Energy Consumption, Trade Openness, CO2 Emissions, and the Pollution Haven Hypothesis in Turkey: Evidence from Novel Dynamic ARDL Simulations

Year 2022, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 480 - 507, 29.09.2022

Mustafa Necati Çoban Oktay Özkan

https://doi.org/10.53306/klujfeas.1147997

Cited By: 1

Abstract

With the global environmental sustainability at serious risk, studies on the determinants of environmental degradation become important. The effect of foreign direct investments on environmental degradation can be examined within the scope of the pollution haven hypothesis. Again, the effect of energy consumption and trade openness on environmental degradation indicators is also important in terms of forming policies for the future of countries.The main purpose of this study is to examine the impact of foreign direct investment, energy consumption and trade openness on environmental quality and the validity of the pollution haven hypothesis in Turkey. As a result of the analyses employed with the novel dynamic ARDL simulations method using annual time series data between 1970 and 2020, it has been determined that (1) increases (decreases) in foreign direct investments worsen (improve) the environmental quality and therefore the pollution haven hypothesis is valid for Turkey; (2) increases (decreases) in energy use have deteriorating (improving) effects on environmental quality; (3) increase (decrease) of trade openness affects the environmental quality positively (negatively); (4) the effect of energy use (trade openness) on environmental quality is more (less) than other variables. Finally, suggestions were made to policymakers in line with the findings.

Keywords

pollution haven hypothesis, foreign direct investment, energy consumption, trade openness, CO2 emissions, environment quality, dynamic ARDL simulations approach

Türkiye’de Enerji Tüketimi, Ticari Açıklık, CO2 emisyonları ve Kirlilik Sığınağı Hipotezi: Yeni Dinamik ARDL Simülasyonlarından Kanıtlar

Abstract

Küresel olarak çevresel sürdürülebilirliğin ciddi bir şekilde risk altına girmesiyle beraber çevresel bozulmanın belirleyicilerine yönelik çalışmalar önemli hale gelmektedir. Doğrudan yabancı yatırımların çevresel bozulma üzerine etkisi, kirlilik sığınağı hipotezi kapsamında incelenebilmektedir. Yine enerji tüketimi ve ticari açıklığın çevresel bozulma göstergeleri üzerine etkisi de ülkelerin geleceğe yönelik politikalar oluşturması bakımından önemlidir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar, enerji tüketimi ve ticari açıklığın çevre kalitesi üzerindeki etkisini ve kirlilik sığınağı hipotezinin geçerliliğini Türkiye’de incelemektir. 1970-2020 arasındaki yıllık zaman serisi verileri kullanılarak yeni dinamik ARDL simülasyonları yöntemi ile gerçekleştirilen analizler sonucunda (1) doğrudan yabancı yatırımlardaki artışların (azalışların) çevre kalitesini kötüleştirdiği (iyileştirdiği) ve dolayısıyla kirlilik sığınağı hipotezinin Türkiye için geçerli olduğu; (2) enerji kullanımı artışlarının (azalışlarının) çevre kalitesi üzerinde kötüleştirici (iyileştirici) etkilerinin olduğu; (3) ticari açıklığın artmasının (azalmasının) çevre kalitesini olumlu (olumsuz) etkilediği; (4) enerji kullanımının (ticari açıklığın) çevre kalitesi üzerindeki etkisinin diğer değişkenlere göre daha fazla (az) olduğu belirlenmiştir. Son olarak elde edilen bulgular doğrultusunda politika yapıcılara önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Keywords

kirlilik sığınağı hipotezi, doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar, enerji tüketimi, ticari açıklık, CO2 emisyonları, çevre kalitesi, dinamik ARDL simülasyonları yaklaşımı

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