Küresel Ticaretin Yeşil Dönüşümü: Temiz Enerji Ticareti Fırsatları ve Politika Düzenlemeleri

Öz

Küresel enerji dönüşümü, pandemi, jeopolitik gerilimler, iklim değişikliği, dijitalleşme ve teknolojik gelişmelerin etkisiyle hız kazanmıştır. 2022’de Rusya-Ukrayna savaşıyla derinleşen enerji krizi, arz güvenliği, fiyat istikrarı ve fosil yakıtlara bağımlılık sorunlarını öne çıkarmıştır. Bu bağlamda Avrupa Birliği (AB), Avrupa Yeşil Mutabakatı ve ilgili düzenlemelerle enerji arzını çeşitlendirme, yenilenebilir kaynakları yaygınlaştırma ve enerji bağımsızlığını güçlendirme yönünde adımlar atmıştır. Çin, AB, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Hindistan gibi büyük ekonomilerin temiz enerji yatırımları uluslararası ticareti yeniden şekillendirmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı, küresel temiz enerji dönüşümünü destekleyen ticaret politikalarını ve temiz enerji ticareti fırsatlarını analiz etmektir. Araştırma, Avrupa Komisyonu’nun bilgi notları ve iletişim belgeleri, Avrupa Parlamentosu’nun direktif ve düzenlemeleri ile Ekonomik İşbirliği ve Kalkınma Teşkilatı (OECD), Uluslararası Enerji Ajansı (IEA), Birleşmiş Milletler İklim Değişikliği Çerçeve Sözleşmesi (UNFCCC) ve Dünya Ticaret Örgütü (DTÖ) raporları temelinde yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada küresel enerji krizi, Avrupa Yeşil Mutabakatı, Kurumsal Sürdürülebilirlik Raporlama Direktifi (CSRD), UNFCCC Taraflar Konferansı (COP) kararları, DTÖ’nün Aid for Trade girişimi ve IEA’nın 2050 projeksiyonları incelenmiştir. Bulgular, yenilenebilir enerji -özellikle güneş fotovoltaik ekipmanları- üretiminde kullanılan kritik metal ve minerallere sahip ülkelerin, uygun finansmanla temiz enerji ihracat kapasitelerini artırabileceğini göstermektedir. Çalışma, politika yapıcılar ve işletmeler için yol gösterici bir çerçeve sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Temiz Enerji İhracatı
• Yenilenebilir Enerji Ticareti
• Ticaret Engelleri
• Uluslararası Ticaret Politikaları
• Avrupa Yeşil Mutabakatı

Green Transition of Global Trade: Opportunities and Policy Frameworks in Clean Energy Trade

Abstract

The global energy transition has accelerated under the influence of the pandemic, geopolitical tensions, climate change, digitalization, and technological advancements. The energy crisis, deepened by the Russia-Ukraine war in 2022, has highlighted issues of supply security, price stability, and dependence on fossil fuels. In this context, the European Union (EU) has taken steps through the European Green Deal and related regulations to diversify energy supply, expand renewable sources, and strengthen energy independence. Clean energy investments by major economies such as China, the EU, the United States, and India have reshaped international trade. The aim of this study is to analyze trade policies that support the global clean energy transition and the opportunities for clean energy trade. The research was conducted based on the factsheets and communications of the European Commission, directives and regulations of the European Parliament, as well as reports of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the International Energy Agency (IEA), the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and the World Trade Organization (WTO). The study examines: the global energy crisis; the European Green Deal, the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD), Conference of the Parties (COP) decisions under the UNFCCC; the WTO’s Aid for Trade initiative and the IEA’s projections for 2050. The findings show that countries possessing critical metals and minerals used in renewable energy production-particularly solar photovoltaic equipment-can increase their clean energy export capacities with appropriate financing. The study is expected to provide a guiding framework for policymakers and businesses.

Keywords

• Clean Energy Exports
• Renewable Energy Trade
• Trade Barriers
• International Trade Policies
• European Green Deal

References

1. BOUTE, Anatole (2023), “Energy Justice in Times of Crisis: Protection of Consumers and Market-Based Renewable Energy Investments”, Journal of International Economic Law, S.26(4), pp.770-785.
2. COP30 BRASIL 2025 (2025), “Frequently Asked Questions - COP30”, COP30, https://cop30.br/en/about-cop30/faq-cop30 (Accessed: April 2, 2025).
3. EUROPEAN COMMISSION (n.d.-a), “The European Green Deal: Striving to be the First Climate-Neutral Continent”, The European Green Deal, https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en (Accessed: September 2, 2025).
4. EUROPEAN COMMISSION (n.d.-b), “The European Green Deal: A Growth Strategy That Protects the Climate”, The European Green Deal, https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/story-von-der-leyen-commission/european-green-deal_en (Accessed: September 2, 2025).
5. EUROPEAN COMMISSION (n.d.-c), “EU Action to Address the Energy Crisis”, Energy, https://commission.europa.eu/topics/energy/eu-action-address-energy-crisis_en (Accessed: September 2, 2025).
6. EUROPEAN COMMISSION (n.d-d), “Corporate Sustainability Reporting”, Company Reporting, https://finance.ec.europa.eu/capital-markets-union-and-financial-markets/company-reporting-and-auditing/company-reporting/corporate-sustainability-reporting_en (Accessed: August 25, 2025).
7. EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2019), “The European Green Deal”, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, COM(2019) 640 final, Brussels.
8. EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2023), “The Commission Adopts the European Sustainability Reporting Standards”, Directorate-General for Financial Stability, Financial Services and Capital Markets Union, https://finance.ec.europa.eu/news/commission-adopts-european-sustainability-reporting-standards-2023-07-31_en (Accessed: August 25, 2025).

9. EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2024a), “Achievements of the von der Leyen Commission”, The European Green Deal [Factsheet], Brussels.
10. EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2024b), “Securing Our Future: Europe's 2040 Climate Target and Path to Climate Neutrality by 2050 Building a Sustainable, Just and Prosperous Society”, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, COM(2024) 63 final, 6.2.2024, Strasbourg.
11. EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2024c), “Commission Provides Further Clarifications on EU Corporate Sustainability Reporting Rules”, Directorate-General for Financial Stability, Financial Services and Capital Markets Union, https://finance.ec.europa.eu/news/commission-provides-further-clarifications-eu-corporate-sustainability-reporting-rules-2024-08-07_en (Accessed: August 7, 2024).
12. EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2025), “REPowerEU: Affordable, Secure and Sustainable Energy for Europe”, REPowerEU, https://commission.europa.eu/topics/energy/repowereu_en (Accessed: June 17, 2025).
13. EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION (2021), “Regulation (EU) 2021/1119 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 June 2021 Establishing the Framework for Achieving Climate Neutrality and Amending Regulations (EC) No 401/2009 and (EU) 2018/1999 (‘European Climate Law’)”, Official Journal of the European Union, L 243, 9.7.2021, pp.1-17.
14. EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION (2022), “Directive (EU) 2022/2464 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2022 amending Regulation (EU) No 537/2014, Directive 2004/109/EC, Directive 2006/43/EC and Directive 2013/34/EU, As Regards Corporate Sustainability Reporting (Text with EEA Relevance)”, Official Journal of the European Union, L 322, 16.12.2022, pp.15-80.
15. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY - IEA (2020), Iron and Steel Technology Roadmap: Towards More Sustainable Steelmaking, IEA Publications, Paris.
16. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY - IEA (2021), Net Zero by 2050: A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector, IEA Publications, Paris, 4th Revision.
17. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY - IEA (2022), Securing Clean Energy Technology Supply Chains, IEA Publications, Paris.
18. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY - IEA (2023), Energy Technology Perspectives 2023, IEA Publications, Paris.
19. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY - IEA (2025), World Energy Investment 2025, IEA Publications, Paris, 10th Edition.
20. INTERNATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY - IRENA (2024), World Energy Transitions Outlook 2024: 1.5°C Pathway, IRENA, Abu Dhabi.
21. KOWALSKI, Przemyslaw and LEGENDRE, Clarisse (2023), “Raw Materials Critical for the Green Transition: Production, International Trade and Export Restrictions”, OECD Trade Policy Paper n°269, OECD Publishing, Paris.
22. KPMG TÜRKİYE (2024), KPMG COP29 Bulletin- Sustainability Consulting, KPMG Türkiye, İstanbul.
23. MOÏSÉ, Evdokia and RUBÍNOVÁ, Stela (2023), Trade Policies to Promote the Circular Economy: A Case Study of Lithium-ion Batteries, OECD Publishing, Paris.
24. MOÏSÉ, Evdokia and TRESA, Enxhi (2023), Trade Policies to Promote the Circular Economy: A Case Study of the Plastics Value Chain, OECD Publishing, Paris.
25. ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT - OECD and WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION - WTO (2024), Aid for Trade at a Glance 2024, OECD Publishing, Paris.
26. REPUBLIC OF TÜRKİYE MINISTRY OF TRADE (n.d.), “Avrupa Yeşil Mutabakatı”, Yeşil Mutabakat, https://ticaret.gov.tr/dis-iliskiler/yesil-mutabakat/avrupa-yesil-mutabakati (Accessed: September 2, 2025).
27. REUTERS (2023), “Britain Backs Undersea Cable to Tap Moroccan Renewable Power”, Newsletter, https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/britain-backs-undersea-cable-tap-moroccan-renewable-power-2023-09-29/ (Accessed: September 2, 2025).
28. TÜRKİYE EXPORTERS ASSEMBLY - TİM (2023), Export 2023 Report, TİM Economic Research Department, İstanbul.
29. TÜRKİYE EXPORTERS ASSEMBLY - TİM (2025), Export 2025 Report, TİM Economic Research Department, İstanbul.
30. UNITED NATIONS CLIMATE CHANGE - UNFCCC (n.d.-a), “Conference of the Parties (COP)”, Process and Meetings, https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/supreme-bodies/conference-of-the-parties-cop (Accessed: August 20, 2025).
31. UNITED NATIONS CLIMATE CHANGE - UNFCCC (n.d.-b), “The Kyoto Protocol”, Process and Meetings, https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-kyoto-protocol (Accessed: August 20, 2025).
32. UNITED NATIONS CLIMATE CHANGE - UNFCCC (n.d.-c), “The Paris Agreement”, Process and Meetings, https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement (Accessed: August 20, 2025).
33. UNITED NATIONS CLIMATE CHANGE - UNFCCC (2024), “COP29 UN Climate Conference Agrees to Triple Finance to Developing Countries, Protecting Lives and Livelihoods”, UN Climate Change News, https://unfccc.int/news/cop29-un-climate-conference-agrees-to-triple-finance-to-developing-countries-protecting-lives-and (Accessed: September 2, 2025).
34. WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION - WTO (n.d.-a), “Aid for Trade in Action: Supporting the Transition to Clean Energy”, Publications, https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/a4t_in_action_e.htm (Accessed: August 30, 2025).
35. WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION - WTO (n.d.-b), “Aid for Trade Fact Sheet”, Factsheet, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/devel_e/a4t_e/a4t_factsheet_e.htm (Accessed: August 30, 2025).
36. WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION – WTO (2022), World Trade Report 2022: Climate Change and International Trade, WTO Publications, Geneva.
37. WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION - WTO (2024), Aid for Trade in Action: Supporting the Transition to Clean Energy, WTO Publications, Geneva.
38. YAMAGUCHI, Shunta (2021), International Trade and Circular Economy - Policy Alignment, OECD Publishing, Paris.