Research Article

RISK FACTORS FOR NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT ADMISSION IN INFANTS BORN TO MOTHERS WITH GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS

Volume: 28 Number: 2 August 12, 2026
EN TR

RISK FACTORS FOR NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT ADMISSION IN INFANTS BORN TO MOTHERS WITH GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS

Abstract

Objective: Evaluate maternal clinical and biochemical predictors of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), with particular emphasis on cumulative risk burden and combined effects of key clinical variables. Material and Methods:This retrospective study included 1,173 pregnant women who underwent routine GDM screening and were classified as non-GDM (n=590) and GDM (n=583). Maternal demographic, clinical, and biochemical parameters were recorded. NICU admission was defined as the primary outcome. Risk factor analyses were performed within the GDM group. Select maternal and fetal data were used to calculate a cumulative risk score. The influence of fetal sex and premature birth on NICU admission was also examined. Statistical analyses included chi-square test, t-test or Mann–Whitney U test, and logistic regression. Results:NICU admission rates were higher in the GDM group compared to the non-GDM group (13.2% vs. 8.8%, p=0.016). Within the GDM cohort, insulin use (26.3% vs. 16.4%, p=0.035), lower gestational age at delivery (37.34±2.13 vs. 37.96±1.50 weeks, p=0.002), and male fetal sex (20.1% vs. 7.5%, p<0.001) were associated with NICU admission, whereas OGTT parameters were not. NICU admission rates increased progressively with cumulative risk burden (8.8%, 15.4%, and 26.5% for 0–1, 2–3, and ≥4 risk factors, respectively; p=0.003). The research showed that male preterm newborns had greater odds of NICU admission (52.1% overall and 56.8% in GDM group), with odds approximately 20-fold higher than female term infants (p<0.001). Conclusions: In pregnancies complicated by GDM, NICU admission is influenced by the combined effect of multiple maternal and fetal factors. Insulin use, lower gestational age, and male fetal sex were identified as key contributors, whereas OGTT parameters were not predictive. Cumulative risk burden and interaction effects, especially between male sex and preterm birth, increase neonatal risk assessment and may help identify high-risk pregnancies.

Keywords

References

  1. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2024. Diabetes Care. 2024;47(Suppl 1):S1-S184.
  2. Billionnet C, Mitanchez D, Weill A, et al. Gestational diabetes and adverse perinatal outcomes from 716,152 births in France in 2012. Diabetologia. 2017;60(4):636-644.
  3. Kc K, Shakya S, Zhang H. Gestational diabetes mellitus and macrosomia: A literature review. Ann Nutr Metab. 2015;66(Suppl 2):14-20.
  4. Langer O, Yogev Y, Most O, Xenakis EM. Gestational diabetes: The consequences of not treating. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;192(4):989-997.
  5. Metzger BE, Lowe LP, Dyer AR, et al. Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(19):1991-2002.
  6. Sweeting AN, Ross GP, Hyett J, et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus in early pregnancy: Evidence for poor pregnancy outcomes despite treatment. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(1):75-81.
  7. Catalano PM, Shankar K. Obesity and pregnancy: Mechanisms of short term and long-term adverse consequences for mother and child. BMJ. 2017;356:j1.
  8. Hedderson MM, Xu F, Sridhar SB, Kim SY, Ehrlich SF. Prepregnancy obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus: Contributions to pregnancy complications. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;133(2):267-276.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Health Services and Systems (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

August 12, 2026

Submission Date

April 10, 2026

Acceptance Date

May 3, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 28 Number: 2

APA
Aksoy, R. T., & Vanlı Tonyalı, N. (2026). RISK FACTORS FOR NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT ADMISSION IN INFANTS BORN TO MOTHERS WITH GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS. The Journal of Kırıkkale University Faculty of Medicine, 28(2), 321-326. https://doi.org/10.24938/kutfd.1926420
AMA
1.Aksoy RT, Vanlı Tonyalı N. RISK FACTORS FOR NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT ADMISSION IN INFANTS BORN TO MOTHERS WITH GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS. Kırıkkale Uni Med J. 2026;28(2):321-326. doi:10.24938/kutfd.1926420
Chicago
Aksoy, Rıfat Taner, and Nazan Vanlı Tonyalı. 2026. “RISK FACTORS FOR NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT ADMISSION IN INFANTS BORN TO MOTHERS WITH GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS”. The Journal of Kırıkkale University Faculty of Medicine 28 (2): 321-26. https://doi.org/10.24938/kutfd.1926420.
EndNote
Aksoy RT, Vanlı Tonyalı N (August 1, 2026) RISK FACTORS FOR NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT ADMISSION IN INFANTS BORN TO MOTHERS WITH GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS. The Journal of Kırıkkale University Faculty of Medicine 28 2 321–326.
IEEE
[1]R. T. Aksoy and N. Vanlı Tonyalı, “RISK FACTORS FOR NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT ADMISSION IN INFANTS BORN TO MOTHERS WITH GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS”, Kırıkkale Uni Med J, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 321–326, Aug. 2026, doi: 10.24938/kutfd.1926420.
ISNAD
Aksoy, Rıfat Taner - Vanlı Tonyalı, Nazan. “RISK FACTORS FOR NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT ADMISSION IN INFANTS BORN TO MOTHERS WITH GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS”. The Journal of Kırıkkale University Faculty of Medicine 28/2 (August 1, 2026): 321-326. https://doi.org/10.24938/kutfd.1926420.
JAMA
1.Aksoy RT, Vanlı Tonyalı N. RISK FACTORS FOR NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT ADMISSION IN INFANTS BORN TO MOTHERS WITH GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS. Kırıkkale Uni Med J. 2026;28:321–326.
MLA
Aksoy, Rıfat Taner, and Nazan Vanlı Tonyalı. “RISK FACTORS FOR NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT ADMISSION IN INFANTS BORN TO MOTHERS WITH GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS”. The Journal of Kırıkkale University Faculty of Medicine, vol. 28, no. 2, Aug. 2026, pp. 321-6, doi:10.24938/kutfd.1926420.
Vancouver
1.Rıfat Taner Aksoy, Nazan Vanlı Tonyalı. RISK FACTORS FOR NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT ADMISSION IN INFANTS BORN TO MOTHERS WITH GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS. Kırıkkale Uni Med J. 2026 Aug. 1;28(2):321-6. doi:10.24938/kutfd.1926420

This Journal is a Publication of Kırıkkale University Faculty of Medicine.