Küresel Ticaretin Yeşil Dönüşümü: Temiz Enerji Ticareti Fırsatları ve Politika Düzenlemeleri

Öz

Küresel enerji dönüşümü, pandemi, jeopolitik gerilimler, iklim değişikliği, dijitalleşme ve teknolojik gelişmelerin etkisiyle hız kazanmıştır. 2022’de Rusya-Ukrayna savaşıyla derinleşen enerji krizi, arz güvenliği, fiyat istikrarı ve fosil yakıtlara bağımlılık sorunlarını öne çıkarmıştır. Bu bağlamda Avrupa Birliği (AB), Avrupa Yeşil Mutabakatı ve ilgili düzenlemelerle enerji arzını çeşitlendirme, yenilenebilir kaynakları yaygınlaştırma ve enerji bağımsızlığını güçlendirme yönünde adımlar atmıştır. Çin, AB, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Hindistan gibi büyük ekonomilerin temiz enerji yatırımları uluslararası ticareti yeniden şekillendirmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı, küresel temiz enerji dönüşümünü destekleyen ticaret politikalarını ve temiz enerji ticareti fırsatlarını analiz etmektir. Araştırma, Avrupa Komisyonu’nun bilgi notları ve iletişim belgeleri, Avrupa Parlamentosu’nun direktif ve düzenlemeleri ile Ekonomik İşbirliği ve Kalkınma Teşkilatı (OECD), Uluslararası Enerji Ajansı (IEA), Birleşmiş Milletler İklim Değişikliği Çerçeve Sözleşmesi (UNFCCC) ve Dünya Ticaret Örgütü (DTÖ) raporları temelinde yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada küresel enerji krizi, Avrupa Yeşil Mutabakatı, Kurumsal Sürdürülebilirlik Raporlama Direktifi (CSRD), UNFCCC Taraflar Konferansı (COP) kararları, DTÖ’nün Aid for Trade girişimi ve IEA’nın 2050 projeksiyonları incelenmiştir. Bulgular, yenilenebilir enerji -özellikle güneş fotovoltaik ekipmanları- üretiminde kullanılan kritik metal ve minerallere sahip ülkelerin, uygun finansmanla temiz enerji ihracat kapasitelerini artırabileceğini göstermektedir. Çalışma, politika yapıcılar ve işletmeler için yol gösterici bir çerçeve sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Temiz Enerji İhracatı
• Yenilenebilir Enerji Ticareti
• Ticaret Engelleri
• Uluslararası Ticaret Politikaları
• Avrupa Yeşil Mutabakatı

Green Transition of Global Trade: Opportunities and Policy Frameworks in Clean Energy Trade

Abstract

The global energy transition has accelerated under the influence of the pandemic, geopolitical tensions, climate change, digitalization, and technological advancements. The energy crisis, deepened by the Russia-Ukraine war in 2022, has highlighted issues of supply security, price stability, and dependence on fossil fuels. In this context, the European Union (EU) has taken steps through the European Green Deal and related regulations to diversify energy supply, expand renewable sources, and strengthen energy independence. Clean energy investments by major economies such as China, the EU, the United States, and India have reshaped international trade. The aim of this study is to analyze trade policies that support the global clean energy transition and the opportunities for clean energy trade. The research was conducted based on the factsheets and communications of the European Commission, directives and regulations of the European Parliament, as well as reports of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the International Energy Agency (IEA), the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and the World Trade Organization (WTO). The study examines: the global energy crisis; the European Green Deal, the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD), Conference of the Parties (COP) decisions under the UNFCCC; the WTO’s Aid for Trade initiative and the IEA’s projections for 2050. The findings show that countries possessing critical metals and minerals used in renewable energy production-particularly solar photovoltaic equipment-can increase their clean energy export capacities with appropriate financing. The study is expected to provide a guiding framework for policymakers and businesses.

Keywords

• Clean Energy Exports
• Renewable Energy Trade
• Trade Barriers
• International Trade Policies
• European Green Deal

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