The Integration Between the Right to Enter Public Service and the Concept of Citizenship in the Modernization Process from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic
Abstract
The acceptance of entering public service as a right granted equally to everyone and the intertwining of this right with the phenomenon of citizenship specific to the nation-state occurred as a result of a social and political transformation process experienced in the West at the end of the 18th century. In the Ottoman Empire, some basic steps regarding equality and citizenship began to be legalized after nearly half a century of service. The state-society relationship and the social structure facilitated the implementation of equality, uniting various nations into the Ottoman Empire by offering them the chance to serve. The specialization of entering public service to citizenship was realized with the transition to the nation-state. The integrated relationship between entering public service as a political right of the individual and the phenomenon of citizenship was woven during the foundation period of the Republic. This study aims to analyze the process by which this relationship acquired its historical meaning. By evaluating the social context in which steps were taken in the Ottoman modernization process regarding equality in access to service and citizenship, it is revealed that the establishment of the regulations in the Western sense was at a new stage of the modernization process.
Keywords
Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e Modernleşme Sürecinde Kamu Hizmetine Girme Hakkı ve Yurttaşlık Olgusu Arasındaki Bütünleşme
Öz
Kamu hizmetine girmenin herkese eşit tanınan bir hak olarak kabulü ve bu hakkın ulus devlete özgü yurttaşlık olgusuyla iç içe geçmesi, Batı’da 18. yüzyılın sonunda yaşanan toplumsal ve siyasal nitelikli bir dönüşüm sürecinin sonucunda gerçekleşmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti’nde ise yaklaşık yarım yüzyıllık süre sonra hizmete girmede eşitlik ve yurttaşlaşmaya ilişkin bazı temel adımlar hukukileştirilmeye başlanmıştır. Devlet-toplum ilişkisi ve toplumsal yapının niteliği gereği eşitlik, farklı milletlere hizmete girme olanağı sağlanarak onları Osmanlı olmakta birleştirmek üzere uygulamaya konulmuştur. Kamu hizmetine girmenin yurttaşlığa özgülenmesi ise ulus devlete geçişle gerçekleşmiştir. Bireyin siyasal bir hakkı olarak kamu hizmetine girmeyle yurttaşlık olgusu arasındaki bütünleşik ilişki, Cumhuriyet’in kuruluş döneminde örülmüştür. Çalışmada bu ilişkinin tarihsel anlamını kazanma sürecinin çözümlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Osmanlı modernleşme sürecinde hizmete girmede eşitlik ve yurttaşlaşmaya ilişkin adımların atıldığı toplumsal bağlam değerlendirilerek düzenlemelerin Batı’daki anlamıyla yerleşmesinin ise modernleşme sürecinin yeni bir aşamasında olduğu ortaya konulmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
No financial support was received for the conduct of the research.
This paper complies with Research and Publication Ethics, has no conflict of interest to declare, and has received no financial support. The article has been checked for spelling and plagiarism/similarity. The article was evaluated by "at least two external referees" and "double blinding" method. The author sent a signed "Copyright Transfer Form" to the journal. There is no need to obtain ethical permission for the current study as per the legislation. The "Declaration Form Regarding No Ethics Permission Required" was sent to the journal by the authors on this subject. The author contributed to all sections and stages of the study alone.