Examining the Relationship between Employee Resilience Capacity, Organizational Ostracism and Astrological Personality Traits

Abstract

Organizations need a qualified workforce to adapt to challenging conditions am-nd manage crises, as documented. Today, organizations are facing a number of external threats, such as economic crises, as well as internal unrest, including organizational exclusion. In such circumstances, there is a clear need for employees with high resilience capacity who are able to cope with difficulties and pursue opportunities for self-improvement. This study examined the relationship between employee resilience capacity, organizational exclusion, and astrological personality traits. The study population consisted of academic and administrative staff employed at Kırıkkale University. A total of 380 participants were reached through convenience sampling. The findings indicated significant negative correlation between employees' resilience capacity and organizational exclusion levels. However, the relationship between employee resilience capacity and organizational exclusion did not vary significantly according to astrological personality traits.

Keywords

• Employee Resilience Capacity
• Organizational Exclusion
• Astrological Personality Traits

Çalışan Rezilyans Kapasitesi, Örgütsel Dışlanma ve Astrolojik Kişilik Özellikleri İlişkisinin İncelenmesi

Öz

Örgütlerin zorlu koşullara uyum sağlamasında ve kriz yönetiminde nitelikli işgücünün oldukça önemli olduğu bilinmektedir. Günümüzde örgütler, hem ekonomik krizler gibi dış tehditlerle, hem de örgütsel dışlanma gibi iç huzursuzluklarla mücadele etmektedir. Bu ortamda olumlu kişilik sahibi, zorluklarla başa çıkan ve kendini geliştirmek için fırsatlar kovalayan başka bir deyişle rezilyans kapasitesi yüksek çalışanlara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu çalışmada çalışan rezilyans kapasitesi, örgütsel dışlanma ve astrolojik kişilik özellikleri arasındaki ilişiki incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın evrenini Kırıkkale Üniversitesinde çalışan akademik ve idari personel oluşturmaktadır. Bu kapsamda kolayda örnekleme metoduyla 380 katılımcıya ulaşılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre çalışanların rezilyans kapasitesi ve örgütsel dışlanma düzeyleri arasında negatif yönlü anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilirken, astrolojik kişilik özelliklerine göre çalışan rezilyans kapasitesi ve örgütsel dışlanma arasındaki ilişki düzeylerinin anlamlı ölçüde değişmediği tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Çalışan Rezilyans Kapasitesi
• Örgütsel Dışlanma
• Astrolojik Kişilik Özellikleri.

References

1. ABDİOĞLU, Hasan, KILIÇ, Recep ve ÇALIŞ, Nevzat (2015), “Öğrencilerin Ders Başarısı Üzerinde Kişilik Özelliklerinin Etkisi: Üniversite Öğrencilerine Yönelik Bir Araştırma”, Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, S.3(1), ss.83-109.
2. AKAR, Mahbube (2015), “Cerrahi Tekniklerin Resimsel Anlatımı”, Art-Sanat Dergisi, S.3, ss.15-45.
3. AKGEYİK, Tekin (2017), "Çalışan Devamsızlığını Etkileyen Faktörler (Tekstil Çalışanları Üzerine Bir Araştırma", Journal of Social Policy Conferences, S.72(1), ss.35-54.
4. ALEXANDER, Devid E. (2013), “Resilience and Disaster Risk Reduction: An Etymological Journey”, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, S.13(11), ss.2707-2716.
5. ALLPORT, Gordon W. (1937), Personality: A Psychological İnterpretation, Henry Holt Company Publisher, New York (US).
6. ANNARELLI, Alessandro ve NONINO, Fabio (2016), “Strategic and Operational Management of Organizational Resilience: Current State of Research and Future Directions”, Omega, S.62, Ss.1-18.
7. APLIN-HOUTZ, Matthew J., SANDERS, Mark ve LANE, Emily K. (2023), “A Policy of Potential Problems: The Buffering Effects of the Perceptions of Pay Secrecy and Cynicism on Workplace Ostracism”, Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, S.35(4), ss.493-518.
8. AQUINO, Karl ve LAMERTZ, Kai (2004), “A Relational Model of Workplace Victimization: Social Roles and Patterns of Victimization in Dyadic Relationships”, Journal of Applied Psychology, S.89(6), ss.1023-1034.

9. ASHFORTH, Blake E., KREINER, Glen E. ve FUGATE, Mel (2000), “All in a Day's Work: Boundaries and Micro Role Transitions”, Academy of Management Review, S.25(3), ss.472-491.
10. ASIMGİL, Sevim (2005), Doğu Kaynaklarının Bakış Açısıyla Burçlar Nedir, Timaş Yayınları, İstanbul, 12.Baskı.
11. AYDIN, Nilüfer, FISCHER, Peter ve FREY, Dieter (2010), “Turning to God in the Face of Ostracism: Effects of Social Exclusion on Religiousness”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, S.36(6), ss.742-753.
12. AYDOĞAN, Hatice A. (2022), “Yunus Emre’nin Şiirlerinde Vahdet-i Vücûd İnancı Bağlamında Evren, Yeryüzü ve İnsan İlişkisi”, Aydın Türklük Bilgisi, S.8(1), ss.35-52.
13. BASTIAN, Brock ve HASLAM, Nick (2010), “Excluded from Humanity: The Dehumanizing Effects of Social Ostracism”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, S.46(1), ss.107-113.
14. BAUMEISTER, Roy F., WOTMAN, Sara R. ve STILLWELL, Arlene M. (1993), “Unrequited Love: On Heartbreak, Anger, Guilt, Scriptlessness, and Humiliation”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, S.64(3), ss.377-394.
15. BEAUVAIS, Fred ve OETTING, Eugene R. (2002), “Drug Use, Resilience, and the Myth of the Golden Child”, Resilience and Development: Positive Life Adaptations (Eds. Meyer D. Glantz, Jeannette L. Johnson), Springer Publisher, Boston (US), ss.101-107.
16. BENARD, Bonnie (1991), Fostering Resiliency in Kids: Protective Factors in the Family, School and Community, Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory Publisher, Portland (OR).
17. BHAMRA, Ran, DANI, Samir ve BURNARD, Kevin (2011), “Resilience: The Concept, a Literature Review and Future Directions”, International Journal of Production Research, S.49(18), ss.5375-5393.
18. BRODKIN, Adele ve COLEMAN, Michel (1996), “What Makes a Child Resilient”, Instructor, S.105(8), ss.28-29.
19. BUTLER, Lisa D., MORLAND, Leslie A. ve LESKIN, Gregory A. (2007), “Psychological Resilience in the Face of Terrorism”, Psychology of Terrorism (Eds. Bruce Bongar, Lisa M. Brown, Larry E. Beutler, James N. Breckenridge, Philip G. Zimbardo), Oxford University Press, Oxford (UK), ss.400-417.
20. CAMPBELL‐SILLS, Laura ve STEIN, Murray B. (2007), “Psychometric Analysis and Refinement of the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD‐RISC): Validation of a 10‐Item Measure of Resilience”, Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, S.20(6), ss.1019-1028.
21. CASE, Trevor I. ve WILLIAMS, Kipling D. (2004), “Ostracism: A Metaphor for Death”, Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology (Ed. Jeff Greenberg, Sander L. Koole, Tom Pyszczynski), The Guilford Press, New York (US), ss.336–351.
22. CLARK, Terry (1990), “International Marketing and National Character: A Review and Proposal for An Integrative Theory”, Journal of Marketing, S.54(4), ss.66-79.
23. COUTU, Diane L. (2002), “How Resilience Works”, Harvard Business Review, S.80(5), ss.46-56.
24. ÇALIŞKAN, Abdullah ve PEKKAN, Nazmiye Ü. (2020), “Örgütsel Dışlanma: Bir Ölçek Uyarlama Çalışması”, Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, S.6(1), ss.51-60.
25. ÇETİN, Nesrin G. ve BECEREN, Ertan (2007), “Lider Kişilik: Gandhi”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, S.5, ss.111-132.
26. DAVIES, Jonathan S. (2005), “The Social Exclusion Debate: Strategies, Controversies and Dilemmas”, Policy Studies, S.26(1), ss.3-27.
27. DI NATALE, Anna, METZLER, Hannah, FRAXANET, Emma, AROYEHUN, Segun, LASSER, Jana, HERDERICH, Alina, SHETTY, Apeksha, LUHRING, Jula ve GARCIA, David (2022), “Is it Written in the Stars? Studying Zodiac Signs and Horoscopes as Cultural Phenomena”, OSF Home Kurumsal Web Sayfası (E-Makale), 26 Aralık 2022, ss.(1-22), https://dgarcia.eu/css-lab-holiday-paper-series/ (Erişim Tarihi: 08.03.2022).
28. DİVANOĞLU, Sevilay ve USLU, Tuba (2018), “Kişilik Özelliklerinin Oluşumunda Astrolojinin Önemi”, International Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences Research (JSHSR), S.5(30), ss.4340-4356.
29. DUBOIS, David, RUCKER, Derek D. ve GALINSKY, Adam D. (2015), “Social Class, Power, and Selfishness: When and Why Upper and Lower Class Individuals Behave Unethically”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, S.108(3), ss.436-449.
30. EDWARD, Karen L. ve WARELOW, Philip (2005), “Resilience: When Coping is Emotionally İntelligent”, Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, S.11(2), ss.101-102.
31. EGELAND, Byron, CARLSON, Elizabeth ve SROUFE, Alan L. (1993), “Resilience as Process”, Development and Psychopathology, S.5(4), ss.517-528.
32. FERGUS, Stevenson ve ZIMMERMAN, Marc A. (2005), “Adolescent Resilience: A Framework for Understanding Healthy Development in the Face of Risk”, Annual Review of Public Health, S.26, ss.399-419.
33. FERRIS, D. Lance, CHEN, Meng ve LIM, Sandy (2017), “Comparing and Contrasting Workplace Ostracism and İncivility”, Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, S.4, ss.315-338.
34. FERRIS, Lance D., BROWN, Douglas J., BERRY, Joseph W. ve LIAN, Huiwen (2008), “The Development and Validation of the Workplace Ostracism Scale”, Journal of Applied Psychology, S.93(6), ss.1348-1366.
35. FREEMAN, Steven F., HIRSCHHORN, Larry ve MALTZ, Marc David (2004), "Organization Resilience and Moral Purpose: Sandler O'Neill and Partners in the Aftermath of 9/11/01", National Academy of Management Meetings, S.2003(1), ss.17-26.
36. FUZEAU BRAESCH, Suzel (1995), Astroloji (Çev. Meltem Cansever, Okşan Taşkent), İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul, 2.Baskı.
37. GLASSER, William (1986), Control Theory in The Classroom, Perennial Library/Harper & Row Publishers, New York (US).
38. GOLODNAYA, Vera N. ve OLYANICH, Andrey V. (2018), “People as Zodiac Signs-Astrological Code of a Person’s Identity”, Вопросы когнитивной лингвистики, S.2, ss.121-125.
39. GREEFF, Abraham P. ve RITMAN, Ilona N. (2005), “Individual Characteristics Associated with Resilience in Single-Parent Families”, Psychological Reports, S.96(1), ss.36-42.
40. GREENBAUM, Dorian Gieseler (2020), “The Hellenistic Horoscope”, Hellenistic Astronomy: The Science in its Contexts (Eds. Alan C. Bowen, Francesca Rochberg), Brill Publisher, Leiden, ss.443-471.
41. GREENBERG, Jeff, SIMON, Linda, PYSZCZYNSKI, Tom, SOLOMON, Sheldon ve CHATEL, Dan (1992), “Terror Management and Tolerance: Does Mortality Salience Always Intensify Negative Reactions to Others Who Threaten One's Worldview?”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, S.63(2), ss.212-220.
42. GÜL, Nihat, KAZMİ, Fahana, SALİM, Sunbal ve AMAR, Shireen (2016), “Role of Mass Media in Personality Development of New Generation Females”, Science International (Lahore), S.28(2), ss.1617-1619.
43. HAMEL, Gary ve VALIKANGAS, Lisa (2004), “The Quest for Resilience”, Revista de la Facultad de Derecho, S.62, ss.355-358.
44. HITLAN, Robert T., CLIFFTON, Rebecca J. ve DESOTO, Catherine M. (2006), “Perceived Exclusion in the Workplace: The Moderating Effects of Gender on Work-Related Attitudes and Psychological Health”, North American Journal of Psychology, S.8(2), ss.217-236.
45. HILLMANN, Julia ve GUENTHER, Edeltraud (2021), “Organizational Resilience: A Valuable Construct for Management Research?”, International Journal of Management Reviews, S.23(1), ss.7-44.
46. HITLAN, Robert T. ve NOEL, Jennifer (2009), “The Influence of Workplace Exclusion and Personality on Counterproductive Work Behaviours: An Interactionist Perspective”, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, S.18(4), ss.477-502.
47. HOLLING, Crawford S. (1973), “Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems”, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, S.4(1), ss.1-23.
48. HORAN, Sean M. ve CHORY, Rebecca M. (2011), “Understanding Work/Life Blending: Credibility Implications for Those Who Date at Work”, Communication Studies, S.62(5), ss.563-580.
49. HORNE III, John F. (1997), “The Coming Age of Organizational Resilience”, Business Forum, S.22(2-3), ss.24-28.
50. HORNE III, John F. ve ORR, John E. (1997), “Assessing Behaviors That Create Resilient Organizations”, Employment Relations Today, S.24(4), ss.29-39.
51. HOSSEINI, Aboalhassan, GHORBANI PAJI, Aghil ve AKBARI, Amir (2019), “The Effect of Workplace Ostracism on Workplace Behaviors with the Mediating Role of Organization-Based Self-Esteem and the Moderating Role of Perceived Organizational Justice”, Organizational Culture Management, S.17(4), ss.569-586.
52. HOWARD, Sue ve JOHNSON, Bruce (2004), “Resilient Teachers: Resisting Stress and Burnout”, Social Psychology of Education, S.7(4), ss.399-420.
53. JONES, Eric E. ve KELLY, Janice R. (2010), “‘Why am I Out of the Loop?’ Attributions Influence Responses to Information Exclusion”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, S.36(9), ss.1186-1201.
54. KANTUR, Deniz ve SAY, I. Arzu (2015), “Measuring Organizational Resilience: A Scale Development”, Journal of Business Economics and Finance, S.4(3), ss.456-472.
55. KARAIRMAK, Özlem (2006), “Psikolojik Sağlamlık, Risk Faktörleri ve Koruyucu Faktörler”, Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, S.3(26), ss.129-142.
56. KAVİ, Ersin ve KARAKALE, Berna (2018), “Çalışan Psikolojisi Açısından Psikolojik Dayanıklılık”, Hak İş Uluslararası Emek ve Toplum Dergisi, S.7(17), ss.55-77.
57. KAYA, Feridun ve ODACI, Hatice (2021), “Connor-Davidson Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği Kısa Formu: Türkçe’ye Uyarlama, Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması”, HAYEF: Journal of Education, S.18(1), ss.38-54.
58. KHATIBI, Mina ve KHORMAEI, Farhad (2016), “Biological Basis of Personality: A Brief Review”, Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine, S.6(2), ss.33-36.
59. KIRBY, Laura D. ve FRASER, Mark W. (1997), “Risk and Resilience in Childhood”, Risk and Resilience in Childhood: An Ecological Perspective, National Association of Social Workers Press, Washington DC (US), ss.10-66.
60. KUNTZ, Joana R., NÄSWALL, Katharina ve MALINEN, Sanna (2016), “Resilient Employees in Resilient Organizations: Flourishing Beyond Adversity”, Industrial and Organizational Psychology, S.9(2), ss.456-462.
61. LEARY, Mark R. ve BAUMEISTER, Roy F. (1995), “The Need to Belong”, Psychological Bulletin, S.117(3), ss.497-529.
62. LEARY, Mark R. ve BAUMEISTER, Roy F. (2000), “The Nature and Function of Self-Esteem: Sociometer Theory”, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, S.32, ss.1-62.
63. LENGNICK-HALL, Cynthia A. ve BECK, Tommy E. (2005), “Adaptive Fit Versus Robust Transformation: How Organizations Respond to Environmental Change”, Journal of Management, S.31(5), ss.738-757.
64. LEUNG, Alicia S., WU, Long Z., CHEN, Yuin Y. ve YOUNG, Michael N. (2011), “The Impact of Workplace Ostracism in Service Organizations”, International Journal of Hospitality Management, S.30(4), ss.836-844.
65. LUO, Shunjun, HUANG, Yu-Huang, LEE, Chiou-Yann ve CAI, Yuni (2023), “Workplace Exclusion Impacts on Knowledge-Sharing Via Moderation of Digital Media and Organizational Culture”, SAGE Open, S.13(2), ss.(21582440231165944).
66. MASLOW, Abraham (1968), “Some Educational Implications of the Humanistic Psychologies”, Harvard Educational Review, S.38(4), ss.685-696.
67. MASTEN, Ann S. ve REED, Marie-Gabrielle J. (2002), “Resilience in Development”, Handbook of Positive Psychology (Ed. Charles R. Snyder, Shane J. Lopez), Oxford University Press, New York (US), 2nd Edition, ss.117-131.
68. MASTEN, Ann S., BEST, Karin M. ve GARMEZY, Norman (1990), “Resilience and Development: Contributions from the Study of Children Who Overcome Adversity”, Development and Psychopathology, S.2(4), ss.425-444.
69. McCOY, Jackie ve ELWOOD, Alan (2009), “Human Factors in Organisational Resilience: Implications of Breaking the Psychological Contract”, Journal of Business Continuity & Emergency Planning, S.3(4), ss.368-375.
70. MILLER, Suzanne M. (1979), “Controllability and Human Stress: Method, Evidence and Theory”, Behaviour Research and Therapy, S.17(4), ss.287-304.
71. MITCHELL, Vincent W. (1995), “Using Astrology in Market Segmentation”, Management Decision, S.33(1), ss.48-57.
72. MITCHELL, Vincent W. ve TATE, Elizabeth (1998), “Do Consumers’ Star Signs Influence What They Buy?”, Marketing Intelligence & Planning, S.16(4), ss.249-259.
73. NÄSWALL, Katharina, MALINEN, Sanna, KUNTZ, Joana ve HODLIFFE, Morgana (2019), “Employee Resilience: Development and Validation of a Measure”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, S.34(5), ss.353-367.
74. OUWERKERK, Jaap W., KERR, Norbert L., GALLUCCI, Marcello ve VAN LANGE, Paul A. (2013), “Avoiding the Social Death Penalty: Ostracism and Cooperation in Social Dilemmas”, The Social Outcast (Eds. Kipling D. Williams, Joseph P. Forgas, William von Hippel), Psychology Press, New York (US), ss.321-332).
75. ÖZ, Yaşar ve YAVUZ, Hasan (2017), “Muhasebe Mesleğine Yönelimde Kişiliğin Önemi: Meslek Yüksek Okulu Öğrencileri Üzerinde Bir Uygulama”, Uluslararası Batı Karadeniz Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Dergisi, S.1(1), ss.36-53.
76. ÖZBİLGİN, İzzet G. (2012), “Risk ve Risk Çeşitleri”, Bilişim Dergisi, S.7, ss.86-93.
77. PATERSON, Chris, TYLER, Claire ve LEXMOND, Jen (2014), “Character and Resilience Manifesto”, The All-Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) on Social Mobility (E-Article), http://www.centreforum.org/assets/pubs/character-andresilience.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 08.03.2024).
78. PRINSTEIN, Mitchell J. ve AIKINS, Julie W. (2004), “Cognitive Moderators of the Longitudinal Association between Peer Rejection and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms”, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, S.32, ss.147-158.
79. RIOLLI, Laura ve SAVICKI, Victor (2003), “Information System Organizational Resilience”, Omega, S.31(3), ss.227-233.
80. RIVA, Paolo, WILLIAMS, Kipling D., TORSTRICK, Alex M. ve MONTALI, Lorenzo (2014), “Orders to Shoot (A Camera): Effects of Ostracism on Obedience”, The Journal of Social Psychology, S.154(3), ss.208-216.
81. RYAN, Richard M. ve DECI, Edward L. (2001), “On Happiness and Human Potentials: A Review of Research on Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being”, Annual Review of Psychology, S.52(1), ss.141-166.
82. SAUCIER, Gerard ve GOLDBERG, Lewis R. (2006), “Personnalité, Caractère Et Tempérament: La Structure Translinguistique Des Traits”, Psychologie Française, S.51(3), ss.265-284.
83. SCOTT, Kristin D. (2007), “The Development and Test of an Exchange-Based Model of Interpersonal Workplace Exclusion”, PhD Thesis, The Graduate School University of Kentucky, Lexington (US).
84. SELVİ, Canan (2011), “Astrolojik Kişilik ve Örgütsel Bağımlılık Üzerindeki Etkileri”, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Karaman.
85. SHELDON, Kennon M., ELLIOT, Andrew J., KIM, Youngmee ve KASSER, Tim (2001), “What is Satisfying About Satisfying Events? Testing 10 Candidate Psychological Needs”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, S.80(2), ss.325-339.
86. SHIN, Jiseon, TAYLOR, Susan M. ve SEO, Myeong-Gu (2012), “Resources for Change: The Relationships of Organizational Inducements and Psychological Resilience to Employees' Attitudes and Behaviors toward Organizational Change”, Academy of Management Journal, S.55(3), ss.727-748.
87. SOMMER, Kristin L., WILLIAMS, Kipling D., CIAROCCO, Natalie J. ve BAUMEISTER, Roy F. (2001), “When Silence Speaks Louder Than Words: Explorations into the Intrapsychic and Interpersonal Consequences of Social Ostracism”, Basic and Applied Social Psychology, S.23(4), ss.225-243.
88. SUN, Jing, BUYS, Nicholas, WANG, Xinchao ve MCAULEY, Andrew (2011), “Using the Concept of Resilience to Explain Entrepreneurial Success in China”, International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development, S.11(2-4), ss.182-202.
89. ŞİRİN, Ercan ve GÜMÜŞGÜL, Osman (2018), “Kütahya Amatör Spor Kulüpleri Başkanlarında Çok Yönlü Liderlik Yönelimi ve Bireysel Düzeyde Organizasyonel Rezilyans Kapasitesinin İncelenmesi”, International Journal of Sport Exercise and Training Sciences, S.9(4), ss.108-116.
90. TARIQ, Khan H. ve AMIR, Gülzar (2019), “Relationship between Workplace Ostracism and Organizational Cynicism: Proposing a Research Model”, International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies, S.10(17), ss.1-17.
91. THOMPSON, Suzanne C. ve SCHLEHOFER, Michèle M. (2008), “The Many Sides of Control Motivation: Motives for High, Low, and Illusory Control”, Handbook of Motivation Science (Ed. James Y. Shah, Wendi L. Gardner), The Guilford Press, New York (US), ss.41-56.
92. THORNDIKE, Lynn (1955), “The True Place of Astrology in the History of Science”, Isis, S.46(3), ss.273-278.
93. TONKIN, Karen, MALINEN, Sanna, NÄSWALL, Katharina ve KUNTZ, Joana C. (2018), “Building Employee Resilience through Wellbeing in Organizations”, Human Resource Development Quarterly, S.29(2), ss.107-124.
94. TRIANDIS, Harry C. ve SUH, Eunkook M. (2002), “Cultural Influences on Personality”, Annual Review of Psychology, S.53(1), ss.133-160.
95. TUSAIE, Kathleen ve DYER, Janyce (2004), “Resilience: A Historical Review of the Construct”, Holistic Nursing Practice, S.18(1), ss.3-10.
96. TUTAR, Hasan, BAŞPINAR, Nuran O. ve GÜLER, Sevilay (2021), “Örgütsel Dışlanmanın Öncülleri ve Sonuçları Üzerine Fenomenolojik Bir İnceleme”, Journal of Qualitative Research in Education, S.28, ss.331-349.
97. TÜMLÜ, Gamze Ü. ve RECEPOĞLU, Ergün (2013), “Üniversite Akademik Personelinin Psikolojik Dayanıklılık ve Yaşam Doyumu Arasındaki İlişki”, Yükseköğretim ve Bilim Dergisi, S.3, ss.205-213.
98. TWENGE, Jean M., CATANESE, Kathleen R. ve BAUMEISTER, Roy F. (2003), “Social Exclusion and the Deconstructed State: Time Perception, Meaninglessness, Lethargy, Lack of Emotion, and Self-Awareness”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, S.85(3), ss.409-423.
99. UYSAL, Hasan Tezcan, (2019), “Örgütsel Dışlanmanın Çalışanlarda Sinizm Gelişimine Etkisi”, Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, S.7(1), ss.319-326.
100. VAN VUGT, Mark, JEPSON, Sarah F., HART, Claire M. ve DE CREMER, David (2004), “Autocratic Leadership in Social Dilemmas: A Threat to Group Stability”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, S.40(1), ss.1-13.
101. VOGUS, Timothy J. ve SUTCLIFFE, Kathleen M. (2007), “Organizational Resilience: Towards a Theory and Research Agenda”, IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 7-10 Ekim 2007 – Montreal (Canada), IEEE Publisher, New York (US), ss.3418-3422.
102. WEICK, Karl E. (1993), “The Collapse of Sensemaking in Organizations: The Mann Gulch Disaster”, Administrative Science Quarterly, S.38, ss.628-652.
103. WERNER, Emmy E. (2000), “Protective Factors and Individual Resilience”, Handbook of Early Childhood Intervention, S.2, ss.115-132.
104. WILLIAMS, Kipling D. (2007), “Ostracism”, Annual Reviews Psychology, S.58, ss.425-452.
105. WILLIAMS, Kipling D. ve NIDA, Steve A. (2011), “Ostracism: Consequences and Coping”, Current Directions in Psychological Science, S.20(2), ss.71-75.
106. WILLIAMS, Kipling D., CHEUNG, Christopher K. ve CHOI, Wilma (2000), “Cyberostracism: Effects of Being Ignored Over the Internet”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, S.79(5), ss.748-762.
107. WILLIAMS, Kipling D., GOVAN, Cassandra L., CROKER, Vanessa, TYNAN, Daniel, CRUICKSHANK, Maggie ve LAM, Albert (2002), “Investigations into Differences between Social and Cyberostracism”, Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, S.6(1), ss.65-77.
108. WU, Gang, FEDER, Adriana, COHEN, Hagit, KIM, Joanna J., CALDERON, Saul, CHARNEY, Dennis S. ve MATHÉ, Aleksander A. (2013), “Understanding Resilience”, Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, S.7(10), ss.1-15.
109. YAZICIOĞLU, Yahşi ve ERDOĞAN, Samiye (2004), SPSS Uygulamalı Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri, Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara.
110. YILDIRIMALP, Sinem (2014), “Sosyal Dışlanma ve Avrupa Birliği Yaklaşımı”, Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, S.2(2), ss.91-108.
111. YOLDAŞ, Adnan, KILIÇ, Burhan ve KARAMAN, Mesut (2020), “Örgütsel Dışlanmanın İş Performansı ve İşten Ayrılma Niyeti Üzerindeki Etkisinin İncelenmesi”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, S.23(2), ss.479-496.
112. ZHANG, Ran, YE, Chao ve FERREIRA-MEYERS, Karen (2017), “Linking Workplace Ostracism to Interpersonal Citizenship Behavior: A Moderated Mediation Model of Work-to-Family Conflict and Rumination”, International Journal of Stress Management, S.24(3), ss.293-320.
113. ZHAO, Hongdan, PENG, Zhenglong ve SHEARD, Geoff (2013), “Workplace Ostracism and Hospitality Employees’ Counterproductive Work Behaviors: The Joint Moderating Effects of Proactive Personality and Political Skill”, International Journal of Hospitality Management, S.33, ss.219-227.
114. ZHU, Hong, LYU, Yijing, DENG, Xin Cai ve YE, Yijiao (2017), “Workplace Ostracism and Proactive Customer Service Performance: A Conservation of Resources Perspective”, International Journal of Hospitality Management, S.64, ss.62-72.