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BİR YAŞ ALTI BEBEKLERİN TİCARİ FORMULA MAMA ALIM DURUMLARINA GÖRE TAMAMLAYICI BESLENME BELİRTEÇLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Year 2025, Volume: 27 Issue: 1, 68 - 75, 26.04.2025
https://doi.org/10.24938/kutfd.1610657

Abstract

Amaç: Çocukların sağlıklı büyüme ve gelişmeleri için ilk 6 ay sadece anne sütü almaları ve sonrasında yeterli miktarda, sıklıkta ve çeşitlilikte tamamlayıcı beslenmeye geçmeleri ve en az 2 yaşına kadar anne sütüne devam etmeleri önerilmektedir. Buna rağmen, bebeklerin bir kısmı ticari formula mama ile beslenmektedir. Bu çalışmada amacımız 6-11 aylık bebeklerde ticari formula alım durumu ile Dünya Sağlık Örgütünün son belirlediği tamamlayıcı beslenme belirteçleri ilişkisini değerlendirmektir.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmamız, kesitsel tanımlayıcı tipte bir çalışma olup, veriler Türkiye içinde çevrimiçi anket yoluyla toplanmıştır. Çalışmaya, 6-11 aylık, tekil ve term doğmuş, beslenmesini etkileyecek herhangi bir hastalığı ve alerjisi olmayan bebeği olan 18 yaş üstü okuma yazma bilen anneler çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Ailelerin sosyodemografik özelliklerini ve bebeklerin bir önceki gün tükettiği besinleri sorgulayan 30 soruluk bir çevrimiçi anket kullanılarak veri toplanmıştır.
Bulgular: Toplam 244 anne-bebek çiftine ulaşılmıştır. 6-11 aylık bebeklerde anne sütüne devam %80,3, erken tamamlayıcı beslenmeye geçiş %49,6, minimum diyet çeşitliliği (MDÇ), minimum yeme sıklığı (MYS) ve minimum kabul edilir diyet (MKD) sırasıyla %58,2, %79,5 ve %50,8 bulunmuştur. 35 yaş ve üstü annelerde (%29,7), 6-23 ay arası birden fazla çocuğu olanlarda (%8,8) ve gebelik süresi 38 hafta altında olanlarda (%29,7) ticari formula mamaya devam oranı daha yüksek bulundu (p=0,002, p=0,049, p=0,040). Erken tamamlayıcı beslenmeye geçiş hiç mama almayanlarda daha düşükken (%40,6) ve MYS ticari formula mama alanlarda (%91,2) ve MKD formula mamayı bırakıp anne sütüyle devam eden grupta (%73,1) daha yüksek bulundu (p=0,037, p<0,001, p=0,031). Çalışmamızda et/yumurta tüketimi, sıfır sebze-meyve tüketimi, sağlıksız yiyecek ve şekerli içecek alma durumu gruplarda benzerdi.
Sonuç: Çocuklarda minimum besin çeşitliliğini sağlamak, anne sütünü teşvik etmek ve sağlıklı tamamlayıcı beslenme alışkanlıklarını kazandırmak için, çocuk izlemlerinde risk gruplarına özel beslenme önerilerine odaklanmak büyük önem taşımaktadır.

Ethical Statement

Etik Konular ve Kurumsal İzinler: 12 Eylül 2023’te Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Araştırma Etik Kurulundan 2023/02-32 sayılı izin alınmıştır.

Supporting Institution

Çalışmada hiçbir kurum ya da kişiden finansal destek alınmamıştır.

Thanks

Çalışmamıza katılan annelere teşekkür ederiz.

References

  • Lutter CK, Grummer-Strawn L, Rogers L. Complementary feeding of infants and young children 6 to 23 months of age. Nutr Rev. 2021;79(8):825-846.
  • World Health Organization. Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices: Definitions and measurement methods. 2021.
  • Yalçın S. S. Emzirme Danışmanlığı Eğitimci Kitabı. Ankara, Türkiye. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü, Başak Matbaacılık, 2018:19-45.
  • D'Auria E, Borsani B, Pendezza E, et al. Complementary feeding: Pitfalls for health outcomes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(21):7931.
  • Orün E, Erdil Z, Cetinkaya S, Tufan N, Yalçin SS. Problematic eating behaviour in Turkish children aged 12-72 months: Characteristics of mothers and children. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2012;20(4):257-261.
  • Özen G, Güneş B, Yalçın S, Yalçın SS. Mother-child pairs' eating and feeding behaviours in two different nutritional status from two distinct provinces. BMC Pediatr. 2024;24(1):25.
  • Yalcin S, Oflu A, Akturfan M, Yalcin SS. Characteristics of picky eater children in Turkey: A cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr. 2022;22(1):431.
  • Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü. 2018 Türkiye Nüfus Sağlık Araştırmaları. Ankara, Türkiye. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü Çalışmaları, 2019:143-146.
  • Erat Nergiz M, Yalçin SS, Eryurt MA. Trends and associated factors of bottle-feeding in Turkey: Dramatic change over the last three decades under the limited implemented code. Int J Environ Health Res. 2024;34(3):1299-1313.
  • Şenyazar G, Gökçe Ş, Koç FU. Annelerin tamamlayıcı beslenme hakkındaki tutum ve yaklaşımları. Pamukkale Tıp Derg. 2021;14(4):836-845.
  • Şatır G, Çelik M, Kemhacıoğlu M. Emzirme döneminde olan annelerin bebek besleme alışkanlıkları ve bunları etkileyen faktörler. SDÜ Tıp Derg. 2017;24(3):60-66.
  • Kocagozoglu SG, Sengelen M, Yalcin SS. Evaluation of complementary feeding indicators among children aged 6-23 months according to the health literacy status of their mothers. Nutrients. 2024;16(20):3537.
  • Mistry SK, Hossain MB, Irfan NM, et al. Trends in complementary feeding indicators and intake from specific food groups among children aged 6-23 months in Bangladesh. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(1):550.
  • Shaker-Berbari L, Qahoush Tyler V, Akik C, Jamaluddine Z, Ghattas H. Predictors of complementary feeding practices among children aged 6-23 months in five countries in the Middle East and North Africa region. Matern Child Nutr. 2021;17(4):e13223.
  • Köksal E, Yalçın SS, Pekcan G, Özbaş S, Tezel B, Köse MR. Complementary feeding practices of children aged 12-23 months in Turkey. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2015;23(2):149-154.
  • Tran LM, Nguyen PH, Young MF, Martorell R, Ramakrishnan U. The relationships between optimal infant feeding practices and child development and attained height at age 2 years and 6-7 years. Matern Child Nutr. 2024;20(3):e13631.
  • Onyango AW, Borghi E, de Onis M, Casanovas Mdel C, Garza C. Complementary feeding and attained linear growth among 6-23-month-old children. Public Health Nutr. 2014;17(9):1975-1983.
  • Prado EL, Dewey KG. Nutrition and brain development in early life. Nutr Rev. 2014;72(4):267-284.
  • Leonez D, Melhem ARF, Vieira DG, Mello DF, Saldan PC. Complementary feeding indicators for children aged 6 to 23 months according to breastfeeding status. Rev Paul Pediatr. 2020;39:e2019408.
  • Bortolini GA, Giugliani ERJ, Gubert MB, Santos LMP. Breastfeeding is associated with children's dietary diversity in Brazil. Cien Saude Colet. 2019;24(11):4345- 4354.
  • Türkyılmaz AS, Hancıoğlu A. 2003 TÜRKİYE nüfus ve sağlık araştırması’nda bölge yaklaşımları: Avrupa Birliği bölgesel istatistik sistemine uygunluk ve örnekleme tasarımına etkiler. Nüfusbilim Derg. 2016;26(1):3-14.
  • Global breastfeeding scorecard 2023. Rates of breastfeeding increase around the world through improved protection and support [Internet]. UNICEF, WHO. 2023. Erişim tarihi: 20.12.2024: https://www.unicef.org/documents/global-breastfeeding- scorecard- 2023#:~:text=For%202023%20the%20scorecard%20dem onstrates,target%20of%2050%25%20by%202025.
  • Doğum istatistikleri,2023. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. Erişim Tarihi 0.12.2024: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Dogum- Istatistikleri-2023- 53708#:~:text=Kaba%20doğum%20hızı%20binde%2011 ,yılında%2011%2C2%20doğum%20düştü
  • İstatistiklerle Kadın, 2023. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. Erişim Tarihi 0.12.2024: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle- Kadin-2023- 53675#:~:text=Kadınların%20istihdamda%20yarı%20za manlı%20çalışma,ise%20%256%2C7%20oldu. .
  • Yalçın SS, Yalçın S, Kurtuluş-Yiğit E. Determinants of continued breastfeeding beyond 12 months in Turkey: Secondary data analysis of the Demographic and Health Survey. Turk J Pediatr. 2014;56(6):581-591.
  • Pereira TL, Rajendran PD, Nantsupawat A, Shorey S. Fathers' breastfeeding knowledge, attitudes, and involvement in the Asian context: A mixed-studies review. Midwifery. 2024;131:103956.
  • WHO Guideline for complementary feeding of infants and young children 6–23 months of age. 2023:11-49.
  • UNICEF. Fed to fail: The crisis of children's diets in early life. Child Nutrition Report. 2021:5-7.
  • Lucas K, James P, Choh AC, et al. The positive association of infant weight gain with adulthood body mass index has strengthened over time in the Fels Longitudinal Study. Pediatr Obes. 2018;13(8):476-484.
  • Ventura AK, Li R, Xu X. Associations between bottle- feeding during infancy and obesity at Age 6 years are mediated by greater infancy weight gain. Child Obes. 2020;16(5):316-326.
  • Li R, Fein SB, Grummer-Strawn LM. Association of breastfeeding intensity and bottle-emptying behaviors at early infancy with infants' risk for excess weight at late infancy. Pediatrics. 2008;122(2):77-84.
  • Mennella JA, Johnson A, Beauchamp GK. Garlic ingestion by pregnant women alters the odor of amniotic fluid. Chem Senses. 1995;20(2):207-209.
  • Ventura AK. Does breastfeeding shape food preferences? Links to obesity. Ann Nutr Metab. 2017;70 Suppl 3:8-15.
  • Schaal B, Marlier L, Soussignan R. Human foetuses learn odours from their pregnant mother's diet. Chem Senses. 2000;25(6):729-737.

Evaluation of Complementary Feeding Indicators of Infants According to Commercial Formula Consumption Status

Year 2025, Volume: 27 Issue: 1, 68 - 75, 26.04.2025
https://doi.org/10.24938/kutfd.1610657

Abstract

Objective: To ensure healthy growth and development in children, it is recommended that they exclusively breastfeed for the first six months of life, followed by the introduction of adequate, frequent, and diverse complementary foods and continued breastfeeding up to age of 2. However, some infants are fed with commercial formula due to various factors. This study aims to evaluate the impact of commercial formula feeding among infants aged 6-11 months on the latest complementary feeding indicators established by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Material and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study utilized data collected through an online survey distributed across Turkey. The study population comprised literate mothers aged 18 years and older, with single, term-born infants aged 6- 11 months who had no illnesses or allergies that might affect their nutritional intake. Data were collected via a 30-item questionnaire administered through Google Forms, which assessed the families' sociodemographic characteristics and the infants' dietary intake from the preceding day.
Results: A total of 244 mother-infant pairs participated in the study. Among infants aged 6–11 months, breastfeeding continuation was observed in 80.3%, early initiation of complementary feeding in 49.6%, minimum dietary diversity (MDD) in 58.2%, minimum meal frequency (MMF) in 79.5%, and minimum acceptable diet (MAD) in 50.8%. The continued use of commercial formula was significantly higher among mothers aged 35 years and older (29.7%), those with more than one child aged 6–23 months (8.8%), and those with a gestational duration of less than 38 weeks (29.7%) (p = 0.002, p=0.049, p=0.040, respectively). Early initiation of complementary feeding was less frequent among infants who had never consumed formula (40.6%), while MMF was significantly higher among those consuming formula (91.2%), and MDD was notably higher in infants who discontinued commercial formula use and continued breastfeeding (73.1%) (p = 0.037, p <0.001, p = 0.031). No statistically significant differences were identified between groups about concerning meat/egg consumption, zero vegetable/fruit consumption, unhealthy food consumption, or sugary beverage intake.
Conclusion: To promote breastfeeding, which affects minimum dietary diversity, and establish healthy complementary feeding practices, it is imperative to focus on providing tailored nutritional recommendations for at-risk groups during child health monitoring and follow-up.

References

  • Lutter CK, Grummer-Strawn L, Rogers L. Complementary feeding of infants and young children 6 to 23 months of age. Nutr Rev. 2021;79(8):825-846.
  • World Health Organization. Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices: Definitions and measurement methods. 2021.
  • Yalçın S. S. Emzirme Danışmanlığı Eğitimci Kitabı. Ankara, Türkiye. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü, Başak Matbaacılık, 2018:19-45.
  • D'Auria E, Borsani B, Pendezza E, et al. Complementary feeding: Pitfalls for health outcomes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(21):7931.
  • Orün E, Erdil Z, Cetinkaya S, Tufan N, Yalçin SS. Problematic eating behaviour in Turkish children aged 12-72 months: Characteristics of mothers and children. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2012;20(4):257-261.
  • Özen G, Güneş B, Yalçın S, Yalçın SS. Mother-child pairs' eating and feeding behaviours in two different nutritional status from two distinct provinces. BMC Pediatr. 2024;24(1):25.
  • Yalcin S, Oflu A, Akturfan M, Yalcin SS. Characteristics of picky eater children in Turkey: A cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr. 2022;22(1):431.
  • Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü. 2018 Türkiye Nüfus Sağlık Araştırmaları. Ankara, Türkiye. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü Çalışmaları, 2019:143-146.
  • Erat Nergiz M, Yalçin SS, Eryurt MA. Trends and associated factors of bottle-feeding in Turkey: Dramatic change over the last three decades under the limited implemented code. Int J Environ Health Res. 2024;34(3):1299-1313.
  • Şenyazar G, Gökçe Ş, Koç FU. Annelerin tamamlayıcı beslenme hakkındaki tutum ve yaklaşımları. Pamukkale Tıp Derg. 2021;14(4):836-845.
  • Şatır G, Çelik M, Kemhacıoğlu M. Emzirme döneminde olan annelerin bebek besleme alışkanlıkları ve bunları etkileyen faktörler. SDÜ Tıp Derg. 2017;24(3):60-66.
  • Kocagozoglu SG, Sengelen M, Yalcin SS. Evaluation of complementary feeding indicators among children aged 6-23 months according to the health literacy status of their mothers. Nutrients. 2024;16(20):3537.
  • Mistry SK, Hossain MB, Irfan NM, et al. Trends in complementary feeding indicators and intake from specific food groups among children aged 6-23 months in Bangladesh. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(1):550.
  • Shaker-Berbari L, Qahoush Tyler V, Akik C, Jamaluddine Z, Ghattas H. Predictors of complementary feeding practices among children aged 6-23 months in five countries in the Middle East and North Africa region. Matern Child Nutr. 2021;17(4):e13223.
  • Köksal E, Yalçın SS, Pekcan G, Özbaş S, Tezel B, Köse MR. Complementary feeding practices of children aged 12-23 months in Turkey. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2015;23(2):149-154.
  • Tran LM, Nguyen PH, Young MF, Martorell R, Ramakrishnan U. The relationships between optimal infant feeding practices and child development and attained height at age 2 years and 6-7 years. Matern Child Nutr. 2024;20(3):e13631.
  • Onyango AW, Borghi E, de Onis M, Casanovas Mdel C, Garza C. Complementary feeding and attained linear growth among 6-23-month-old children. Public Health Nutr. 2014;17(9):1975-1983.
  • Prado EL, Dewey KG. Nutrition and brain development in early life. Nutr Rev. 2014;72(4):267-284.
  • Leonez D, Melhem ARF, Vieira DG, Mello DF, Saldan PC. Complementary feeding indicators for children aged 6 to 23 months according to breastfeeding status. Rev Paul Pediatr. 2020;39:e2019408.
  • Bortolini GA, Giugliani ERJ, Gubert MB, Santos LMP. Breastfeeding is associated with children's dietary diversity in Brazil. Cien Saude Colet. 2019;24(11):4345- 4354.
  • Türkyılmaz AS, Hancıoğlu A. 2003 TÜRKİYE nüfus ve sağlık araştırması’nda bölge yaklaşımları: Avrupa Birliği bölgesel istatistik sistemine uygunluk ve örnekleme tasarımına etkiler. Nüfusbilim Derg. 2016;26(1):3-14.
  • Global breastfeeding scorecard 2023. Rates of breastfeeding increase around the world through improved protection and support [Internet]. UNICEF, WHO. 2023. Erişim tarihi: 20.12.2024: https://www.unicef.org/documents/global-breastfeeding- scorecard- 2023#:~:text=For%202023%20the%20scorecard%20dem onstrates,target%20of%2050%25%20by%202025.
  • Doğum istatistikleri,2023. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. Erişim Tarihi 0.12.2024: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Dogum- Istatistikleri-2023- 53708#:~:text=Kaba%20doğum%20hızı%20binde%2011 ,yılında%2011%2C2%20doğum%20düştü
  • İstatistiklerle Kadın, 2023. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. Erişim Tarihi 0.12.2024: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle- Kadin-2023- 53675#:~:text=Kadınların%20istihdamda%20yarı%20za manlı%20çalışma,ise%20%256%2C7%20oldu. .
  • Yalçın SS, Yalçın S, Kurtuluş-Yiğit E. Determinants of continued breastfeeding beyond 12 months in Turkey: Secondary data analysis of the Demographic and Health Survey. Turk J Pediatr. 2014;56(6):581-591.
  • Pereira TL, Rajendran PD, Nantsupawat A, Shorey S. Fathers' breastfeeding knowledge, attitudes, and involvement in the Asian context: A mixed-studies review. Midwifery. 2024;131:103956.
  • WHO Guideline for complementary feeding of infants and young children 6–23 months of age. 2023:11-49.
  • UNICEF. Fed to fail: The crisis of children's diets in early life. Child Nutrition Report. 2021:5-7.
  • Lucas K, James P, Choh AC, et al. The positive association of infant weight gain with adulthood body mass index has strengthened over time in the Fels Longitudinal Study. Pediatr Obes. 2018;13(8):476-484.
  • Ventura AK, Li R, Xu X. Associations between bottle- feeding during infancy and obesity at Age 6 years are mediated by greater infancy weight gain. Child Obes. 2020;16(5):316-326.
  • Li R, Fein SB, Grummer-Strawn LM. Association of breastfeeding intensity and bottle-emptying behaviors at early infancy with infants' risk for excess weight at late infancy. Pediatrics. 2008;122(2):77-84.
  • Mennella JA, Johnson A, Beauchamp GK. Garlic ingestion by pregnant women alters the odor of amniotic fluid. Chem Senses. 1995;20(2):207-209.
  • Ventura AK. Does breastfeeding shape food preferences? Links to obesity. Ann Nutr Metab. 2017;70 Suppl 3:8-15.
  • Schaal B, Marlier L, Soussignan R. Human foetuses learn odours from their pregnant mother's diet. Chem Senses. 2000;25(6):729-737.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Services and Systems (Other)
Journal Section Özgün Araştırma
Authors

Sevim Gonca Kocagözoğlu 0000-0002-3983-0090

İlkin Elif Günel Karaburun 0000-0001-9679-0884

Sıddıka Songül Yalçın 0000-0001-9061-4281

Publication Date April 26, 2025
Submission Date December 31, 2024
Acceptance Date January 7, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 27 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kocagözoğlu, S. G., Günel Karaburun, İ. E., & Yalçın, S. S. (2025). BİR YAŞ ALTI BEBEKLERİN TİCARİ FORMULA MAMA ALIM DURUMLARINA GÖRE TAMAMLAYICI BESLENME BELİRTEÇLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ. The Journal of Kırıkkale University Faculty of Medicine, 27(1), 68-75. https://doi.org/10.24938/kutfd.1610657
AMA Kocagözoğlu SG, Günel Karaburun İE, Yalçın SS. BİR YAŞ ALTI BEBEKLERİN TİCARİ FORMULA MAMA ALIM DURUMLARINA GÖRE TAMAMLAYICI BESLENME BELİRTEÇLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ. Kırıkkale Uni Med J. April 2025;27(1):68-75. doi:10.24938/kutfd.1610657
Chicago Kocagözoğlu, Sevim Gonca, İlkin Elif Günel Karaburun, and Sıddıka Songül Yalçın. “BİR YAŞ ALTI BEBEKLERİN TİCARİ FORMULA MAMA ALIM DURUMLARINA GÖRE TAMAMLAYICI BESLENME BELİRTEÇLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ”. The Journal of Kırıkkale University Faculty of Medicine 27, no. 1 (April 2025): 68-75. https://doi.org/10.24938/kutfd.1610657.
EndNote Kocagözoğlu SG, Günel Karaburun İE, Yalçın SS (April 1, 2025) BİR YAŞ ALTI BEBEKLERİN TİCARİ FORMULA MAMA ALIM DURUMLARINA GÖRE TAMAMLAYICI BESLENME BELİRTEÇLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ. The Journal of Kırıkkale University Faculty of Medicine 27 1 68–75.
IEEE S. G. Kocagözoğlu, İ. E. Günel Karaburun, and S. S. Yalçın, “BİR YAŞ ALTI BEBEKLERİN TİCARİ FORMULA MAMA ALIM DURUMLARINA GÖRE TAMAMLAYICI BESLENME BELİRTEÇLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ”, Kırıkkale Uni Med J, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 68–75, 2025, doi: 10.24938/kutfd.1610657.
ISNAD Kocagözoğlu, Sevim Gonca et al. “BİR YAŞ ALTI BEBEKLERİN TİCARİ FORMULA MAMA ALIM DURUMLARINA GÖRE TAMAMLAYICI BESLENME BELİRTEÇLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ”. The Journal of Kırıkkale University Faculty of Medicine 27/1 (April 2025), 68-75. https://doi.org/10.24938/kutfd.1610657.
JAMA Kocagözoğlu SG, Günel Karaburun İE, Yalçın SS. BİR YAŞ ALTI BEBEKLERİN TİCARİ FORMULA MAMA ALIM DURUMLARINA GÖRE TAMAMLAYICI BESLENME BELİRTEÇLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ. Kırıkkale Uni Med J. 2025;27:68–75.
MLA Kocagözoğlu, Sevim Gonca et al. “BİR YAŞ ALTI BEBEKLERİN TİCARİ FORMULA MAMA ALIM DURUMLARINA GÖRE TAMAMLAYICI BESLENME BELİRTEÇLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ”. The Journal of Kırıkkale University Faculty of Medicine, vol. 27, no. 1, 2025, pp. 68-75, doi:10.24938/kutfd.1610657.
Vancouver Kocagözoğlu SG, Günel Karaburun İE, Yalçın SS. BİR YAŞ ALTI BEBEKLERİN TİCARİ FORMULA MAMA ALIM DURUMLARINA GÖRE TAMAMLAYICI BESLENME BELİRTEÇLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ. Kırıkkale Uni Med J. 2025;27(1):68-75.

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