Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Kariyer Psikolojik Danışmanlığı Öz–Yeterlik Ölçeği Türkçe Formu: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Year 2021, Issue: 58, 105 - 130, 03.05.2021
https://doi.org/10.21764/maeuefd.790078

Abstract

Öz: Bu çalışmanın amacı, O’Brien, Heppner, Flores ve Bikos (1997) tarafından geliştirilen Kariyer Psikolojik Danışmanlığı Öz- Yeterlik Ölçeğini Türkçe’ye uyarlamak, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmalarını gerçekleştirmektir. Çalışmanın amacı doğrultusunda, öncelikle ölçek maddelerinin Türkçe’ye çevirisi yapılmış ardından uzman görüşü ve hedef kitleye benzer olarak küçük bir gruptan (n = 8) maddelerin anlaşılabilirliğine ilişkin görüş alınmıştır. Ölçek formu ile yaşları 22 ile 62, tecrübeleri ise 1 ile 38 yıl arasında değişen psikolojik danışmanlardan, yüksek lisans veya doktora yapan alan mezunlarından olmak üzere 154’ü kadın, 71’i erkek toplam 225 katılımcıdan veri toplanmıştır. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) bulgularına dayalı olarak bazı maddelere ait hatalar ilişkilendirilmiş ve önerilerin uygulanması sonucunda dört faktörlü yapının doğrulandığı görülmüştür. Ölçeğe ilişkin uyum geçerliği çalışması kapsamında, Lent ve ark., (2003) tarafından geliştirilen Psikolojik Danışma Öz- Yeterlik Ölçeği’nden yararlanılmıştır. Psikolojik danışmanların yeterlik algılarını konu alan iki ölçek arasındaki anlamlı ve beklenen yöndeki ilişkiler kariyer psikolojik danışmanlığı öz-yeterlik ölçeğinin geçerliğini destekler nitelikledir. Ölçeğin, iç tutarlılık katsayısı terapötik süreç ve iş birliği becerileri alt ölçeği için .86, mesleki değerlendirme ve yorum yapma becerileri alt ölçeği için .90, çok kültürlü danışmanlığa yönelik yeterlik alt ölçeği için .84 ve iş dünyasındaki güncel eğilimler, etik ve kariyer araştırması alt ölçeği için .67’dir. Ölçeğin bütünü için iç tutarlılık katsayısı .93’tür. Araştırma sonucunda elde edilen bulgular, tüm faktörler için hesaplanan iç tutarlık katsayılarının yeterli düzeyde ve orijinal çalışmadaki iç tutarlık katsayıları ile benzer olduğunu göstermektedir.

References

  • Ammentorp, J., Sabroe, S., Kofoed, P. E., & Mainz, J. (2007). The effect of training in communication skills on medical doctors’ and nurses’ self-efficacy. A randomized controlled trial. Patient Education and Counseling. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2006.12.012
  • Bandura, A. (1978). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1(4), 139–161. http://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6402(78)90002-4
  • Bandura, A. (2010). Self‐efficacy. In The Corsini encyclopedia of psychology (p. 30).
  • Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, G. V., & Pastorelli, C. (2001). Self-efficacy beliefs as shapers of children’s aspirations and career trajectories. Child Development. http://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00273
  • Betz, N. E. (2007). Career self-efficacy: Exemplary recent research and emerging directions. Journal of Career Assessment, 15(4), 403–422. http://doi.org/10.1177/1069072707305759
  • Betz, N. E., & Hackett, G. (1981). The relationship of career-related self-efficacy expectations to perceived career options in college women and men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28(5), 399–410. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.28.5.399
  • Büyükgöze Kavas, A. (2017). Kariyer Psikolojik Danışmanlığına Yönelik Tutum Ölçeğinin Türkçe Formu: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 7(48), 83-96. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tpdrd/issue/41239/498107
  • Camadan, F., Şanlı, E., & Şenocak, R. (2020). Subspecialty Areas in Psychological Counseling and Guidance: Opinions of Psychological Counselors. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 10(57), 159-200.
  • Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., Steca, P., & Malone, P. S. (2006). Teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs as determinants of job satisfaction and students’ academic achievement: A study at the school level. Journal of School Psychology. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2006.09.001
  • Chakraborty, B., Nandy, S., & Adhikari, S. (2012). A Study on Physical Education Teachers ’ Training Programme on Development of Attitude towards Physical Education, 2(4), 1–3.
  • Chen, C. H. V., & Kao, R. H. (2011). A multilevel study on the relationships between work characteristics, self-efficacy, collective efficacy, and organizational citizenship behavior: The case of Taiwanese police duty-executing organizations. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied. http://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2011.574168
  • Constantine, M. G. (2002). The relationship between general counseling Self-Efficacy and Self-Perceived multicultural counseling competence in supervisees. Clinical Supervisor. http://doi.org/10.1300/J001v20n02_07
  • Flammer, A. (2015). Self-Efficacy. In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences: Second Edition (pp. 504–508). Elsevier Inc. http://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.25033-2
  • Gysbers, N. C., Heppner, M. J., & Johnston, J. A. (2003). Career counseling: Process, issues, and techniques (2nd ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
  • Hackney, H., & Cormier, S. (2008). Psikolojik Danışma İlke ve Teknikleri:Psikolojik Yardım Süreci El Kitabı. (T. Ergene & S. Ç. Aydemir Sevim, Eds.). Ankara: Mentis yayıncılık.
  • Heppner, M. J., Multon, K. D., Gysbers, N. C., Ellis, C. A., & Zook, C. E. (1998). The relationship of trainee self-efficacy to the process and outcome of career counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45(4).
  • Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
  • Klassen, R. M., & Chiu, M. M. (2010). Effects on Teachers’ Self-Efficacy and Job Satisfaction: Teacher Gender, Years of Experience, and Job Stress. Journal of Educational Psychology. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0019237
  • Korkut, F. (2007a). Counselor education, program accreditation and counselor credentialing in Turkey. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 29(1), 11–20. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-006-9021-6
  • Korkut, F. (2007b). Psikolojik Danışmanların Mesleki Rehberlik ve Psikolojik Danışmanlık ile İlgili Düşünceleri ve Uygulamaları. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 32(32), 187–197. Retrieved from http://dergipark.gov.tr/hunefd/issue/7804/102323
  • Larson, L. M., & Daniels, J. A. (1998). Review of the Counseling Self-Efficacy Literature. The Counseling Psychologist. http://doi.org/10.1177/0011000098262001
  • Lent, R. W., Hill, C. E., & Hoffman, M. A. (2003). Development and validation of the counselor activity self-efficacy scales. Journal of Counseling Psychology. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.50.1.97
  • Matusov, E., & Smith, M. P. (2012). The Middle-Class Nature of Identity and its Implications for Education: A Genealogical Analysis and Reevaluation of a Culturally and Historically Bounded Concept. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science, 46(3), 274–295. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12124-012-9192-0
  • Neuer Colburn, A. A. (2017). Career counseling. In Introduction to the Counseling Profession: Seventh Edition (pp. 320–341). Taylor and Francis. http://doi.org/10.4324/9781315537061
  • Niles, S., & Harris-Bowlsbey, J. (2013). 21. Yüzyılda Kariyer Gelişimi Müdahaleleri. (F. (Çev. ed.)Korkut Owen, Ed.). Ankara: Nobel Akademi.
  • O’Brien, K. M., Heppner, M. J., Flores, L. Y., & Bikos, L. H. (1997). The Career Counseling Self-Efficacy Scale: Instrument Development and Training Applications. Journal of Counseling Psychology. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.44.1.20
  • Pamukçu, B., & Demir, A. (2013). Psikolojik Danışma Öz-Yeterlik Ölçeği Türkçe Formu’nun Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 5(40), 212–221.
  • Perrone, K. M., Perrone, P. A., Chan, F., & Thomas, K. R. (2000). Assessing efficacy and importance of career counseling competencies. Career Development Quarterly. http://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.2000.tb00287.x
  • Pope, M. (2003). Career Counseling in the Twenty-First Century: Beyond Cultural Encapsulation. Career Development Quarterly. http://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.2003.tb00627.x
  • Rawlings, M. A. (2012). Assessing BSW student direct practice skill using standardized clients and self-efficacy theory. Journal of Social Work Education. http://doi.org/10.5175/JSWE.2012.201000070
  • Savickas, M. L. (2003). Advancing the Career Counseling Profession: Objectives and Strategies for the Next Decade. Career Development Quarterly. http://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.2003.tb00631.x
  • Schaub, M. (2012). The Profession of College Career Services Delivery: What College Counselors Should Know About Career Centers. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy. http://doi.org/10.1080/87568225.2012.685854
  • Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2004). A Beginner’s Guide to Structural equation Modeling. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
  • Schwarzer, R., & Hallum, S. (2008). Perceived teacher self-efficacy as a predictor of job stress and burnout: Mediation analyses. Applied Psychology. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00359.x
  • Siviş-Çetinkaya, R., & Karaırmak, Ö. (2012). Psikolojik Danışman Eğitiminde Süpervizyon. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(37), 107–121.
  • Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2010). Teacher self-efficacy and teacher burnout: A study of relations. Teaching and Teacher Education. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2009.11.001
  • Sonnentag, S., & Kruel, U. (2006). Psychological detachment from work during off-job time: The role of job stressors, job involvement, and recovery-related self-efficacy. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. http://doi.org/10.1080/13594320500513939
  • Soresi, S., Nota, L., & Lent, R. W. (2004). Relation of Type and Amount of Training to Career Counseling Self-Efficacy in Italy. Career Development Quarterly. http://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.2004.tb00641.x
  • Sue, S. (1998). In Search of Cultural Competence in Psychotherapy and Counseling. American Psychologist. http://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.53.4.440
  • van den Heuvel, M., Demerouti, E., & Peeters, M. C. W. (2015). The job crafting intervention: Effects on job resources, self-efficacy, and affective well-being. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology. http://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12128
  • Vespia, K. M., Fitzpatrick, M. E., Fouad, N. A., Kantamneni, N., & Chen, Y. L. (2010). Multicultural career counseling: A national survey of competencies and practices. Career Development Quarterly. http://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.2010.tb00130.x
  • Yeşilyaprak, B. (2012). The Paradigm Shift of Vocational Guidance and Career Counseling and its Implications for Turkey: An Evaluation from Past to Future. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice (Vol. 12). Retrieved from www.edam.com.tr/estp
  • Yıldız Kuzgun. (2009). Meslek Gelişimi ve Danışmanlığı (3rd ed.). Ankara: Nobel Akademi.
  • Young, R. A., Marshallm, S. K., & Valach, L. (2007). Making career theories more culturally sensitive: Implications for counseling. Career Development Quarterly. http://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.2007.tb00016.x
  • Yüksel-Şahin, F. (2012). Türk Milli Eğitim Şuraları’nda (1939-2010) Psikolojik Danışma Ve Rehberlik İle İlgili Alınmış Olan Kararların Değerlendirilmesi. Sosyal Bilgiler Eğitimi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 95–118. Retrieved from www.sosyalbilgiler.org
Year 2021, Issue: 58, 105 - 130, 03.05.2021
https://doi.org/10.21764/maeuefd.790078

Abstract

References

  • Ammentorp, J., Sabroe, S., Kofoed, P. E., & Mainz, J. (2007). The effect of training in communication skills on medical doctors’ and nurses’ self-efficacy. A randomized controlled trial. Patient Education and Counseling. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2006.12.012
  • Bandura, A. (1978). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1(4), 139–161. http://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6402(78)90002-4
  • Bandura, A. (2010). Self‐efficacy. In The Corsini encyclopedia of psychology (p. 30).
  • Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, G. V., & Pastorelli, C. (2001). Self-efficacy beliefs as shapers of children’s aspirations and career trajectories. Child Development. http://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00273
  • Betz, N. E. (2007). Career self-efficacy: Exemplary recent research and emerging directions. Journal of Career Assessment, 15(4), 403–422. http://doi.org/10.1177/1069072707305759
  • Betz, N. E., & Hackett, G. (1981). The relationship of career-related self-efficacy expectations to perceived career options in college women and men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28(5), 399–410. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.28.5.399
  • Büyükgöze Kavas, A. (2017). Kariyer Psikolojik Danışmanlığına Yönelik Tutum Ölçeğinin Türkçe Formu: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 7(48), 83-96. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tpdrd/issue/41239/498107
  • Camadan, F., Şanlı, E., & Şenocak, R. (2020). Subspecialty Areas in Psychological Counseling and Guidance: Opinions of Psychological Counselors. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 10(57), 159-200.
  • Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., Steca, P., & Malone, P. S. (2006). Teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs as determinants of job satisfaction and students’ academic achievement: A study at the school level. Journal of School Psychology. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2006.09.001
  • Chakraborty, B., Nandy, S., & Adhikari, S. (2012). A Study on Physical Education Teachers ’ Training Programme on Development of Attitude towards Physical Education, 2(4), 1–3.
  • Chen, C. H. V., & Kao, R. H. (2011). A multilevel study on the relationships between work characteristics, self-efficacy, collective efficacy, and organizational citizenship behavior: The case of Taiwanese police duty-executing organizations. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied. http://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2011.574168
  • Constantine, M. G. (2002). The relationship between general counseling Self-Efficacy and Self-Perceived multicultural counseling competence in supervisees. Clinical Supervisor. http://doi.org/10.1300/J001v20n02_07
  • Flammer, A. (2015). Self-Efficacy. In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences: Second Edition (pp. 504–508). Elsevier Inc. http://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.25033-2
  • Gysbers, N. C., Heppner, M. J., & Johnston, J. A. (2003). Career counseling: Process, issues, and techniques (2nd ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
  • Hackney, H., & Cormier, S. (2008). Psikolojik Danışma İlke ve Teknikleri:Psikolojik Yardım Süreci El Kitabı. (T. Ergene & S. Ç. Aydemir Sevim, Eds.). Ankara: Mentis yayıncılık.
  • Heppner, M. J., Multon, K. D., Gysbers, N. C., Ellis, C. A., & Zook, C. E. (1998). The relationship of trainee self-efficacy to the process and outcome of career counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45(4).
  • Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
  • Klassen, R. M., & Chiu, M. M. (2010). Effects on Teachers’ Self-Efficacy and Job Satisfaction: Teacher Gender, Years of Experience, and Job Stress. Journal of Educational Psychology. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0019237
  • Korkut, F. (2007a). Counselor education, program accreditation and counselor credentialing in Turkey. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 29(1), 11–20. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-006-9021-6
  • Korkut, F. (2007b). Psikolojik Danışmanların Mesleki Rehberlik ve Psikolojik Danışmanlık ile İlgili Düşünceleri ve Uygulamaları. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 32(32), 187–197. Retrieved from http://dergipark.gov.tr/hunefd/issue/7804/102323
  • Larson, L. M., & Daniels, J. A. (1998). Review of the Counseling Self-Efficacy Literature. The Counseling Psychologist. http://doi.org/10.1177/0011000098262001
  • Lent, R. W., Hill, C. E., & Hoffman, M. A. (2003). Development and validation of the counselor activity self-efficacy scales. Journal of Counseling Psychology. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.50.1.97
  • Matusov, E., & Smith, M. P. (2012). The Middle-Class Nature of Identity and its Implications for Education: A Genealogical Analysis and Reevaluation of a Culturally and Historically Bounded Concept. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science, 46(3), 274–295. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12124-012-9192-0
  • Neuer Colburn, A. A. (2017). Career counseling. In Introduction to the Counseling Profession: Seventh Edition (pp. 320–341). Taylor and Francis. http://doi.org/10.4324/9781315537061
  • Niles, S., & Harris-Bowlsbey, J. (2013). 21. Yüzyılda Kariyer Gelişimi Müdahaleleri. (F. (Çev. ed.)Korkut Owen, Ed.). Ankara: Nobel Akademi.
  • O’Brien, K. M., Heppner, M. J., Flores, L. Y., & Bikos, L. H. (1997). The Career Counseling Self-Efficacy Scale: Instrument Development and Training Applications. Journal of Counseling Psychology. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.44.1.20
  • Pamukçu, B., & Demir, A. (2013). Psikolojik Danışma Öz-Yeterlik Ölçeği Türkçe Formu’nun Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 5(40), 212–221.
  • Perrone, K. M., Perrone, P. A., Chan, F., & Thomas, K. R. (2000). Assessing efficacy and importance of career counseling competencies. Career Development Quarterly. http://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.2000.tb00287.x
  • Pope, M. (2003). Career Counseling in the Twenty-First Century: Beyond Cultural Encapsulation. Career Development Quarterly. http://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.2003.tb00627.x
  • Rawlings, M. A. (2012). Assessing BSW student direct practice skill using standardized clients and self-efficacy theory. Journal of Social Work Education. http://doi.org/10.5175/JSWE.2012.201000070
  • Savickas, M. L. (2003). Advancing the Career Counseling Profession: Objectives and Strategies for the Next Decade. Career Development Quarterly. http://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.2003.tb00631.x
  • Schaub, M. (2012). The Profession of College Career Services Delivery: What College Counselors Should Know About Career Centers. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy. http://doi.org/10.1080/87568225.2012.685854
  • Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2004). A Beginner’s Guide to Structural equation Modeling. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
  • Schwarzer, R., & Hallum, S. (2008). Perceived teacher self-efficacy as a predictor of job stress and burnout: Mediation analyses. Applied Psychology. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00359.x
  • Siviş-Çetinkaya, R., & Karaırmak, Ö. (2012). Psikolojik Danışman Eğitiminde Süpervizyon. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(37), 107–121.
  • Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2010). Teacher self-efficacy and teacher burnout: A study of relations. Teaching and Teacher Education. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2009.11.001
  • Sonnentag, S., & Kruel, U. (2006). Psychological detachment from work during off-job time: The role of job stressors, job involvement, and recovery-related self-efficacy. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. http://doi.org/10.1080/13594320500513939
  • Soresi, S., Nota, L., & Lent, R. W. (2004). Relation of Type and Amount of Training to Career Counseling Self-Efficacy in Italy. Career Development Quarterly. http://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.2004.tb00641.x
  • Sue, S. (1998). In Search of Cultural Competence in Psychotherapy and Counseling. American Psychologist. http://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.53.4.440
  • van den Heuvel, M., Demerouti, E., & Peeters, M. C. W. (2015). The job crafting intervention: Effects on job resources, self-efficacy, and affective well-being. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology. http://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12128
  • Vespia, K. M., Fitzpatrick, M. E., Fouad, N. A., Kantamneni, N., & Chen, Y. L. (2010). Multicultural career counseling: A national survey of competencies and practices. Career Development Quarterly. http://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.2010.tb00130.x
  • Yeşilyaprak, B. (2012). The Paradigm Shift of Vocational Guidance and Career Counseling and its Implications for Turkey: An Evaluation from Past to Future. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice (Vol. 12). Retrieved from www.edam.com.tr/estp
  • Yıldız Kuzgun. (2009). Meslek Gelişimi ve Danışmanlığı (3rd ed.). Ankara: Nobel Akademi.
  • Young, R. A., Marshallm, S. K., & Valach, L. (2007). Making career theories more culturally sensitive: Implications for counseling. Career Development Quarterly. http://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.2007.tb00016.x
  • Yüksel-Şahin, F. (2012). Türk Milli Eğitim Şuraları’nda (1939-2010) Psikolojik Danışma Ve Rehberlik İle İlgili Alınmış Olan Kararların Değerlendirilmesi. Sosyal Bilgiler Eğitimi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 95–118. Retrieved from www.sosyalbilgiler.org
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Ayşenur Büyükgöze-kavas 0000-0001-9072-7040

Esat Şanlı 0000-0001-8227-8097

Ümit Yaşar İslam 0000-0001-9508-0485

Early Pub Date September 2, 2023
Publication Date May 3, 2021
Submission Date September 3, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 58

Cite

APA Büyükgöze-kavas, A., Şanlı, E., & İslam, Ü. Y. (2021). Kariyer Psikolojik Danışmanlığı Öz–Yeterlik Ölçeği Türkçe Formu: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi(58), 105-130. https://doi.org/10.21764/maeuefd.790078