Does Nepotism Trigger Quiet Quitting? A Research on Local Governments
Year 2025,
Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 149 - 161, 31.03.2025
Umut Uyan
,
Adil İbin
Abstract
The concept of quiet quitting, which denotes a cognitive and/or emotional, if not physical, detachment, has recently become one of the most frequently studied topics in organizational psychology. The term refers to performing only the tasks stipulated in job description with minimum organizational commitment and not going beyond that. Due to the detrimental effect of quiet quitting on both individual and organizational performance, it is crucial to study the phenomenon in depth. By referring to the organizational justice perspective, the study is designed to determine whether one of the negative employee experiences, nepotism, in local governments trigger quiet quitting. The main assumption of the research is that nepotism deteriorates the sense of justice, which leads employees to quit quietly. Structured questionnaires were administered to 259 local government workers in Adana. The results suggest that exposure to nepotism triggers quiet quitting in local governments where preferential treatments are allegedly pervasive. The study is expected to guide managers in establishing effective human resources practices in such institutions.
Ethical Statement
Ethics committee approval for the study was obtained from Munzur University Ethics Committee on March 5, 2024, with document number 2024/2-1.
The authors declare that the study was conducted in accordance with research and publication ethics.
The authors confirm that no part of the study was generated, either wholly or in part, using Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools.
The authors affirm that there are no financial conflicts of interest involving any institution, organization, or individual associated with this article. Additionally, there are no conflicts of interest among the authors.
The authors affirm that they contributed equally to all aspects of the research.
References
- Acheampong, N. A. A. (2021). Reward preferences of the youngest generation: Attracting, recruiting, and retaining generation Z into public sector organizations. Compensation & Benefits Review, 53(2), 75-97. https://doi.org/10.1177/088636872095480
- Akram, T., Lei, S., Haider, M. J., & Hussain, S. T. (2020). The impact of organizational justice on employee innovative work behavior: Mediating role of knowledge sharing. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 5(2), 117-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2019.10.001
- Aktan, C. C. (2021). Siyasal ahlak ve siyasal yozlaşma. In C. C. Aktan & O. K. Acar (Eds.), Kamu yönetiminde kayırmacılık (pp. 6-30). SOBİAD Hukuk ve İktisat Araştırmaları Yayınları.
- Alesina, A., & Giuliano, P. (2010). The power of the family. Journal of Economic Growth, (15), 93-125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-010-9052-z
- Anand, A., Doll, J., & Ray, P. (2023). Drowning in silence: A scale development and validation of quiet quitting and quiet firing. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 32(4), 721-743. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-01-2023-3600
- Arar, T., Çetiner, N., & Yurdakul, G. (2023). Quiet quitting: Building a comprehensive theoretical framework. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 15(28), 122-138. https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1245216
- Asunakutlu, T., & Avcı, U. (2010). Aile işletmelerinde nepotizm algısı ve iş tatmini ilişkisi üzerine bir araştırma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(2), 93-109.
- Boy, Y., & Sürmeli, M. (2023). Quiet quitting: A significant risk for global healthcare. Journal of Global Health, (13). https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.13.03014
- Burhan, O. K., van Leeuwen, E., & Scheepers, D. (2020). On the hiring of kin in organizations: Perceived nepotism and its implications for fairness perceptions and the willingness to join an organization. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, (161), 34-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.03.012
- Bünyamin, H. (2023). Workplace favoritism: Analysis of causes, consequences, and mitigation strategies. In Research and Reviews in Educational Sciences (pp. 139–158). Serüven Yayınevi.
- Büte, M. (2011). Kayırmacılığın çalışan davranışları ve insan kaynakları yönetimi uygulamaları üzerine etkileri: Türk kamu bankalarına yönelik bir araştırma. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 44(1), 135-153.
- Cambridge Dictionary. (2024). Nepotism. Cambridge Dictionary. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/nepotism
- Formica, S., & Sfodera, F. (2022). The great resignation and quiet quitting paradigm shifts: An overview of current situation and future research directions. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 31(8), 899-907. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2022.2136601
- Esen, D. (2023). Quiet quitting in public institutions: A descriptive content analysis. International Journal of Contemporary Economics and Administrative Sciences, 13(1), 296-326. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8428256
- Gabelaia, I., & Bagociunaite, R. (2023). The impact of “quiet quitting” on overall organizational behavior and culture. In International Conference on Reliability and Statistics in Transportation and Communication (pp. 366-378). Springer Nature.
- Georgiadou, A., Vezyridis, P., & Glaveli, N. (2025). “You pretend to pay me; I pretend to work”: A multi‐level exploration of quiet quitting in the Greek context. Human Resource Management. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.22292
- Gibb Dyer Jr, W. (2006). Examining the “family effect” on firm performance. Family Business Review, 19(4), 253-273. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.2006.00074
- Greenberg, J. (1990). Organizational justice: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Journal of Management, 16(2), 399-432. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639001600208
- Hamouche, S., Koritos, C., & Papastathopoulos, A. (2023). Quiet quitting: Relationship with other concepts and implications for tourism and hospitality. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 35(12), 4297-4312. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-11-2022-1362
- Hudson, S., González-Gómez, H. V., & Claasen, C. (2019). Legitimacy, particularism and employee commitment and justice. Journal of Business Ethics, (157), 589-603. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3685-1
- Jain, A. K., Srivastava, S., & Sullivan, S. E. (2022). Does fear-based silence mediate the nepotism–employee outcomes relationship?. Personnel Review, 52(3), 835-855. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-06-2021-0394
- Jaskiewicz, P., Uhlenbruck, K., Balkin, D. B., & Reay, T. (2013). Is nepotism good or bad? Types of nepotism and implications for knowledge management. Family Business Review, 26(2), 121-139. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486512470841
- Karrani, M. A., Bani-Melhem, S., & Mohd-Shamsudin, F. (2023). Employee quiet quitting behaviours: Conceptualization, measure development, and validation. The Service Industries Journal, 4(2), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2023.2286604
- Lee, D., Park, J., & Shin, Y. (2023). Where are the workers? From great resignation to quiet quitting (No. w30833). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/papers/w30833
- Liu-Lastres, B., Karatepe, O. M., & Okumus, F. (2024). Combating quiet quitting: Implications for future research and practices for talent management. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 36(1), 13-24. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-08-2023-1317
- Mahand, T., & Caldwell, C. (2023). Quiet quitting-causes and opportunities. Business and Management Researches, 12(1), 9-18. https://doi.org/10.5430/bmr.v12n1p9
- Marzucco, L., Marique, G., Stinglhamber, F., De Roeck, K., & Hansez, I. (2014). Justice and employee attitudes during organizational change: The mediating role of overall justice. European Review of Applied Psychology, 64(6), 289-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2014.08.004
- Mijs, J. J. (2016). The unfulfillable promise of meritocracy: Three lessons and their implications for justice in education. Social Justice Research, (29), 14-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-014-0228-0
- Mulaphong, D. (2023). Does meritocracy produce desirable outcomes for public organizations? Results of a worldwide expert survey from 149 nations. Public Integrity, 25(6), 578-598. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2022.2074763
- Nimmi, P. M., Syed, F., Manjaly, N. B., & Harsha, G. (2024). Employee’s narrative on quiet quitting–A qualitative analysis. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 46(7), 1406-1421. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-10-2023-0538
- Öztürk, E., Arıkan, Ö. U., & Metin, O. (2023). Understanding quiet quitting: Triggers, antecedents and consequences. Uluslararası Davranış, Sürdürülebilirlik ve Yönetim Dergisi, 10(18), 57-79. https://doi.org/10.54709/jobesam.1299018
- Padgett, M. Y., & Morris, K. A. (2005). Keeping it" all in the family:" does nepotism in the hiring process really benefit the beneficiary?. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 11(2), 34-45. https://doi.org/10.1177/107179190501100205
- Pevec, N. (2023). The concept of identifying factors of quiet quitting in organizations: An integrative literature review. Challenges of the Future, (2), 128-147. https://doi.org/10.37886/ip.2023.006
- Putnam, R. D. (1993). The prosperous community. The American Prospect, 4(13), 35-42.
- Ratnatunga, J. (2022). Quiet quitting: The silent challenge of performance management. Journal of Applied Management Accounting Research, 20(2), 13-20.
- Reichard, C., & Schröter, E. (2021). Civil service and public employment. Public Administration in Germany, 205-223. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53697-8_13
- Rothstein, B. O., & Teorell, J. A. (2008). What is quality of government? A theory of impartial government institutions. Governance, 21(2), 165-190. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0491.2008.00391.x
- Safina, D. (2015). Favouritism and nepotism in an organization: Causes and effects. Procedia Economics and
Finance, (23), 630-634. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00416-5
- Savaş, B. Ç., & Turan, M. (2023). Sessiz istifa ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Online Journal of Recreation and Sports, 12(3), 442-453. https://doi.org/10.22282/tojras.1291075
- Schmid, A., & Sender, A. (2021). How social capital influences performance in family firms: The moderating role of nepotism. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(18), 3973-3993. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2019.1674355
- Serenko, A. (2024). The human capital management perspective on quiet quitting: Recommendations for employees, managers, and national policymakers. Journal of Knowledge Management, 28(1), 27-43. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-10-2022-0792
- Sezik, M. (2020). Türkiye'de yerel yönetimlerin güncel kentsel sorunlara yaklaşımı. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 15(22), 1540-1562. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.669211
- Sidani, Y. M., & Thornberry, J. (2013). Nepotism in the Arab world: An institutional theory perspective. Business Ethics Quarterly, 23(1), 69-96. https://doi.org/10.5840/beq20132313
- Spranger, J. L., Colarelli, S. M., Dimotakis, N., Jacob, A. C., & Arvey, R. D. (2012). Effects of kin density within family-owned businesses. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 119(2), 151-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.07.001
- Vinton, K. L. (1998). Nepotism: An interdisciplinary model. Family Business Review, 11(4), 297-303. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.1998.00297.x
- Vveinhardt, J., & Bendaraviciene, R. (2022). How do nepotism and favouritism affect organisational climate?. Frontiers in Psychology, (12), 710140. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.710140
- Vveinhardt, J., & Sroka, W. (2020). Nepotism and favouritism in polish and Lithuanian organizations: The context of organisational microclimate. Sustainability, 12(4), 1425. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041425
- Wicker, S., & Van Hein, J. (2023). Justice perceptions, quiet quitting & personality. https://scholar.utc.edu/rcio/2023/posters/6/.
- Wu, A., & Wei, W. (2024). Rationalizing quiet quitting? Deciphering the internal mechanism of front-line hospitality employees’ workplace deviance. International Journal of Hospitality Management, (119), 103681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2023.103681
Does Nepotism Trigger Quiet Quitting? A Research on Local Governments
Year 2025,
Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 149 - 161, 31.03.2025
Umut Uyan
,
Adil İbin
Abstract
The concept of quiet quitting, which denotes a cognitive and/or emotional, if not physical, detachment, has recently become one of the most frequently studied topics in organizational psychology. The term refers to performing only the tasks stipulated in job description with minimum organizational commitment and not going beyond that. Due to the detrimental effect of quiet quitting on both individual and organizational performance, it is crucial to study the phenomenon in depth. By referring to the organizational justice perspective, the study is designed to determine whether one of the negative employee experiences, nepotism, in local governments trigger quiet quitting. The main assumption of the research is that nepotism deteriorates the sense of justice, which leads employees to quit quietly. Structured questionnaires were administered to 259 local government workers in Adana. The results suggest that exposure to nepotism triggers quiet quitting in local governments where preferential treatments are allegedly pervasive. The study is expected to guide managers in establishing effective human resources practices in such institutions.
Ethical Statement
Ethics committee approval for the study was obtained from Munzur University Ethics Committee on March 5, 2024, with document number 2024/2-1.
The authors declare that the study was conducted in accordance with research and publication ethics.
The authors confirm that no part of the study was generated, either wholly or in part, using Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools.
The authors affirm that there are no financial conflicts of interest involving any institution, organization, or individual associated with this article. Additionally, there are no conflicts of interest among the authors.
The authors affirm that they contributed equally to all aspects of the research.
References
- Acheampong, N. A. A. (2021). Reward preferences of the youngest generation: Attracting, recruiting, and retaining generation Z into public sector organizations. Compensation & Benefits Review, 53(2), 75-97. https://doi.org/10.1177/088636872095480
- Akram, T., Lei, S., Haider, M. J., & Hussain, S. T. (2020). The impact of organizational justice on employee innovative work behavior: Mediating role of knowledge sharing. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 5(2), 117-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2019.10.001
- Aktan, C. C. (2021). Siyasal ahlak ve siyasal yozlaşma. In C. C. Aktan & O. K. Acar (Eds.), Kamu yönetiminde kayırmacılık (pp. 6-30). SOBİAD Hukuk ve İktisat Araştırmaları Yayınları.
- Alesina, A., & Giuliano, P. (2010). The power of the family. Journal of Economic Growth, (15), 93-125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-010-9052-z
- Anand, A., Doll, J., & Ray, P. (2023). Drowning in silence: A scale development and validation of quiet quitting and quiet firing. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 32(4), 721-743. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-01-2023-3600
- Arar, T., Çetiner, N., & Yurdakul, G. (2023). Quiet quitting: Building a comprehensive theoretical framework. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 15(28), 122-138. https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1245216
- Asunakutlu, T., & Avcı, U. (2010). Aile işletmelerinde nepotizm algısı ve iş tatmini ilişkisi üzerine bir araştırma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(2), 93-109.
- Boy, Y., & Sürmeli, M. (2023). Quiet quitting: A significant risk for global healthcare. Journal of Global Health, (13). https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.13.03014
- Burhan, O. K., van Leeuwen, E., & Scheepers, D. (2020). On the hiring of kin in organizations: Perceived nepotism and its implications for fairness perceptions and the willingness to join an organization. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, (161), 34-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.03.012
- Bünyamin, H. (2023). Workplace favoritism: Analysis of causes, consequences, and mitigation strategies. In Research and Reviews in Educational Sciences (pp. 139–158). Serüven Yayınevi.
- Büte, M. (2011). Kayırmacılığın çalışan davranışları ve insan kaynakları yönetimi uygulamaları üzerine etkileri: Türk kamu bankalarına yönelik bir araştırma. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 44(1), 135-153.
- Cambridge Dictionary. (2024). Nepotism. Cambridge Dictionary. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/nepotism
- Formica, S., & Sfodera, F. (2022). The great resignation and quiet quitting paradigm shifts: An overview of current situation and future research directions. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 31(8), 899-907. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2022.2136601
- Esen, D. (2023). Quiet quitting in public institutions: A descriptive content analysis. International Journal of Contemporary Economics and Administrative Sciences, 13(1), 296-326. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8428256
- Gabelaia, I., & Bagociunaite, R. (2023). The impact of “quiet quitting” on overall organizational behavior and culture. In International Conference on Reliability and Statistics in Transportation and Communication (pp. 366-378). Springer Nature.
- Georgiadou, A., Vezyridis, P., & Glaveli, N. (2025). “You pretend to pay me; I pretend to work”: A multi‐level exploration of quiet quitting in the Greek context. Human Resource Management. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.22292
- Gibb Dyer Jr, W. (2006). Examining the “family effect” on firm performance. Family Business Review, 19(4), 253-273. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.2006.00074
- Greenberg, J. (1990). Organizational justice: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Journal of Management, 16(2), 399-432. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639001600208
- Hamouche, S., Koritos, C., & Papastathopoulos, A. (2023). Quiet quitting: Relationship with other concepts and implications for tourism and hospitality. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 35(12), 4297-4312. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-11-2022-1362
- Hudson, S., González-Gómez, H. V., & Claasen, C. (2019). Legitimacy, particularism and employee commitment and justice. Journal of Business Ethics, (157), 589-603. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3685-1
- Jain, A. K., Srivastava, S., & Sullivan, S. E. (2022). Does fear-based silence mediate the nepotism–employee outcomes relationship?. Personnel Review, 52(3), 835-855. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-06-2021-0394
- Jaskiewicz, P., Uhlenbruck, K., Balkin, D. B., & Reay, T. (2013). Is nepotism good or bad? Types of nepotism and implications for knowledge management. Family Business Review, 26(2), 121-139. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486512470841
- Karrani, M. A., Bani-Melhem, S., & Mohd-Shamsudin, F. (2023). Employee quiet quitting behaviours: Conceptualization, measure development, and validation. The Service Industries Journal, 4(2), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2023.2286604
- Lee, D., Park, J., & Shin, Y. (2023). Where are the workers? From great resignation to quiet quitting (No. w30833). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/papers/w30833
- Liu-Lastres, B., Karatepe, O. M., & Okumus, F. (2024). Combating quiet quitting: Implications for future research and practices for talent management. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 36(1), 13-24. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-08-2023-1317
- Mahand, T., & Caldwell, C. (2023). Quiet quitting-causes and opportunities. Business and Management Researches, 12(1), 9-18. https://doi.org/10.5430/bmr.v12n1p9
- Marzucco, L., Marique, G., Stinglhamber, F., De Roeck, K., & Hansez, I. (2014). Justice and employee attitudes during organizational change: The mediating role of overall justice. European Review of Applied Psychology, 64(6), 289-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2014.08.004
- Mijs, J. J. (2016). The unfulfillable promise of meritocracy: Three lessons and their implications for justice in education. Social Justice Research, (29), 14-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-014-0228-0
- Mulaphong, D. (2023). Does meritocracy produce desirable outcomes for public organizations? Results of a worldwide expert survey from 149 nations. Public Integrity, 25(6), 578-598. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2022.2074763
- Nimmi, P. M., Syed, F., Manjaly, N. B., & Harsha, G. (2024). Employee’s narrative on quiet quitting–A qualitative analysis. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 46(7), 1406-1421. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-10-2023-0538
- Öztürk, E., Arıkan, Ö. U., & Metin, O. (2023). Understanding quiet quitting: Triggers, antecedents and consequences. Uluslararası Davranış, Sürdürülebilirlik ve Yönetim Dergisi, 10(18), 57-79. https://doi.org/10.54709/jobesam.1299018
- Padgett, M. Y., & Morris, K. A. (2005). Keeping it" all in the family:" does nepotism in the hiring process really benefit the beneficiary?. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 11(2), 34-45. https://doi.org/10.1177/107179190501100205
- Pevec, N. (2023). The concept of identifying factors of quiet quitting in organizations: An integrative literature review. Challenges of the Future, (2), 128-147. https://doi.org/10.37886/ip.2023.006
- Putnam, R. D. (1993). The prosperous community. The American Prospect, 4(13), 35-42.
- Ratnatunga, J. (2022). Quiet quitting: The silent challenge of performance management. Journal of Applied Management Accounting Research, 20(2), 13-20.
- Reichard, C., & Schröter, E. (2021). Civil service and public employment. Public Administration in Germany, 205-223. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53697-8_13
- Rothstein, B. O., & Teorell, J. A. (2008). What is quality of government? A theory of impartial government institutions. Governance, 21(2), 165-190. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0491.2008.00391.x
- Safina, D. (2015). Favouritism and nepotism in an organization: Causes and effects. Procedia Economics and
Finance, (23), 630-634. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00416-5
- Savaş, B. Ç., & Turan, M. (2023). Sessiz istifa ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Online Journal of Recreation and Sports, 12(3), 442-453. https://doi.org/10.22282/tojras.1291075
- Schmid, A., & Sender, A. (2021). How social capital influences performance in family firms: The moderating role of nepotism. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(18), 3973-3993. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2019.1674355
- Serenko, A. (2024). The human capital management perspective on quiet quitting: Recommendations for employees, managers, and national policymakers. Journal of Knowledge Management, 28(1), 27-43. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-10-2022-0792
- Sezik, M. (2020). Türkiye'de yerel yönetimlerin güncel kentsel sorunlara yaklaşımı. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 15(22), 1540-1562. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.669211
- Sidani, Y. M., & Thornberry, J. (2013). Nepotism in the Arab world: An institutional theory perspective. Business Ethics Quarterly, 23(1), 69-96. https://doi.org/10.5840/beq20132313
- Spranger, J. L., Colarelli, S. M., Dimotakis, N., Jacob, A. C., & Arvey, R. D. (2012). Effects of kin density within family-owned businesses. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 119(2), 151-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.07.001
- Vinton, K. L. (1998). Nepotism: An interdisciplinary model. Family Business Review, 11(4), 297-303. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.1998.00297.x
- Vveinhardt, J., & Bendaraviciene, R. (2022). How do nepotism and favouritism affect organisational climate?. Frontiers in Psychology, (12), 710140. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.710140
- Vveinhardt, J., & Sroka, W. (2020). Nepotism and favouritism in polish and Lithuanian organizations: The context of organisational microclimate. Sustainability, 12(4), 1425. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041425
- Wicker, S., & Van Hein, J. (2023). Justice perceptions, quiet quitting & personality. https://scholar.utc.edu/rcio/2023/posters/6/.
- Wu, A., & Wei, W. (2024). Rationalizing quiet quitting? Deciphering the internal mechanism of front-line hospitality employees’ workplace deviance. International Journal of Hospitality Management, (119), 103681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2023.103681