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Smartphone Addiction as a Public Health Concern: Psychological Impacts Among Young Academicians

Year 2025, Volume: 17 Issue: 3, 309 - 316, 29.10.2025

Abstract

Background: Although smartphones have become an integral part of daily life through the development of new applications and have led people to become dependent on them. This study aims to examine the levels of smartphone addiction and the influencing factors among research assistants working at a university hospital.
Methods: A total of 171 female and 129 male research assistants participated in the study. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a questionnaire developed by the researchers, along with the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS), the Beck Depression Inventory for Primary Care (BDI-PC), and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). The data were analyzed using SPSS.
Results: The average age of participants was 29.6 ± 3.8 years. The mean score on the SAS was 70.84 ± 25.03. Participants who self-identified as being addicted to their smartphones had significantly higher SAS scores compared to those who did not. Moreover, there was a strong positive correlation between smartphone addiction levels and scores on both the BDI-PC and BAI, indicating a link between smartphone addiction and symptoms of depression and anxiety.
Conclusion: Smartphone addiction appears to be a noteworthy public health concern that may be associated with serious psychological conditions such as depression and anxiety.

References

  • 1. Kuang W. Mobile Phone Media and Its Public Opinion Management. Social Media in China. 2018;21:175-208. 2. Burucuoğlu M. Meslek Yüksekokulu Öğrencilerinin Nomofobi Düzeyleri Üzerinde Bir Araştırma. Karabuk University Journal of Institute of Social Sciences. 2017;7:482-9.
  • 3. Bozkurt H, Sahin S, Zoroglu S. İnternet Bağımlılığı: Güncel Bir Gözden Geçirme. Journal of Contemporary Medicine. 2016;6(3):235-47.
  • 4. https://www.who.int/teams/mental-health-and-substance-use/alcohol-drugs-and-addictive-behaviours/terminology 2013.
  • 5. Grant JE, Potenza MN, Weinstein A, Gorelick DA. Introduction to behavioral addictions. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2010;36(5):233-41.
  • 6. Kapoor N. Types of Behavioral Addictions: Impact and Prevalence. 2023. p. 48-62.
  • 7. Chebbi P, Koong K, Liu L, Rottman R. Some Observations On Internet Addiction Disorder Research. J Info Sys Educ. 2000;11(3-4):97-104
  • 8. Alavi SS, Alaghemandan H, Maracy MR, Jannatifard F, Eslami M, Ferdosi M. Impact of addiction to internet on a number of psychiatric symptoms in students of isfahan universities, iran, 2010. Int J Prev Med. 2012;3(2):122-7. 9. Derevensky JL, Hayman V, Lynette G. Behavioral Addictions: Excessive Gambling, Gaming, Internet, and Smartphone Use Among Children and Adolescents. Pediatric Clinics of North America. 2019;66(6):1163-82.
  • 10. Olivencia-Carrión MA, Ferri-García R, Rueda MDM, Jiménez-Torres MG, López-Torrecillas F. Temperament and characteristics related to nomophobia. Psychiatry Res. 2018;266:5-10.
  • 11. Bhattacharya S, Bashar MA, Srivastava A, Singh A. NOMOPHOBIA: NO MObile PHone PhoBIA. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019;8(4):1297-300.
  • 12. Türen U, Erdem H, Kalkın G. Mobil telefon yoksunluğu korkusu (nomofobi) yayılımı: Türkiye’den üniversite öğrencileri ve kamu çalışanları örneklemi. Bilişim Teknolojileri Dergisi. 2017;10(1):1-12.
  • 13. Volk RJ, Pace TM, Parchman ML. Screening for depression in primary care patients: Dimensionality of the Short Form of the Beck Depression Inventory. Psychological Assessment. 1993;5(2):173-81.
  • 14. Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA. An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1988;56(6):893-7.
  • 15. Kwon M, Lee JY, Won WY, Park JW, Min JA, Hahn C, et al. Development and validation of a smartphone addiction scale (SAS). PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e56936.
  • 16. Upadhayay N, Guragain S. Internet use and its addiction level in medical students. Advances in Medical Education and Practice. 2017;8:641-7.
  • 17. Demirci K, Orhan H, Demirdas A, Akpinar A, Sert H. Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale in a Younger Population. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bulteni. 2014;24:226-34.
  • 18. Akturk Z, Dagdeviren H, Türe M, Tuglu C. Birinci basamak için Beck depresyon tarama ölçeği’nin Türkçe çeviriminin geçerlik ve güvenirliği.Türk Aile Hek Derg 2005; 9(3): 117-122.
  • 19. Ulusoy M, hisli sahin N, Erkmen H. Turkish Version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory: Psychometric Properties. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy:An International Quarterly. 1998;12(2):163-72.
  • 20. Billieux J, Maurage P, Lopez-Fernandez O, Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD. Can Disordered Mobile Phone Use Be Considered a Behavioral Addiction? An Update on Current Evidence and a Comprehensive Model for Future Research. Current Addiction Reports. 2015;2(2):156-62.
  • 21. Elhai JD, Dvorak RD, Levine JC, Hall BJ. Problematic smartphone use: A conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology. J Affect Disord. 2017;207:251-9.
  • 22. Yildirim C, Correia A-P. Exploring the dimensions of nomophobia: Development and validation of a self-reported questionnaire. Computers in Human Behavior. 2015;49:130-7.
  • 23. Panova T, Carbonell X. Is smartphone addiction really an addiction? J Behav Addict. 2018;7(2):252-9.
  • 24. Twenge JM, Joiner TE, Rogers ML, Martin GN. Increases in Depressive Symptoms, Suicide-Related Outcomes, and Suicide Rates Among U.S. Adolescents After 2010 and Links to Increased New Media Screen Time. Clinical Psychological Science. 2018;6(1):3-17.
  • 25. Demirci K, Akgönül M, Akpinar A. Relationship of smartphone use severity with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students. J Behav Addict. 2015;4(2):85-92.
  • 26. Wang M, Li R, Xie Y, Wan Y, Wu X, Tao F, et al. The bidirectional associations between smartphone multitasking and anxiety symptoms among Chinese college students. J Behav Addict. 2025;14(2):929-40.
  • 27. Archou R, Ouadrhiri M, Amazian M, Mouhoute N, Touil D, Aalouane R, et al. The relationship between smartphone addiction and anxiety: a cross-sectional study among Moroccan nursing students. Pan Afr Med J. 2025;50:47.
  • 28. Aker S, Şahin MK, Sezgin S, Oğuz G. Psychosocial Factors Affecting Smartphone Addiction in University Students. J Addict Nurs. 2017;28(4):215-9.
  • 29. Roberts JA, David ME. Technology Affordances, Social Media Engagement, and Social Media Addiction: An Investigation of TikTok, Instagram Reels, and YouTube Shorts. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2025;28(5):318-25.
  • 30. Mou Q, Zhuang J, Wu Q, Zhong Y, Dai Q, Cao X, et al. Social media addiction and academic engagement as serial mediators between social anxiety and academic performance among college students. BMC Psychol. 2024;12(1):190.
  • 31. Gezgin D, Şahin Y, Yildirim S. Sosyal Ağ Kullanıcıları Arasında Nomofobi Yaygınlığının Çeşitli Faktörler Açısından İncelenmesi. Eğitim Teknolojisi Kuram ve Uygulama. 2017;7(1):1-15.
  • 32. Prasad M, Patthi B, Singla A, Gupta R, Saha S, Kumar JK, et al. Nomophobia: A Cross-sectional Study to Assess Mobile Phone Usage Among Dental Students. J Clin Diagn Res. 2017;11(2):Zc34-zc9.
  • 33. Oktay E, Çelik AK, Akbaba A. Internet ve Cep Telefonu Kullanımının Lojistik Regresyon Yardımıyla Analizi: Atatürk Üniversitesi Lisans Öğrencileri Örneği. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies. 2013;6:479-96.
  • 34. Mascia ML, Agus M, Penna MP. Emotional Intelligence, Self-Regulation, Smartphone Addiction: Which Relationship With Student Well-Being and Quality of Life? Frontiers in Psychology. 2020;11:375.
  • 35. Yadav R, Arora S, Phalswal U, Dixit P. Smartphone Addiction, Insomnia, Loneliness, and Self-Esteem Among Nursing Students: A Correlation Study. Florence Nightingale J Nurs. 2025;33:1-7.
  • 36. Liu Q, Huang J, Zhou Z. Self-expansion via smartphone and smartphone addiction tendency among adolescents: A moderated mediation model. Children and Youth Services Review. 2020;119:105590.
  • 37. Brand M, Young KS, Laier C, Wölfling K, Potenza MN. Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2016;71:252-66.

Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı Bir Halk Sağlığı Sorunu Olarak: Genç Akademisyenler Arasında Psikolojik Etkiler

Year 2025, Volume: 17 Issue: 3, 309 - 316, 29.10.2025

Abstract

Amaç: Akıllı telefonlar, üretilen yeni uygulamalarla hayatın her alanında yerini alıp insanları kendine bağımlı hale getirse de akıllı telefon bağımlılığı konusunda tanı ölçütleri henüz net değildir. Bu çalışmada Trakya Üniversitesi’nde görev yapan araştırma görevlilerinde akıllı telefon bağımlılık düzeyleri ile etkileyebilecek faktörleri incelemek amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntem: Çalışmaya 171 kadın 129 erkek araştırma görevlisi katıldı. Yüz yüze görüşme yöntemiyle tarafımızdan geliştirilmiş anket formu, Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı Ölçeği, Birinci Basamak için Beck Depresyon Ölçeği ve Beck Anksiyete Ölçeği uygulanmış ve veriler paket programla analiz edilmiştir.
Bulgular: Yaş ortalaması 29,6±3,8 yıldır. Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı Ölçeği skor ortalamaları 70,84±25,03 puandır. Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı Ölçeği skorlarıyla sosyal medyada gündem ve fenomen takibi, oyun, müzik, internette sörf ve video izlemek anlamlı ve pozitif korelasyona sahiptir. Günlük akıllı telefon kullanım zamanı ile Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı Ölçeği skorları arasında anlamlı ilişki saptanmıştır. Bunun dışında, kendilerini akıllı telefon bağımlısı olarak değerlendirenlerin Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı Ölçeği skorları anlamlı derecede yüksek bulunmuştur. Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı Ölçeği skorları ile Facebook, Twitter, Youtube, İnstagram, Snapchat ve Swarm kullanımı istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur. Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı Ölçeği skorları ile Birinci Basamak için Beck Depresyon Ölçeği ve Beck Anksiyete Ölçeği skorları ve arasında ileri derecede anlamlı pozitif bir korelasyon mevcuttur. Buna ek olarak kendilerini akıllı telefon bağımlısı olarak değerlendirenlerin Birinci Basamak için Beck Depresyon Ölçeği ve Beck Anksiyete Ölçeği skorları da istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede daha yüksek bulunmuştur.
Akıllı telefon bağımlılığı depresyon ve anksiyete gibi ciddi problemlerle ilişkili olabilecek önemli bir sağlık sorunudur.
Sonuç: Kendilerini akıllı telefon bağımlısı olarak değerlendirenlerin depresyon ve anksiyete skorlarının da anlamlı çıkması, hastalara “Kendinizi akıllı telefon bağımlısı olarak değerlendirir misiniz?” şeklinde sorulmasının belki de erken tanı için ilk adım olabileceğini düşündürmektedir. İnsanlara en yakın temas noktası olan aile hekimleri bu noktada önemli görev üstlenebilir.

References

  • 1. Kuang W. Mobile Phone Media and Its Public Opinion Management. Social Media in China. 2018;21:175-208. 2. Burucuoğlu M. Meslek Yüksekokulu Öğrencilerinin Nomofobi Düzeyleri Üzerinde Bir Araştırma. Karabuk University Journal of Institute of Social Sciences. 2017;7:482-9.
  • 3. Bozkurt H, Sahin S, Zoroglu S. İnternet Bağımlılığı: Güncel Bir Gözden Geçirme. Journal of Contemporary Medicine. 2016;6(3):235-47.
  • 4. https://www.who.int/teams/mental-health-and-substance-use/alcohol-drugs-and-addictive-behaviours/terminology 2013.
  • 5. Grant JE, Potenza MN, Weinstein A, Gorelick DA. Introduction to behavioral addictions. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2010;36(5):233-41.
  • 6. Kapoor N. Types of Behavioral Addictions: Impact and Prevalence. 2023. p. 48-62.
  • 7. Chebbi P, Koong K, Liu L, Rottman R. Some Observations On Internet Addiction Disorder Research. J Info Sys Educ. 2000;11(3-4):97-104
  • 8. Alavi SS, Alaghemandan H, Maracy MR, Jannatifard F, Eslami M, Ferdosi M. Impact of addiction to internet on a number of psychiatric symptoms in students of isfahan universities, iran, 2010. Int J Prev Med. 2012;3(2):122-7. 9. Derevensky JL, Hayman V, Lynette G. Behavioral Addictions: Excessive Gambling, Gaming, Internet, and Smartphone Use Among Children and Adolescents. Pediatric Clinics of North America. 2019;66(6):1163-82.
  • 10. Olivencia-Carrión MA, Ferri-García R, Rueda MDM, Jiménez-Torres MG, López-Torrecillas F. Temperament and characteristics related to nomophobia. Psychiatry Res. 2018;266:5-10.
  • 11. Bhattacharya S, Bashar MA, Srivastava A, Singh A. NOMOPHOBIA: NO MObile PHone PhoBIA. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019;8(4):1297-300.
  • 12. Türen U, Erdem H, Kalkın G. Mobil telefon yoksunluğu korkusu (nomofobi) yayılımı: Türkiye’den üniversite öğrencileri ve kamu çalışanları örneklemi. Bilişim Teknolojileri Dergisi. 2017;10(1):1-12.
  • 13. Volk RJ, Pace TM, Parchman ML. Screening for depression in primary care patients: Dimensionality of the Short Form of the Beck Depression Inventory. Psychological Assessment. 1993;5(2):173-81.
  • 14. Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA. An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1988;56(6):893-7.
  • 15. Kwon M, Lee JY, Won WY, Park JW, Min JA, Hahn C, et al. Development and validation of a smartphone addiction scale (SAS). PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e56936.
  • 16. Upadhayay N, Guragain S. Internet use and its addiction level in medical students. Advances in Medical Education and Practice. 2017;8:641-7.
  • 17. Demirci K, Orhan H, Demirdas A, Akpinar A, Sert H. Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale in a Younger Population. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bulteni. 2014;24:226-34.
  • 18. Akturk Z, Dagdeviren H, Türe M, Tuglu C. Birinci basamak için Beck depresyon tarama ölçeği’nin Türkçe çeviriminin geçerlik ve güvenirliği.Türk Aile Hek Derg 2005; 9(3): 117-122.
  • 19. Ulusoy M, hisli sahin N, Erkmen H. Turkish Version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory: Psychometric Properties. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy:An International Quarterly. 1998;12(2):163-72.
  • 20. Billieux J, Maurage P, Lopez-Fernandez O, Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD. Can Disordered Mobile Phone Use Be Considered a Behavioral Addiction? An Update on Current Evidence and a Comprehensive Model for Future Research. Current Addiction Reports. 2015;2(2):156-62.
  • 21. Elhai JD, Dvorak RD, Levine JC, Hall BJ. Problematic smartphone use: A conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology. J Affect Disord. 2017;207:251-9.
  • 22. Yildirim C, Correia A-P. Exploring the dimensions of nomophobia: Development and validation of a self-reported questionnaire. Computers in Human Behavior. 2015;49:130-7.
  • 23. Panova T, Carbonell X. Is smartphone addiction really an addiction? J Behav Addict. 2018;7(2):252-9.
  • 24. Twenge JM, Joiner TE, Rogers ML, Martin GN. Increases in Depressive Symptoms, Suicide-Related Outcomes, and Suicide Rates Among U.S. Adolescents After 2010 and Links to Increased New Media Screen Time. Clinical Psychological Science. 2018;6(1):3-17.
  • 25. Demirci K, Akgönül M, Akpinar A. Relationship of smartphone use severity with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students. J Behav Addict. 2015;4(2):85-92.
  • 26. Wang M, Li R, Xie Y, Wan Y, Wu X, Tao F, et al. The bidirectional associations between smartphone multitasking and anxiety symptoms among Chinese college students. J Behav Addict. 2025;14(2):929-40.
  • 27. Archou R, Ouadrhiri M, Amazian M, Mouhoute N, Touil D, Aalouane R, et al. The relationship between smartphone addiction and anxiety: a cross-sectional study among Moroccan nursing students. Pan Afr Med J. 2025;50:47.
  • 28. Aker S, Şahin MK, Sezgin S, Oğuz G. Psychosocial Factors Affecting Smartphone Addiction in University Students. J Addict Nurs. 2017;28(4):215-9.
  • 29. Roberts JA, David ME. Technology Affordances, Social Media Engagement, and Social Media Addiction: An Investigation of TikTok, Instagram Reels, and YouTube Shorts. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2025;28(5):318-25.
  • 30. Mou Q, Zhuang J, Wu Q, Zhong Y, Dai Q, Cao X, et al. Social media addiction and academic engagement as serial mediators between social anxiety and academic performance among college students. BMC Psychol. 2024;12(1):190.
  • 31. Gezgin D, Şahin Y, Yildirim S. Sosyal Ağ Kullanıcıları Arasında Nomofobi Yaygınlığının Çeşitli Faktörler Açısından İncelenmesi. Eğitim Teknolojisi Kuram ve Uygulama. 2017;7(1):1-15.
  • 32. Prasad M, Patthi B, Singla A, Gupta R, Saha S, Kumar JK, et al. Nomophobia: A Cross-sectional Study to Assess Mobile Phone Usage Among Dental Students. J Clin Diagn Res. 2017;11(2):Zc34-zc9.
  • 33. Oktay E, Çelik AK, Akbaba A. Internet ve Cep Telefonu Kullanımının Lojistik Regresyon Yardımıyla Analizi: Atatürk Üniversitesi Lisans Öğrencileri Örneği. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies. 2013;6:479-96.
  • 34. Mascia ML, Agus M, Penna MP. Emotional Intelligence, Self-Regulation, Smartphone Addiction: Which Relationship With Student Well-Being and Quality of Life? Frontiers in Psychology. 2020;11:375.
  • 35. Yadav R, Arora S, Phalswal U, Dixit P. Smartphone Addiction, Insomnia, Loneliness, and Self-Esteem Among Nursing Students: A Correlation Study. Florence Nightingale J Nurs. 2025;33:1-7.
  • 36. Liu Q, Huang J, Zhou Z. Self-expansion via smartphone and smartphone addiction tendency among adolescents: A moderated mediation model. Children and Youth Services Review. 2020;119:105590.
  • 37. Brand M, Young KS, Laier C, Wölfling K, Potenza MN. Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2016;71:252-66.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Informatics and Information Systems
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Özlem Elçi Gördağ 0000-0002-6899-4908

Hamdi Nezih Dağdeviren 0000-0001-5428-4377

Publication Date October 29, 2025
Submission Date August 22, 2025
Acceptance Date October 22, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 17 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Elçi Gördağ, Ö., & Dağdeviren, H. N. (2025). Smartphone Addiction as a Public Health Concern: Psychological Impacts Among Young Academicians. Konuralp Medical Journal, 17(3), 309-316. https://doi.org/10.18521/ktd.1770264
AMA Elçi Gördağ Ö, Dağdeviren HN. Smartphone Addiction as a Public Health Concern: Psychological Impacts Among Young Academicians. Konuralp Medical Journal. October 2025;17(3):309-316. doi:10.18521/ktd.1770264
Chicago Elçi Gördağ, Özlem, and Hamdi Nezih Dağdeviren. “Smartphone Addiction As a Public Health Concern: Psychological Impacts Among Young Academicians”. Konuralp Medical Journal 17, no. 3 (October 2025): 309-16. https://doi.org/10.18521/ktd.1770264.
EndNote Elçi Gördağ Ö, Dağdeviren HN (October 1, 2025) Smartphone Addiction as a Public Health Concern: Psychological Impacts Among Young Academicians. Konuralp Medical Journal 17 3 309–316.
IEEE Ö. Elçi Gördağ and H. N. Dağdeviren, “Smartphone Addiction as a Public Health Concern: Psychological Impacts Among Young Academicians”, Konuralp Medical Journal, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 309–316, 2025, doi: 10.18521/ktd.1770264.
ISNAD Elçi Gördağ, Özlem - Dağdeviren, Hamdi Nezih. “Smartphone Addiction As a Public Health Concern: Psychological Impacts Among Young Academicians”. Konuralp Medical Journal 17/3 (October2025), 309-316. https://doi.org/10.18521/ktd.1770264.
JAMA Elçi Gördağ Ö, Dağdeviren HN. Smartphone Addiction as a Public Health Concern: Psychological Impacts Among Young Academicians. Konuralp Medical Journal. 2025;17:309–316.
MLA Elçi Gördağ, Özlem and Hamdi Nezih Dağdeviren. “Smartphone Addiction As a Public Health Concern: Psychological Impacts Among Young Academicians”. Konuralp Medical Journal, vol. 17, no. 3, 2025, pp. 309-16, doi:10.18521/ktd.1770264.
Vancouver Elçi Gördağ Ö, Dağdeviren HN. Smartphone Addiction as a Public Health Concern: Psychological Impacts Among Young Academicians. Konuralp Medical Journal. 2025;17(3):309-16.

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