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A Non-Naturalist Metaethical Theory

Year 2021, Issue: 37, 195 - 229, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.35209/ksuifd.878230

Abstract

One of the most important problems of metaethics, as a philosophy of ethics, is the question of whether moral qualities such as good and right have an objective reality. Metaethical theories are classified into realist and anti-realist theories, according to their answers to this main ontological question. The theories that answer this question positively have been called realist and others have been called antirealist. Realist metaethical theories are ethical naturalism and non-naturalism/ethical intuitionism. Anti-realist metaethical theories are subjectivism, non-cognitivism and nihilism. Ethical naturalism tries to recude ethical qualities to natural qualities. Ethical non-naturalism objects to this project. In this work we summarize metaethical problems, metaethical theories and non-naturalist metaethical theory. After that, we aim to justify the non-naturalist metaethical theory and we try to achieve this aim by discussing arguments for and against this metaethical position.

References

  • Armstrong, Walter Sinnott. “Moral Intuitionism Meets Empirical Psychology”. Metaethics after Moore. ed. Terry Horgan vd. 339-365. New York: Clarendon Press-Oxford, 2006.
  • Audi, Rober. The Good in The Right. New Jersey: Priceton University Press, 2004.
  • Brink, David O.. Moral Realism and Foundations of Ethics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
  • Cohen, Carl. “Natural and NonNatural Qualities”. The Journal of Philosophy LV/2 (January 1958),412-429.
  • Darwall, Stephen. Philosophical Ethics. Colorado: Westview Press, 1998.
  • Darwall, Stephen. “How Should Ethics Relate to Philosophy”. ed. Terry Horgan vd. Metaethics after Moore, 17-37.
  • Ewing, Alfred C.. Ethics. London: English University Press, 1953.
  • Frankena, William K.. “The Naturalistic Fallacy”. Twentieth Century Ethical Theory. ed. Steven M. Cahn vd. 129-138.New Jersey: Prentice Hall,1995.
  • Frankena, William K.. Ethics. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Second Edition, 1973.
  • Garner, Richard T. - Rosen, Bernard. Moral Philosophy, A Systematic Introduction to Normative Ethics and Meta-ethics. New York: The Macmillian Company, 1972.
  • Gibbard, Alan. “Normative Properties”. Metaethics after Moore, ed. Terry Horgan vd. 319-337. New York: Clarendon Press-Oxford University Press, 2006.
  • Horgan, Terry- Timmons, Mark. “Introduction”. Metaethics after Moore. ed. Terry Horgan vd. 1-13. New York: Clarendon Press-Oxford Oxford University Press, 2006.
  • Horgan, Terry- Timmons, Mark. “New Wave Moral Realism Meets Twin Earth”. Foundations of Ethics, An Anthology. ed. Russ Shafer Landau vd. 495-504. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2007.
  • Huemer, Michael. Ethical Intuitionism. New York: Palgrave Macmillian, 2005.
  • Hume, David. A Treatise of Human Nature. ed. L.A.Selby-Bigge. London: Oxford-Clarendon Press, 1951.
  • Lake, Philip Stratton. “Introduction”. Ethcal Intuitionism, Re-evaluations. ed. Philip Stratton-Lake. 1-28. New York: Clarendon Press-Oxford, 2002.
  • Landau, Russ Shafer. “Ethics as Philosophy, A Defence of Ethical Nonnaturalism”. Metaethics after Moore. ed. Terry Horgan vd. 210-232. New York: Clarendon Press-Oxford University Press, 2006.
  • Landau, Russ Shafer- Cuneo, Terence. “Moral Knowledge”. Foundations of Ethics, An Anthology. ed. Russ Shafer Landau vd. 383-388. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2007.
  • Landau, Russ Shafer- Cuneo, Terence. “Moral Motivation”. Foundations of Ethics, An Anthology. ed. Russ Shafer Landau vd. 225-230. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2007.
  • Landau, Russ Shafer- Cuneo, Terence. “Moral Realism”. Foundations of Ethics, An Anthology. ed. Russ Shafer Landau vd. 157-162. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2007.
  • Landau, Russ Shafer- Cuneo, Terence. “Moral Supervenience”. Foundations of Ethics, An Anthology. ed. Russ Shafer Landau vd. 433-437. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2007.
  • Landau, Russ Shafer- Cuneo, Terence. “General Introduction”. Foundations of Ethics. An Anthology. ed. Russ Shafer Landau vd. 1-7. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2007.
  • Landau, Russ Shafer- Cuneo, Terence. “Semantic Puzzles”. Foundations of Ethics, An Anthology. ed. Russ Shafer Landau vd. 455-464. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2007.
  • Mackie, John L.. Ethics, Inventing Right and Wrong. New York: Penguin Books, 1990.
  • McCloskey, H.J.. Meta-Ethics and Normative Ethics. Netherlands: Nıjhoff/The Hague, 1969.
  • McNaughton, David. “Intuitionism”. The Blackwell Guide to Ethical Theory. ed. Hugh La Follette. 268-287. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2000.
  • Miller, Alexander. An Introduction To Contemporary Meta-Ethics. Malden: Bodmin-Cornwall, 2008.
  • Moore, George E.. Principia Ethica. New York: Prometheus Books, 1988.
  • Moore, George E.. Philosophical Studies. New York: Harcourt, Brace Coop., 1922.
  • Pojman, Louis P.. Ethics, Discovering Right and Wrong. Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth Corporation, Fifth Edition, 2006.
  • Ross, W.David. The Right and The Good. ed. Philip Stratton-Lake. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
  • Smith, Micahael. “Realism”. The Balackwell Guide to Ethical Theory. ed. Hugh La Follette.15-37. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2000.
  • Sterling, Grant C.. Ethical Intuitionism and Its Critics. New York: Peter Lang Pub., 1994.
  • Sturgeon, Nicholas L.. “Ethical Intuitionism and Naturalism”. Ethical Intuitionism Re-evaluations. ed. Philip Stratton-Lake. 184-211. New York: Clarendon Press, 2002.
  • Taylor, Paul W.. “Objectivism and Its Critics”. The Moral Judgment, The Readings in Contemporary Metaethics. ed. Paul W. Taylor. 1-3. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1963.
  • Tepe, Harun. Etik ve Metaetik. Ankara: Türk Felsefe Kurumu, 2.Baskı., 2011.
  • Tropman, Elizabeth. Moral Realism and New Intuitionism. Indiana University, Faculty of Universty Graduate School: Doktora Tezi, 2006.

Naturalist Olmayan Realist Bir Metaetik Teori

Year 2021, Issue: 37, 195 - 229, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.35209/ksuifd.878230

Abstract

Genel olarak etiğin felsefesi olarak değerlendirilebilecek olan metaetiğin en önemli sorularından birisi ahlâkî niteliklerin objektif bir gerçekliğe sahip olup olmadığı sorusudur. Bu soruya olumlu cevap veren teoriler genel olarak realist, olumsuz cevap veren teoriler ise anti-realist olarak isimlendirilmiştir. Realist metaetik teoriler sınıfı içerisinde natüralist/indirgemeci teoriler ve natüralist olmayan teori/ahlakî sezgicilik yer alırken, antirealist metaetik teoriler sınıfı içerisinde sübjektivist teoriler, gayr-i bilişselci teoriler ve nihilizm/hata teorisi yer alır. Realist grup içerisinde yer alan teorilerden natüralist yaklaşımlar ahlaki nitelikleri deney ve tecrübe konusu olabilecek bir takım doğal niteliklere indirgemeye çalışır. Naturalist olmayan yaklaşımlar ise, ahlâkî niteliklerin doğal niteliklere indirgenemeyen ayrı bir tür olduğunu savunur. Bu makalede metaetik, metaetik teoriler ve natüralist olmayan realist metaetik teori hakkında bir özet sunduktan sonra, natüralist olmayan realist bir metaetik teorinin haklılığını temellendirmeyi amaçladık. Bu temellen-dirmeyi yaparken bu teorinin lehindeki ve aleyhindeki argümanları değerlendirmeye dayalı bir yöntem izlemeye çalıştık.

References

  • Armstrong, Walter Sinnott. “Moral Intuitionism Meets Empirical Psychology”. Metaethics after Moore. ed. Terry Horgan vd. 339-365. New York: Clarendon Press-Oxford, 2006.
  • Audi, Rober. The Good in The Right. New Jersey: Priceton University Press, 2004.
  • Brink, David O.. Moral Realism and Foundations of Ethics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
  • Cohen, Carl. “Natural and NonNatural Qualities”. The Journal of Philosophy LV/2 (January 1958),412-429.
  • Darwall, Stephen. Philosophical Ethics. Colorado: Westview Press, 1998.
  • Darwall, Stephen. “How Should Ethics Relate to Philosophy”. ed. Terry Horgan vd. Metaethics after Moore, 17-37.
  • Ewing, Alfred C.. Ethics. London: English University Press, 1953.
  • Frankena, William K.. “The Naturalistic Fallacy”. Twentieth Century Ethical Theory. ed. Steven M. Cahn vd. 129-138.New Jersey: Prentice Hall,1995.
  • Frankena, William K.. Ethics. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Second Edition, 1973.
  • Garner, Richard T. - Rosen, Bernard. Moral Philosophy, A Systematic Introduction to Normative Ethics and Meta-ethics. New York: The Macmillian Company, 1972.
  • Gibbard, Alan. “Normative Properties”. Metaethics after Moore, ed. Terry Horgan vd. 319-337. New York: Clarendon Press-Oxford University Press, 2006.
  • Horgan, Terry- Timmons, Mark. “Introduction”. Metaethics after Moore. ed. Terry Horgan vd. 1-13. New York: Clarendon Press-Oxford Oxford University Press, 2006.
  • Horgan, Terry- Timmons, Mark. “New Wave Moral Realism Meets Twin Earth”. Foundations of Ethics, An Anthology. ed. Russ Shafer Landau vd. 495-504. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2007.
  • Huemer, Michael. Ethical Intuitionism. New York: Palgrave Macmillian, 2005.
  • Hume, David. A Treatise of Human Nature. ed. L.A.Selby-Bigge. London: Oxford-Clarendon Press, 1951.
  • Lake, Philip Stratton. “Introduction”. Ethcal Intuitionism, Re-evaluations. ed. Philip Stratton-Lake. 1-28. New York: Clarendon Press-Oxford, 2002.
  • Landau, Russ Shafer. “Ethics as Philosophy, A Defence of Ethical Nonnaturalism”. Metaethics after Moore. ed. Terry Horgan vd. 210-232. New York: Clarendon Press-Oxford University Press, 2006.
  • Landau, Russ Shafer- Cuneo, Terence. “Moral Knowledge”. Foundations of Ethics, An Anthology. ed. Russ Shafer Landau vd. 383-388. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2007.
  • Landau, Russ Shafer- Cuneo, Terence. “Moral Motivation”. Foundations of Ethics, An Anthology. ed. Russ Shafer Landau vd. 225-230. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2007.
  • Landau, Russ Shafer- Cuneo, Terence. “Moral Realism”. Foundations of Ethics, An Anthology. ed. Russ Shafer Landau vd. 157-162. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2007.
  • Landau, Russ Shafer- Cuneo, Terence. “Moral Supervenience”. Foundations of Ethics, An Anthology. ed. Russ Shafer Landau vd. 433-437. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2007.
  • Landau, Russ Shafer- Cuneo, Terence. “General Introduction”. Foundations of Ethics. An Anthology. ed. Russ Shafer Landau vd. 1-7. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2007.
  • Landau, Russ Shafer- Cuneo, Terence. “Semantic Puzzles”. Foundations of Ethics, An Anthology. ed. Russ Shafer Landau vd. 455-464. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2007.
  • Mackie, John L.. Ethics, Inventing Right and Wrong. New York: Penguin Books, 1990.
  • McCloskey, H.J.. Meta-Ethics and Normative Ethics. Netherlands: Nıjhoff/The Hague, 1969.
  • McNaughton, David. “Intuitionism”. The Blackwell Guide to Ethical Theory. ed. Hugh La Follette. 268-287. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2000.
  • Miller, Alexander. An Introduction To Contemporary Meta-Ethics. Malden: Bodmin-Cornwall, 2008.
  • Moore, George E.. Principia Ethica. New York: Prometheus Books, 1988.
  • Moore, George E.. Philosophical Studies. New York: Harcourt, Brace Coop., 1922.
  • Pojman, Louis P.. Ethics, Discovering Right and Wrong. Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth Corporation, Fifth Edition, 2006.
  • Ross, W.David. The Right and The Good. ed. Philip Stratton-Lake. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
  • Smith, Micahael. “Realism”. The Balackwell Guide to Ethical Theory. ed. Hugh La Follette.15-37. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2000.
  • Sterling, Grant C.. Ethical Intuitionism and Its Critics. New York: Peter Lang Pub., 1994.
  • Sturgeon, Nicholas L.. “Ethical Intuitionism and Naturalism”. Ethical Intuitionism Re-evaluations. ed. Philip Stratton-Lake. 184-211. New York: Clarendon Press, 2002.
  • Taylor, Paul W.. “Objectivism and Its Critics”. The Moral Judgment, The Readings in Contemporary Metaethics. ed. Paul W. Taylor. 1-3. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1963.
  • Tepe, Harun. Etik ve Metaetik. Ankara: Türk Felsefe Kurumu, 2.Baskı., 2011.
  • Tropman, Elizabeth. Moral Realism and New Intuitionism. Indiana University, Faculty of Universty Graduate School: Doktora Tezi, 2006.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Araştırma Makaleleri / Research Articles
Authors

Ahmet Yıldız 0000-0002-8376-1109

Publication Date June 30, 2021
Submission Date February 10, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 37

Cite

ISNAD Yıldız, Ahmet. “Naturalist Olmayan Realist Bir Metaetik Teori”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 37 (June 2021), 195-229. https://doi.org/10.35209/ksuifd.878230.

The Journal of Theology Faculty of Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University is published in electronic version and a hardcopy is distributed to each related library.