Conflict Studies, 9(1), 1–23.
  • Mitchell, C. (1980). Evaluating Conflict. Journal of Peace Research, 17(1), 61–75.
  • Tanner, F. Conflict Prevention and Conflict Resolution: Limits of Multilateralism, International Review of the Red Cross, 82(839), 541–559.
  • Zabalo, J. & Saratxo, M. (2015). ETA Ceasefire: Armed Struggle vs. Political Practice, Basque Nationalism. Ethnicities, 15(3), 362–384.
  • Zulaika, J. & Murua, I. (2017). How Terrorism Ends – and does not End: The Basque Case. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 10(2), 338–356.
  • Basaguren, A. L. (2012). The Fundamental Points of the Plan Ibarretxe. 21.02.2019 tarihinde http://www.paralalibertad.org/descargas/InformeLaberinto/Lopez _Basagur en_Ingles.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
  • BBC, “Batasuna Banned Permanently” (2013). 11.02.2019 tarihinde http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2857437.stm adresinden alınmıştır.
  • BBC. “Spain's State-Sponsored Death Squads” (1998). 11.02.2019 tarihinde http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/141720.stm adresinden alınmıştır.
  • CIA. “Spain, Basque Terrorism and Government Response” (1984). 14.05.2019 tarihinde https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA- RDP85S00316R000300110004-3.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Diario Vasco. “El Origen del Aberri Eguna en la República” (2007). 14.03.2019 tarihinde https://www.diariovasco.com/prensa/20070408/opinion/origen- aberri-egunarepublica_20070408.html adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Digital Journal. “Spain and Portugal to Cooperate Against ETA” (2007). 09.04.2019 tarihinde http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/235400 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • El Diario. “La carta en la que ETA anuncia su disolución” (2018). 14.01.2019 https://www.eldiario.es/norte/DOCUMENTOcarta-ETA-anuncia- disolucion_0_767123640.html adresinden alınmıştır.
  • El Mundo. “El Pacto de Madrid” (1986). 04.01.2019 tarihinde https://www.elmundo.es/eta/documentos/pacto_madrid.html adresinden alınmıştır.
  • El Pais. “El Gobierno Vasco Pedirá a Sánchez Acercar en Bloque a los 216 Presos de ETA” (2020). 14.01.2021 tarihinde https://elpais.com/politica/2020/01/15/actualidad/1579090258_6419 96.html adresinden alınmıştır.
  • El Pais. “ETA Announces End to Violence” (2011). 11.01.2019 tarihinde https://elpais.com/elpais/2011/10/20/inenglish/1319088042_850210.html adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Ersoy, Ö. (2010). Terörle Mücadelede İspanyol-Fransız Ortaklığı. 15.12.2018 tarihinde http://www.sde.org.tr/tr/haberler/1060/terorle-mucadelede- ispanyol-fransiz-ortakligi.aspx adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Euskad Ta Askatasuna (ETA) (2015). 16.12.2020 tarihinde http://mackenzieinstitute.com/euskad-ta-askatasuna-eta-3/ adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Irish Times. “ETA Violence Leaves Madrid and Basque Moderates Further Apart” (2000). 14.01.2021 tarihinde https://www.irishtimes.com/news/eta- violence-leaves-madrid-and-basque-moderates-further-apart-1.295341 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Miall, H. (2004). Concepts of Conflict Transformation. An Enquiry. Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management - Berghof Handbook Dialogue No. 5 16.05.2020 tarihinde https://www.berghof- foundation.org/nc/en/publications/publication/conflict-transformation-a- multi-dimensional-task/ adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Mitchell, C. (2005). Conflict, Social Change and Conflict Resolution. An Enquiry. Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management - Berghof Handbook Dialogue No. 5, 16.12.2020 tarihinde https://www.berghof- foundation.org/fileadmin/redaktion/Publications/Handbook/Dialogue_Cha pters/dialogue5_mitchell_lead-1.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
  • RTVE. “El Parlamento Vasco Aprueba una Resolución que Defiende el Derecho a Decidir” (2019). 10.12.2019 tarihinde http://www.rtve.es/noticias/20191128/parlamento-vasco-aprueba- resolucion-defiende-derecho-decidir/1992795.shtml adresinden alınmıştır.

An Inspection of the Link Between “Conflict and Change” with Respect to Spain’s Counterterrorism in Basque Region

Year 2022, Issue: 41, 1 - 40, 09.05.2022
https://doi.org/10.17134/khosbd.1100573

Abstract

The historical dispute between Basque Nationalism and the Spanish State has been affected by complex dynamics. The essential Basque arguments rely on the thesis that Basques, as a unique nation, have never fully-integrated into Spain throughout a big part of their history, and therefore, they reserve the exclusive right of self-determination. On the other hand, Spain perceives the conflict as a combat against ethnic separatism and asks the Basques to be satisfied with their present political, cultural and financial authonomy within Spain. In return, Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) -the radical face of Basque Nationalism-, by using violence as a way to achieve political ambitions, has been involved in a conflict spiral with the Spanish State that oscillated between low and high intensity for many years, but never stood back from keeping its ultimate goal of independence of the Basque country on the agenda. Eventually, ETA is not capable of producing violence anymore due to growing public pressure inside and outside the Basque Country after being held responsible for the casualties of 829 people and injuries of thousands in 60 years. However, it should not be ignored that ETA ended her violence campaign against Spain neither with unconditional surrender, dissolution nor establishing lasting peaceas a result of reconcilementprocess. Therefore, it is considered as more suitable to analyse the conflict between the Spanish State and Basque Nationalism in the face of ETA within a change-centric framework that holds the aim of mapping the dynamic nature of the conflict, rather than other popular approaches in the literature, namely conflict management or conflict resolution.

References

  • Alcoba, M. L. (2009). ¿Por qué el terrorismo? Madrid: Luna Alcoba.
  • Anderson, W. (2003). The ETA: Spain's Basque Terrorists. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group.
  • Bercovitch, J. (2019). Social Conflicts and Third Parties: Strategies of Conflict Resolution. New York: Routledge.
  • Cassan, P. (1998). Francia y la Cuestión Vasca. Nafarroa: Txalaparta.
  • Ciment, J. (2011). World Terrorism: An Encyclopedia of Political Violence from Ancient Times to the Post 9-11 Era. New York: Routledge.
  • Clark, R. P. (1979). The Basques, the Franco Years and Beyond. Nevada: University of Nevada Press.
  • Clark, R. (1991). Negotiating with ETA: Obstacles to Peace in the Basque Country, 1975-1988. Nevada: University of Nevada Press.
  • Conversi, D. (2000). The Basques, the Catalans and Spain. Londra: C. Hurst&Co.
  • Corbí, M. S. & Simón, M. (2017). Historia de un Desafío: Cinco Décadas de Lucha Sin Cuartel de la Guardia Civil Contra ETA. Barcelona: Ediciones Península.
  • Demir, C. K. (2017). Sebeplerinden Mücadele Yöntemlerine Etnik Ayrılıkçı Terörizm: PIRA, ETA, PKK. Ankara: Nobel.
  • Fernandez, G. (2017). The origins of ETA. R. Leonisio, F. Molina, D. Muro (Der.), içinde ETA’s Terrorist Campaign: From Violence to Politics, 1968–2015 (19-35). London: Routledge.
  • García, L. R. (2013). Historia de España: Prueba de Acceso a la Universidad para Mayores de 25 Años. Palibrio: Bloomington.
  • Kurlansky, M. (2000). The Basque History of the World. London: Vintage Books.
  • Larrañaga, R. S. Guerilla y Terrorismo en Colombia y España: ELN y ETA. Bucaramanga: UNAB.
  • Ledarach, J. P. (2014). The Little Book of Conflict Resolution. New York: Good Books
  • Mees, L. (2003). Violence and Democracy: The Basque Clash of Identities. New York: Palgrave.
  • Miller C. E. (2005). A Glossary of Terms and Concepts in Peace and Conflict Studies. Addis Ababa: University for Peace.
  • Mitchell, C. (1993). The Process and Stages of Mediation: Two Sudanese Cases. içinde D. R. Smock (Der.), Making War and Waging Peace (139-159). Washington, D.C: USIP Press.
  • Mitchell, C. (2003). Problem Solving. içinde S. Cheldelin, D. Druckman, L. A. Fast (Der.), Conflict: From Analysis to Intervention (241-254). London: Continuum.
  • Mitchell, C. (2011). Conflict, Change and Conflict Resolution. içinde B. Austin, M. Fischer, H.J. Giessmann (Der.), Advancing Conflict Transformation (75-101). Berlin: Barbara Budrich Publishers.
  • Morgan, F.E., Mueller, K.P., Medeiros, E.S., Pollpeter, K.L., Cliff, R. (2008). Dangerous Thresholds: Managing Escalation in the 21st Century. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation.
  • Murua, I. (2017). Ending ETA's Armed Campaign: How and Why the Basque Armed Group Abandoned Violence. Oxon: Routledge.
  • Ortigosa, J. L. (2013). La Cuestión Vasca: Desde la Prehistoria hasta la Muerte de Sabino Arana. Madrid: Vision Libros.
  • Payne, S. G. (1975). Basque Nationalism. Nevada: University of Nevada Press.
  • Reimer, E. L. & Thiessen, C. (2018). “Intervention Voices: Emerging Research on Peacebuilding and Conflict Resolution” içinde Conflict Transformation, Peacebuilding, and Storytelling. Maryland: The Rowman and the Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.
  • Sánchez, A. (1995). Quién es Quién en la Democracia Española. Madrid: Flor del Viento Ediciones.
  • Sullivan, J. L. (1988). ETA and Basque Nationalism: The Fight for Euskadi 1890- 1986. New York: Routledge.
  • Trask, L. (1997). The History of Basque. New York: Routledge.
  • Unzueta, P. (1988). Los Nietos de la IRA. Nacionalismo y Violencia en el Pais. Madrid: El Pais Aguilar.
  • Wallensteen, P. (2015). Understanding Conflict Resolution. Londra: Saga.
  • Whitfield, T. (2014). Endgame for ETA: Elusive Peace in the Basque Country. New York: Oxford UP.
  • Zulaika, J. & Douglass W. (1996). Terror and Taboo. New York: Routledge.
  • Alonso, R. (2009). Una Evaluación de las Dinámicas Psicosociales Relacionadas con la Organización Terrorista ETA y la Política Antiterrorista del Gobierno Español Entre 2004 y 2008. Revista de Psicología Social, 24(2), 261–290.
  • Bilbao, Z. & Irizar, O. (2017). The Importance of Historical Context: A New Discourse on the Nation in Basque Nationalism? Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 23 (2), 142–147.
  • Castells, A. L. (2017). La Dociedad Vasca ante el Terrorismo. Las Ventanas Cerradas (1977-2011). Historia y Política, 38(1), 347–382.
  • Çakaş, C. Ö. (2020). İspanya’daki Bask Etnik Milliyetçiliğinin Tarihsel Gelişimi Üzerine bir İnceleme. Akademi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(20), 118–155.
  • De Pablo, S., Mees, L. & Rodríguez Ranz, J. A. (1999). El Péndulo Patriótico. Historia del Partido Nacionalista Vasco, 1(1), 1895-2005. Barcelona: Crítica.
  • Domínguez, F. (2004). ETA: Un Análisis de Situación. Cuadernos de Pensamiento Político, 4(1), 93–116.
  • Felix, J., Zarranz, J. J., Otaegui, D. & de Munain, A. L. (2015). Neurogenetic disorders in the Basque Population. Annals of Human Genetics, 79(1), 57– 75.
  • Hegre, H. (2017). Evaluating the Scope and Intensity of the Conflict Trap: A Dynamic Simulation Approach. Journal of Peace Research, 54(2), 243– 261.
  • Konuralp, E. (2019). İspanya’da Bölgeli Devletin Tarihsel Gelişimi, Yasal Düzeni ve Siyasal Yapılanışı. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 14(1), 345–402
  • López R. R. & Gaizka, F. S. (2018). From Ethnic Exclusion to Terrorism? The Case of Radical Basque Nationalism. Journal of Iberian and Latin American Studies, 24(3), 449–451.
  • Mitchell, C. (2002). Beyond Resolution: What Does Conflict Transformation Actually Transform? Peace and Conflict Studies, 9(1), 1–23.
  • Mitchell, C. (1980). Evaluating Conflict. Journal of Peace Research, 17(1), 61–75.
  • Tanner, F. Conflict Prevention and Conflict Resolution: Limits of Multilateralism, International Review of the Red Cross, 82(839), 541–559.
  • Zabalo, J. & Saratxo, M. (2015). ETA Ceasefire: Armed Struggle vs. Political Practice, Basque Nationalism. Ethnicities, 15(3), 362–384.
  • Zulaika, J. & Murua, I. (2017). How Terrorism Ends – and does not End: The Basque Case. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 10(2), 338–356.
  • Basaguren, A. L. (2012). The Fundamental Points of the Plan Ibarretxe. 21.02.2019 tarihinde http://www.paralalibertad.org/descargas/InformeLaberinto/Lopez _Basagur en_Ingles.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
  • BBC, “Batasuna Banned Permanently” (2013). 11.02.2019 tarihinde http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2857437.stm adresinden alınmıştır.
  • BBC. “Spain's State-Sponsored Death Squads” (1998). 11.02.2019 tarihinde http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/141720.stm adresinden alınmıştır.
  • CIA. “Spain, Basque Terrorism and Government Response” (1984). 14.05.2019 tarihinde https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA- RDP85S00316R000300110004-3.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Diario Vasco. “El Origen del Aberri Eguna en la República” (2007). 14.03.2019 tarihinde https://www.diariovasco.com/prensa/20070408/opinion/origen- aberri-egunarepublica_20070408.html adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Digital Journal. “Spain and Portugal to Cooperate Against ETA” (2007). 09.04.2019 tarihinde http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/235400 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • El Diario. “La carta en la que ETA anuncia su disolución” (2018). 14.01.2019 https://www.eldiario.es/norte/DOCUMENTOcarta-ETA-anuncia- disolucion_0_767123640.html adresinden alınmıştır.
  • El Mundo. “El Pacto de Madrid” (1986). 04.01.2019 tarihinde https://www.elmundo.es/eta/documentos/pacto_madrid.html adresinden alınmıştır.
  • El Pais. “El Gobierno Vasco Pedirá a Sánchez Acercar en Bloque a los 216 Presos de ETA” (2020). 14.01.2021 tarihinde https://elpais.com/politica/2020/01/15/actualidad/1579090258_6419 96.html adresinden alınmıştır.
  • El Pais. “ETA Announces End to Violence” (2011). 11.01.2019 tarihinde https://elpais.com/elpais/2011/10/20/inenglish/1319088042_850210.html adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Ersoy, Ö. (2010). Terörle Mücadelede İspanyol-Fransız Ortaklığı. 15.12.2018 tarihinde http://www.sde.org.tr/tr/haberler/1060/terorle-mucadelede- ispanyol-fransiz-ortakligi.aspx adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Euskad Ta Askatasuna (ETA) (2015). 16.12.2020 tarihinde http://mackenzieinstitute.com/euskad-ta-askatasuna-eta-3/ adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Irish Times. “ETA Violence Leaves Madrid and Basque Moderates Further Apart” (2000). 14.01.2021 tarihinde https://www.irishtimes.com/news/eta- violence-leaves-madrid-and-basque-moderates-further-apart-1.295341 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Miall, H. (2004). Concepts of Conflict Transformation. An Enquiry. Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management - Berghof Handbook Dialogue No. 5 16.05.2020 tarihinde https://www.berghof- foundation.org/nc/en/publications/publication/conflict-transformation-a- multi-dimensional-task/ adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Mitchell, C. (2005). Conflict, Social Change and Conflict Resolution. An Enquiry. Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management - Berghof Handbook Dialogue No. 5, 16.12.2020 tarihinde https://www.berghof- foundation.org/fileadmin/redaktion/Publications/Handbook/Dialogue_Cha pters/dialogue5_mitchell_lead-1.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
  • RTVE. “El Parlamento Vasco Aprueba una Resolución que Defiende el Derecho a Decidir” (2019). 10.12.2019 tarihinde http://www.rtve.es/noticias/20191128/parlamento-vasco-aprueba- resolucion-defiende-derecho-decidir/1992795.shtml adresinden alınmıştır.
There are 63 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

M.bahadır İleri This is me

Publication Date May 9, 2022
Submission Date January 21, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2022 Issue: 41

Cite

IEEE M. İleri, “İspanya’nın, Bask Bölgesi’nde Terörizmle Mücadelesinin ‘Çatışma ve Değişim’ Bağlantısı Üzerinden Bir İncelemesi”, Savunma Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 1, no. 41, pp. 1–40, 2022, doi: 10.17134/khosbd.1100573.