Akademisyenlerin Etik Dışı Davranışlarına Yönelik Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Görüşleri

Öz

Küresel yükseöğretim sistemleri ve onların paydaşları, artan rekabet, değişen yönetim anlayışı, azalan akademik özgürlük ve liyakatle etik uygulamalara meydan okuyan neo-liberal politikaların dönüştürücü etkilerinden oldukça etkilenmiştir. Bu etkileri göz önünde bulundurarak, bu çalışma, akademisyenlerin, öğretim ve değerlendirmeden, öğrencilere karşı olan görevlerine kadar tüm etik dışı uygulamalarına dair Türk üniversite öğrencilerinin algılarını incelemeyi hedeflemiştir. Nitel çalışmadaki 23 Türk öğrenci ile yapılan görüşme verileri Hofstede’in Kültürel Boyutlar Modeli üzerinden değerlendirilmiştir. Genel izlenim, öğrencilerin, akademik davranış kurallarına ilişkin yüksek derecede bilince sahip oldukları yönündedir. Ana bulgular ise, en sık rastlanan ilk beş etik dışı davranışın “kayırma, profesyonel yetersizlik, küçük düşürme, otonomi-sorumluluk ikilemi ve sözlü istismar” olduğunu gösterirken az sayıda katılımcının, sorun çıkarmaktan çekindikleri ya da durumun düzelmeyeceğine inandıkları için, etik-dışı uygulamalara karşı haklarını savunmuş olduğu şeklindedir. Kısaca temel öneriler: akademik liderlerin, bağımsız bir grup tarafından yürütülen, tacize karşı bir ofis oluşturmaları; fakülte üyelerinin, adil bir yaklaşıma sahip ve geri bildirime açık olmaları; öğrencilerin ise fakülte üyelerine kaygılarını belirtmeleri, gerektiğinde yetkililere şikayette bulunmaları ve akademik etik alanında bilgilerini daha da artırmaları yönündedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Etik Dışı Uygulamalar
• Hofstede Modeli
• Kültür
• Öğretim Elemanları
• Üniversite Öğrencileri
• Unethical Practces

University Students’ Perceptions about Unethical Faculty Practices

Abstract

Global higher education systems and their stakeholders have substantially been affected by the transformative effects of neoliberal policies that challenged ethical practices through increasing competition, changing managerial understanding, diminishing academic freedom and meritocracy. Considering these effects, this research aims to investigate Turkish university students’ perceptions about unethical practices of faculty ranging from teaching and assessment to their service duties for students. In this qualitative study, 23 Turkish university students’ interview data were evaluated from The Cultural Dimensions Model of Hofstede. The overall impression was that students had high consciousness about academic codes of conduct. As to the major findings, while the top five frequently experienced unethical practices were “favoritism, professional incompetence, humiliation, autonomy vs. responsibility dilemma and verbal abuse”, only a few students defended their rights against unethical practices because they did not want to cause a problem or they had disbelief in positive change. The main implications of this study are for academic leaders to establish an anti-harassment office run by an independent body, for faculty to adopt a fair approach and be open to feedback, and for students to report concerns to faculty, make a complaint to authorities when necessary and develop their knowledge of academic ethics.

Keywords

• Unethical Practices
• Hofstede Model
• Culture
• Faculty Members
• University Students

References

1. AAUP (n.d.), “Reports and Publications. Statement on Professional Ethics”, AAUP, https://www.aaup.org/report/statement-professional-ethics (Date of Access: 01.10.2023).
2. ALTBACH, Philip G. (2004), “The Question of Corruption in Academe”, International Higher Education, S.34, ss.8-10, https://doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2004.34.7399.
3. ANA, Joseph, KOEHLMOOS, Tracey, SMITH, Richard and YAN, Lijing L. (2013), “Research Misconduct in Low- and Middle-Income Countries”, Plos Medicine, S.10(3), ss.(e1001315), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001315.
4. ANDERSON, Melissa S., HORN, Aaron S., RISBEY, Kelly R., RONNING, Emily A., DE VRIES, Raymond and MARTINSON, Brian C. (2007), “What Do Mentoring and Training in the Responsible Conduct of Research Have to do with Scientists’ Misbehavior? Findings from a National Survey of NIH-Funded Scientists”, Academic Medicine, S.82(9), ss.853–860, https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0b013e31812f764c.
5. ANDERSON, Melissa S., RONNING, Emily A., DE VRIES, Raymond and MARTINSON, Brian C. (2007), “The Perverse Effects of Competition on Scientists’ Work and Relationships”, Science and Engineering Ethics, S.13(4), ss.437-461, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-007-9042-5.
6. ANDERSON, Melissa S., SHAW, Marta A., STENECK, Nicholas H., KONKLE, Erin and KAMATA, Takehito (2013), “Research Integrity and Misconduct in the Academic Profession”, Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research (Ed. Michael B. Paulsen), Springer Publisher, Dordrecht, S.28, ss.217-261.
7. ARMSTRONG, Elizabeth A., HAMILTON, Laura and SWEENEY, Brian (2006), “Sexual Assault on Campus: A Multilevel, Integrative Approach to Party Rape”, Social Problems, S.53(4), ss.483-499. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2006.53.4.483.
8. ASLAN, Emrah and YILMAZ, Aynur (2021), “Examination of Faculty of Sports Sciences Students’ Unethical Behaviors in-Classroom: A Mixed Research Approach”, Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research, S.16(3), ss.127-149, https://doi.org/10.29329/epasr.2020.373.8.

9. AYDIN, İnayet, DEMİRKASIMOĞLU, Nihan and ALKIN, Senar (2012), “Academic Ethics in Turkish Universities: Perceptions of Academicians from Engineering, Medicine and Education Colleges”. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, S.49, ss.41-60.
10. AZOULAY, Pierre, BONATTI, Alessandro and KRIEGER, Joshua L. (2017), “The Career Effects of Scandal: Evidence from Scientific Retractions”, Research Policy, S.46(9), ss.1552-1569, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2017.07.003.
11. BANKS, Sarah Jane (2015), “From Research Integrity to Researcher Integrity: Issues of Conduct, Competence and Commitment”, Paper Presented at Academy of Social Sciences and British Sociological Association Event, Virtue Ethics in the Practice and Review of Social Science Research, 1st May 2015 – London (UK), http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.4497.9040 (Date of Access: 01.05.2022).
12. BERGGREN, Christian and KARABAG, Solmaz Filiz (2019), “Scientific misconduct at an Elite Medical Institute: The Role of Competing Institutional Logics and Fragmented Control”, Research Policy, S.48(2), ss.428-443, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.03.020.
13. BOUTER, Lex M. (2015), “Commentary: Perverse Incentives or Rotten Apples?”, Accountability in Research: Policies and Quality Assurance, S.22(3), ss.148–161, https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2014.950253.
14. BRAXTON, John M., PROPER, Eve and BAYER, Alan E. (2011), Professors Behaving Badly: Faculty Misconduct in Graduate Education, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
15. BURNAZ, Şebnem, ATAKAN, Serap M. G. ve TOPCU, İlker Y. (2010), “Have Ethical Perceptions Changed? A Comparative Study on the Ethical Perceptions of Turkish Faculty Members”, Journal of Academic Ethics, S.8, ss.137-51, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-010-9115-y.
16. BÜKEN, Nüket Örnek (2006), “Türkiye Örneğinde Akademik Dünya ve Akademik Etik”, Hacettepe Tıp Dergisi, S.37(3), ss.164-170.
17. CALLAHAN, Daniel (1982), “Should There be an Academic Code of Ethics?”, Journal of Higher Education, S.53(3), ss.335-344, https://doi.org/10.2307/1981752.
18. CAMPBELl, Elizabeth (2000), “Professional Ethics in Teaching: Towards the Development of a Code of Practice”, Cambridge Journal of Education, S.30(2), ss.203-222, https://doi.org/10.1080/03057640050075198.
19. COHE (2014), “Principles for Ethical Behavior”, COHE, İstanbul Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü (Resmi Yazışma), https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/statics/istanbultip.istanbul.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Yükseköğretim-Kurumları-Etik-Davranış-İlkeleri.pdf (Date of Access: 28.08.2022).
20. CORTINA, Kai S., AREL, Sari and SMITH-DARDEN, Joanne P. (2017), “School Belonging in Different Cultures: The Effects of Individualism and Power Distance”, Frontiers in Education, S.2(56), ss.1-12, https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2017.00056.
21. COUCH, Sue and DODD, Sara (2005), “Doing the Right Thing: Ethical Issues in Higher Education”, Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences, S.97(3), ss.20–26, https://www.cse.cuhk.edu.hk/irwin.king/_media/teaching/gen1113/scn_20090202113342_001.pdf (Date of Access: 28.08.2022).
22. CRESWELL, John W. (2012), Educational Research: Planning, Conducting and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research, Pearson Publisher, Boston US), 4th Edition.
23. CRESWELL, John W. (2014), Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, Sage Publisher, Los Angeles (US), 4th Edition.
24. DAWSON, Maureen M. and OVERFIELD, Joyce A. (2006), “Plagiarism: Do Students Know What it is?”, Bioscience Education, S.8(1), ss.1-15, https://doi.org/10.3108/beej.8.1.
25. DİNÇ, Reyhan Gedik ve GİZİR, Sıdıka (2019), “Öğrencilerin Bakış Açısından Öğretim Elemanlarının Sınıf Içindeki Etik Dışı Davranışları”, Yükseköğretim Dergisi, S.9(1), ss.29-39, https://doi.org/10.2399/yod.18.033.
26. EI, Sue and BOWEN, Anne (2002), “College Students’ Perceptions of Student-Instructor Relationships”, Ethics and Behavior, S.12(2), ss.177-190, https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327019EB1202_5.
27. ENAI (n.d.), “Glossary for Academic Integrity”, Academicintegrity (E-Article), https://www.academicintegrity.eu/wp/glossary/ (Date of Access: 3.2.2023)
28. ERTEKİN, Cumhur, BERKER, Nihat, TOLUN, Aslıhan and ÜLKÜ, Dinçer (2002), Bilimsel Araştırmada Etik ve Sorunları, TUBİTAK - TÜBA Yayını, Ankara.
29. FANELLI, Daniele (2009), “How Many Scientists Fabricate and Falsify Research? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Survey Data”, PLoS ONE, S.4(5), ss.(e5738), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005738.
30. FRIEDMAN, Hershey H., FOGEL, Joshua and FRIEDMAN, Linda Weiser (2005), “Student Perceptions of the Ethics of Professors”, Electronic Journal of Business Ethics Organization Studies, S.10(2), ss.10–15, https://ssrn.com/abstract=2424498 (Date of Access: 01.10.2023).
31. FULMER, Jason R. (2002), “Dismissing the ‘Immoral’ Teacher for Conduct Outside the Workplace-Do Current Laws Protect the Interests of Both School Authorities and Teachers?”, Journal of Law and Education, S.31(3), ss.271-278.
32. GAO, Tao, SIEGEL, Philip, JOHAR, Jassprit S. and SIRGY, Joseph, M. (2008), “A Survey of Management Educators’ Perceptions of Unethical Faculty Behavior”, Journal of Academic Ethics, S.6, ss.129-152, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-008-9062-z.
33. GHIAȚĂU, Roxana Maria and MÂȚĂ, Liliana (2015), “Exploring the Students’ Perceptions Regarding Unethical Practices in the Romanian Educational System”, International Journal of Educational Development, S.44, ss.1-10, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2015.06.002.
34. GIORGINI, Vincent, GIBSON, Carter, MECCA, Jensen T., MEDEIROS, Kelsey E., MUMFORD, Michael D., CONNELLY, Shane and DEVENPORT, Lynn D. (2015), “Differences in Biases and Compensatory Strategies Across Discipline, Rank, and Gender Among University Academics”, Science and Engineering Ethics, S.21(6), ss.1551-1579, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-014-9615-z.
35. GOTTARDELLO, Debora and KARABAG, Solmaz Filiz (2020), “Ideal and Actual Roles of University Professors in Academic Integrity Management: A Comparative Study”, Studies in Higher Education, S.47(3), ss.526-544, https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2020.1767051.
36. HALL, Douglas T. (2004), “The Protean Career: A Quarter-Century Journey”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, S.65(1), ss.1-13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2003.10.006.
37. HARPER, Rowena, BRETAG, Tracey, ELLIS, Cath, NEWTON, Philip, ROZENBERG, Pearl, SADDIQUI, Sonia and VAN HAERINGEN, Karen (2018), “Contract Cheating: A Survey of Australian University Staff”, Studies in Higher Education, S.44(11), ss.1–17, https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2018.1462789
38. HOFSTEDE, Geert (2001), Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations across Nations, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, 2nd Edition.
39. HOFSTEDE, Geert (2011), “Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context”, Online Readings in Psychology and Culture (E-Journal), S.2(1), https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1014 (Date of Access: 07.10.2022).
40. HOFSTEDE, Geert (n.d.), “Hofstede Insights: Country Comparison Tool”, Hofstede-Insights (E-Article), https://www.hofstede-insights.com/ (Date of Access: 07.10.2022).
41. HOFSTEDE, Geert, HOFSTEDE, Gert Jan and MINKOV, Michael (2010), Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. Intercultural Cooperation and its Importance for Survival, Mc Graw Hill Publisher, London and New York.
42. HONIG, Benson, LAMPEL, Joseph, SIEGEL, Donald and DRNEVICH, Paul (2014), “Ethics in the Production and Dissemination of Management Research: Institutional Failure or Individual Fallibility”, Journal of Management Studies, S.51(1), ss.118-142, https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12056.
43. HOSSEINI, Mohammad, HILHORST, Medard, DE BEAUFORT, Inez and FANELLI, Daniele (2018), “Doing the Right Thing: A Qualitative Investigation of Retractions Due to Unintentional Error”, Science and Engineering Ethics, S.24(1), ss.189–206, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-017-9894-2.
44. HUYBERS, Twan, GREENE, Browyn and ROHR, Detlef H. (2020), “Academic Research Integrity: Exploring Researchers’ Perceptions of Responsibilities and Enablers”, Accountability in Research, S.27(3), ss.146-177, https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2020.1732824.
45. ICAI (n.d.), “International Center for Academic Integrity”, Academicintegrity (E-Article), https://academicintegrity.org/ (Date of Access: 01.02.2023).
46. IMRAN, Adesile M. and NORDIN, Mohammad Sahari (2013), “Predicting the Underlying Factors of Academic Dishonesty Among Undergraduates in Public Universities: A Path Analysis Approach”, Journal of Academic Ethics, S.11(2), ss.103–120, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-013-9183-x.
47. JACOB, Susan and HARTSHORNE, Timothy S. (2003), Ethics and Law for School Psychologists, John Wiley and Sons Publisher, Hoboken - New Jersey (US), 4th Edition.
48. JIAN, Hu, MARION, Russell and WANG, Weijun (2018), “Academic Integrity from China to the United States: The Acculturation Process for Chinese Graduate Students in the United States”, Ethics and Behavior, S.29(1), ss.51-70, https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2018.1468760.
49. KANSU, Emin and RUACAN, Şevket (2002), “Bilimsel Yanıltmanın Günümüzdeki Durumu: Türleri, Nedenleri, Önlenmesi ve Cezalandırılması”, Tük Kardiyoloji Derneği Arşivi, S.30, ss.763-767.
50. KEITH-SPIEGEL, Patricia, TABACHNICK, Barbara G. and ALLEN, Melanie (1993), “Ethics in Academia: Students’ Views of Professors’ Actions”, Ethics and Behavior, S.3(2), ss.149-162, https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327019eb0302_1.
51. KHATRI, Naresh (2009), “Consequences of Power Distance Orientation in Organizations”, Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective, S.13(1), ss.1-10, https://doi.org/10.1177/097226290901300101.
52. KITCHENER, Karen S. (1984), “Intuition, Critical Evaluation and Ethical Principles: The Foundation for Ethical Decisions in Counseling Psychology”, The Counseling Psychologist, S.12(3), ss.43–55, https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000084123005.
53. LEACH, Fiona (2013), “Corruption as Abuse of Power: Sexual Violence in Educational Institutions”, Global Corruption Report: Education (Ed. Transparency International), Routledge Publisher, London and New York, ss.88-98.
54. LEWIS, Ramon and RILEY, Philip (2009), “Teacher Misbehavior”, International Handbook of Research on Teachers and Teaching (Eds. Lawrence J. Saha, A. Gary Dworkin), Springer Science and Business Media LLC., New York (US), ss.417-431.
55. MACFARLANE, Bruce, ZHANG, Jingjing and PUN, Annie (2014), “Academic Integrity: A Review of the Literature”, Studies in Higher Education, S.39(2), ss.339-358, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2012.709495.
56. MARSHALL, Catherine and ROSSMAN, Gretchen B. (2006), Designing Qualitative Research, Sage Publisher, Thousand Oaks, 4th Edition.
57. MENUEY, Brendan P. (2005), “Teachers’ Perceptions of Professional Incompetence and Barriers to the Dismissal Process”, Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education, S.18(4), ss.309–325, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11092-007-9026-7.
58. MURPHY, Patrick E. (1989), “Creating Ethical Corporate Structures”, Sloan Management Review, S.30(2), ss.81-87, https://www.proquest.com/docview/1302988730 (Date of Access: 01.02.2023).
59. OLDENBURG, Christopher M. (2005), “Students’ Perceptions of Ethical Dilemmas Involving Professors: Examining the Impact of the Professor’s Gender”, College Student Journal, S.39(1), ss.129-40.
60. OSIPIAN, Ararat L. (2014), “Will Bribery and Fraud Converge? Comparative Corruption in Higher Education in Russia and the USA”, Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, S.44(2), ss.252–73, https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2012.728374.
61. OWEN, Patricia R. and ZWAHR-CASTRO, Jennifer (2007), “Boundary Issues in Academia: Student Perceptions of Faculty-Student Boundary Crossings”, Ethics and Behavior, S.17(2), ss.117-129, https://doi.org/10.1080/10508420701378065.
62. ÖZCAN, Kenan, BALYER, Aydın and SERVI, Tayfun (2013), “Faculty Members’ Ethical Behaviors: A Survey Based on Students' Perceptions at Universities in Turkey”, International Education Studies, S.6(3), ss.129-142, https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v6n3p129.
63. PELİT, Elbeyi and GÜÇER, Evren (2006), “Öğretmen Adaylarının Öğretmenlik Mesleğiyle Ilgili Etik Olmayan Davranışlara ve Öğretmenleri Etik Dışı Davranışa Yönelten Faktörlere Ilişkin Algılamaları”, Ticaret ve Turizm Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, S.2, ss.95-119.
64. POISSON, Marcelli (2013), “International Standards and National Regulatory Frameworks to Realize the Right to Education”, Global Corruption Report: Education (Eds. Transparency International), Routledge Publisher, London and New York, ss.194-201.
65. PRISACARIU, Anca and SHAH, Mahsood (2016), “Defining the Quality of Higher Education Around Ethics and Moral Values”, Quality in Higher Education, S.22(2), ss.152-166, https://doi.org/10.1080/13538322.2016.1201931.
66. QUATRELLA, Lucy A. and WENTWORTH, Diane K. (1995), “Students’ Perceptions of Unequal Status Dating Relationships in Academia”, Ethics and Behavior, S.5(3), ss.249–259, https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327019eb0503_4.
67. REIDENBACH, Eric R. and ROBIN, Donald (1991), “A Conceptual Model of Corporate Moral Development”, Journal of Business Ethics, S.10(4), ss.273-284, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00382966.
68. RESNIK, David and MASTER, Zubin (2013), “Policies and Initiatives Aimed at Addressing Research Misconduct in High-Income Countries”, PLoS Medicine, S.10(3), ss.(e1001406), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001406.
69. ROBERTS, Glyn C., KAVUSSANU, Maria and SPRAGUE, Robert L. (2001), “Mentoring and the Impact of the Research Climate”, Science and Engineering Ethics, S.7(4), ss.525–537, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-001-0010-1.
70. ROCKSTUHL, Thomas, DULEBOHN, James H., ANG, Soon and SHORE, Lynn M. (2012), “Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) and Culture: A Meta-Analysis of Correlates of LMX Across 23 Countries”, Journal of Applied Psychology, S.97(6), ss.1097-130, https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029978.
71. SABLE, Marjorie, DANIS, Fran, MAUZY, Denise L. and GALLAGHER, Sarah K. (2006), “Barriers to Reporting Sexual Assault for Women and Men: Perspectives of College Students”, Journal of American College Health, S.55(3), ss.157-162, https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.55.3.157-162.
72. SEFCIK, Lesley, STRIEPE, Michelle and YORKE, Jonathan (2020), “Mapping the Landscape of Academic Integrity Education Programs: What Approaches are Effective?”, Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, S.45(1), ss.30-43, https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2019.1604942.
73. SHAW, David and SATALKAR, Priya (2018), “Researchers’ Interpretations of Research Integrity: A Qualitative Study”, Accountability in Research: Policies and Quality Assurance, S.25(2), ss.79–93, https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2017.1413940.
74. SHAW, Marta M. (2013), “Impacts of Globalization on the Academic Profession: Emerging Corruption Risks in Higher Education”, Global Corruption Report: Education (Ed. Transparency International), Routledge Publisher, London and New York, ss.194-201.
75. STENECK, Nicholas H. (2013), “Global Research Integrity Training”, Science, S.340(6132), ss.552–553, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.12363.
76. STRENG, Tara K. and KAMIMURA, Akiko (2015), “Sexual Assault Prevention and Reporting on College Campuses in the US: A Review of Policies and Recommendations”, Journal of Education and Practice, S.6(3), ss.65-71, https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1083737.pdf (Date of Access: 07.10.2022).
77. SUDITU, Mihaela and SAFTA, Cristina G. (2021), “Students’ Perceptions of Ethics and Academic Integrity”, Journal of Educational Sciences and Psychology, S.11(2), ss.3-8, https://doi.org/10.51865/JESP.2021.2.02.
78. SVINICKI, Marilla (1994), “Ethics in College Teaching”, Teaching Tips: Strategies, Research, and Theory for College and University Teachers (Ed. Wilbert G. McKeachie), D.C. Heath Publisher, Lexington - MA, ss.269-277, 9th Edition.
79. THAKKAR, Maneesh and WEISFELD-SPOLTER, Suri (2012), “A Qualitative Analysis of College Students’ Perceptions of Academic Integrity on Campus”, Academy of Educational Leadership Journal, S.16, ss.81-88.
80. TIERNEY, William G. (1988), “Organizational Culture in Higher Education: Defining the Essentials”, The Journal of Higher Education, S.59(1), ss.2-21, https://doi.org/10.2307/1981868.
81. TIJDINK, Joeri K., VERGOUWEN, Anton C. M. and SMULDERS, Yvo M. (2013), “Publication Pressure and Burn Out among Dutch Medical Professors: A Nationwide Survey”, PLoS ONE, S.8(9), ss.(e73381), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073381.
82. TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL (2013), “Introduction to the Global Corruption Report: Education”, Global Corruption Report: Education (Ed. Transparency International), Routledge Publisher, London and New York, ss.3-10, https://www.transparency.org/en/publications/global-corruption-report-education (Date of Access: 28.09.2022).
83. TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL (2022), “Corruption Perception Index 2021”, Şeffaflık Corporate Web Page (E-source), 4 February 2022, https://seffaflik.org/2021-yolsuzluk-algi-endeksi-aciklandi/ (Date of Access: 28.09.2022).
84. UĞURLU, C. Teyyar (2008), “Lise Son Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Etik Davranışlarına Ilişkin Algıları”, Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, S.16(2), ss.367-378, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/kefdergi/issue/49100/626550 (Date of Access: 07.10.2022).
85. YILDIZ, Müge Leyla, İÇLİ, Gülnur Eti ve GEGEZ, Ahmet Ercan (2013), “Perceived Academic Code of Ethics: A Research on Turkish Academics”, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, S.99, ss.282-293, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.496.
86. YOUNG, Ryan L., MILLER, Graham N. S. and BARNHARDT, Cassie L. (2018), “From Policies to Principles: The Effects of Campus Climate on Academic Integrity, A Mixed Methods Study”, Journal of Academic Ethics, S.16(1), ss.1-17, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-017-9297-7.