Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Technological Cold War: Analysing the Sino-American Rivalry from a Perspective of Digital Mercantilism

Year 2023, , 284 - 308, 26.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.1345741

Abstract

This study investigates the dynamics of the rivalry between the US and China in the process of setting
digital standards under the politics of digital mercantilism. While technology is too often considered as
an external factor in the international relations literature, it is obvious that systemic technologies play a
crucial role in the distribution of power. In the great powers rivalry, systemic technologies constitute an
area of competition not only in terms of technology acquisition but also in terms of standards settings.
Recently, the US and China rivalry becomes visible in the process of setting the standards in digital
technologies, which are among the main systemic technologies and are used in almost every aspect of
life. The struggle of these two powers to become a dominant standard setter is crucial in understanding
the future of the international system.Under the context of current competition, both powers structure
their digital policies on the basis of mercantilist approach by dedicating a primary role to national
digital industries and protectionist measures. Benefiting from all kinds of opportunities of the free
market, both states are strengthening their support to national industries while imposing restrictions
on foreign initiatives through state security discourses in the process of setting digital technology
standards. This situation reveals how states can erode free market conditions and embrace mercantilist
policies when they deem it necessary. In this study, the digital policy elements of both powers have
been analyzed through their strategies, techno-political power instruments, protectionist measures
and international initiatives. In this respect, the US’s quest for conserving its leadership role and
China’s urge for expanding its area of influence stand as the basis of their policies. While the process
necessitates a global governance understanding with a stakeholderism approach, the recent conditions
of digital mercantilist policy implications and emerging pacts raise questions on the possibilities of a
technological cold war. In this vein, analyzing the main dynamics of the Sino-American rivalry on the
issue, which transcends interstate relations and is closely related to global community, is crucial with a
view to offer insights about the future of the international system.

References

  • AB, 5G ağı kurulumunda Huawei ile iş birliğine zorunlu yasak getirmeyi planlıyor (2023, 7 Haziran). Euronews. Erişim Adresi: https://tr.euronews.com/2023/06/07/ab-5g-agi-kurulumunda-huawei-ileis-birligine-zorunlu-yasak-getirmeyi-planliyor-ft (Erişim Tarihi: 10.07.2023)
  • ABD, Çin’in çip ihracatına yeni kısıtlamalar getirdi (2022, 7 Ekim). Gazete Oksijen. Erişim adresi: https:// gazeteoksijen.com/ekonomi/abd-cinin-cip-ihracatina-yeni-kisitlamalar-getirdi-162762 (Erişim Tarihi: 21.05.2023)
  • ABD-Çin ticaret savaşı (t.y.). Sputnik News. Erişim adresi: https://sputniknews.com.tr/abd-cin-ticaretsavasi-gumruk-vergisi-ithalat-ihracat/ (Erişim Tarihi: 21.05.2023)
  • ABD, “çip savaşıyla” Çin’in etrafına teknoloji duvarı örüyor (2022, 1 Kasım). TRT Haber. Erişim adresi: https://www.trthaber.com/haber/bilim-teknoloji/abd-cip-savasiyla-cinin-etrafina-teknolojiduvari-oruyor-720349.html (Erişim Tarihi: 22.05.2023)
  • Barts, D. ve Alper, A. (2022, 1 Aralık). U.S. bans new Huawei, ZTE equipment sales, citing national security risk. Reuters. Erişim adresi: https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/us-fccbans-equipment-sales-imports-zte-huawei-over-national-security-risk-2022-11-25/ (Erişim Tarihi: 21.05.2023)
  • Batabyal, A. A. (2023, 31 Mayıs). Amid fears of Chinese influence, the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States has grown more powerful. The Conversation. Erişim Adresi: https:// theconversation.com/amid-fears-of-chinese-influence-the-committee-on-foreign-investment-inthe-united-states-has-grown-more-powerful-206279 (Erişim Tarihi: 10.07.2023)
  • Biden Jr., J. R. (2020, 23 Ocak). Why America must lead again: Rescuing U.S. foreign policy after Trump. Foreign Affairs, March/April 2020. Erişim Adresi: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/unitedstates/2020-01-23/why-america-must-lead-again (Erişim Tarihi: 20.05.2023)
  • Brunnermeier, M., Doshi, R. ve James, H. (2018). Beijing’s bismarcian ghosts: How great powers compete economically. The Washington Quarterly, 41(3), 161-176. doi: 10.1080/0163660X.2018.152.0571
  • Bryan-Low, C., Packham, C., Lague, D., Stecklow, S. ve Stubbs, J. (2019, 21 Mayıs). Hobbling Huawei: Inside the U.S. war on China’s tech giant. Reuters. Erişim Adresi: https://www.reuters.com/investigates/ special-report/huawei-usa-campaign/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2023)ö
  • Chandran, N. (2018, Şubat). Alibaba’s ‘Digital Free Trade Zone’ has some worried about China links to Malaysia. CNBC. Erişim Adresi: https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/12/concerns-over-alibaba-leddigital-free-trade-zone-in-malaysia.html (Erişim Tarihi: 11.05.2023)
  • China submits position paper on regulating military application of AI (2021, 14 Aralık). CGTN News. Erişim Adresi: https://news.cgtn.com/news/2021-12-14/China-submits-position-paper-on-regulatingmilitary-application-of-AI-15YS6BQPWeI/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2023)
  • Chinese Telecommunications conglomerate Huawei and subsidiaries charged in racketeering oncspiracy and conspiracy to steal trade secrets (2020, 13 Şubat). Office Of Public Affairs – U.S. Department of Justice Basın Bülteni. Erişim Adresi: https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/chinese-telecommunicationsconglomerate-huawei-and-subsidiaries-charged-racketeering (Erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2023)
  • Congar, K. (2019, 11 Şubat). ABD Dışişleri Bakanı Pompeo Avrupalı müttefiklerini Huawei konusunda uyardı. Euronews. Erişim adresi: https://tr.euronews.com/2019/02/11/abd-disisleri-bakanipompeo-avrupali-muttefiklerini-huawei-konusunda-uyardi (Erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2023)
  • Çin, ChatGPT’yi yasakladı: ABD’nin propoganda aracı (2023, 27 Şubat). NTV. Erişim Adresi: https://w w w.ntv.com.tr/teknoloji/cin-chatgptyi-yasak ladi-ab dnin-prop ogandaaraci,AL9iP6bBOEaQSZlRYWVA-w (Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2023)
  • Çin, güvenlik riskleri sebebiyle Micron Technology satın almasını engelleyeceğini açıkladı (2023,22 Mayıs). Habertürk. Erişim adresi: https://www.haberturk.com/cin-guvenlik-riskleri-sebebiyle-microntechnology-satin-almasini-engelleyecegini-acikladi-3593657-teknoloji (Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2023)
  • Çin’in ilk Kişisel Verileri Koruma Kanunu yürürlüğe girdi, hazır mı sınız?. (2022, 25 Ocak). GSK Hukuk. Erişim Adresi: https://www.gsghukuk.com/tr/bultenler-yayinlar/makale-yazilar/cin-in-ilk-kisiselverileri-koruma-kanunu-yururluge-girdi-hazir-misiniz.html (Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2023) Çip dörtlüsü ile yeni küresel mücadele başlıyor (2022, 11 Ağustos). Analiz Gazetesi. Erişim adresi: https:// analizgazetesi.com.tr/haber/cip-dortlusu-ile-yeni-kuresel-mucadele-basliyor-9769/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2023)
  • De La Bruyère, E. (2022, Mart). Setting the Standards: Locking in China’s technological influence. De La Bruyère, E, Strub, D. ve Marek, J. (Ed) China’s Digital Ambitions: A Global Strategy to Supplant the Liberal Order, (ss. 49-72) içinde. Washington: The National Bureau of Asian Research
  • Esen, B. (2021). Teknoloji rekabetinde Huawei bir tehdit mi?. Maliye ve Finans Yazıları, 116, 93 – 118. doi: 10.33203/mfy.928736
  • Faaborg-Andersen, S., Temes, L. (2022, Temmuz). The Geopolitics of digital standarts. Cambridge: Harvard Kennedy School Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. Erişim Adresi: http://www. belfercenter.org/cyberproject
  • Gold, J. (2023, 8 Mayıs). EU’s changing stance on Huawei could impact 5G networks already in place. Network World. Erişim adresi: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3695730/eus-changingstance-on-huawei-could-impact-5g-networks-already-in-place.html (Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2023)
  • Hao, C. J. (2019, 30 Nisan). China’s digital Silk Road: A game changer for Asian economies. The Diplomat. Erişim Adresi: https://thediplomat.com/2019/04/chinas-digital-silk-road-a-game-changer-forasian-economies/ (Erişim Tarihi: 05.05.2023)
  • Herrera, G.L. (2003). Technology and International Systems, Millenium: Journal of International Studies, 32 (3), 559-593, doi: 10.1177/030.582.9803032.003.1001
  • Huawei backs away from 3Leaf acquisition (2011, 19 Şubat). Reuters. Erişim adresi: https://www.reuters. com/article/us-huawei-3leaf-idUSTRE71I389.201.10219 (Erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2023)
  • Karan, C. (2023, 24 Nisan). ABD’nin çip duvarları bütün dünya için büyük risk. Sputnik News. Erişim adresi: https://sputniknews.com.tr/20230424/abdnin-cip-duvarlari-butun-dunya-icin-buyukrisk-107.022.0093.html (Erişim Tarihi: 21.05.2023)
  • Khanapurkar, U. (2020). CFIUS 2.0: An Instrument of American economic statecraft targeting China. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs. 48(2), 226-240. doi: 10. 1177/ 1868 1026.209.06973
  • Krishnani A. (2021, 20 Nisan). A few countries cannot set global rules, says Chinese President Xi Jinping. The Hindu. Erişim Adresi: https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/a-few-countries-cannotset-global-rules-says-chinese-president-xi-jinping/article34368804.ece (Erişim Tarihi: 05.05.2023)
  • Kurlantzick, J. ve West, J. (2020, 18 Aralık). Assessing China’s digital silk road initiative: A transformative approach to technology financing or a danger to freedoms?. Council on Foreign Relations. Erişim Adresi: https://www.cfr.org/china-digital-silk-road/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2023)
  • Küresel rekabetin yeni cephesi: Çip duvarları (2023, 5 Mayıs). Cumhuriyet. Erişim adresi: https://www. cumhuriyet.com.tr/dunya/kuresel-rekabetin-yeni-cephesi-cip-duvarlari-2078225 (Erişim Tarihi: 21.05.2023)
  • Lee, H. (2021, Aralık). The battle to set digital technical standards. Global Asia, 16(4), 42-46
  • Mapping China’s digital silk road (2021, 19 Ekim). Reconnecting Asia. Erişim Adresi: https://reconasia.csis. org/mapping-chinas-digital-silk-road/ (Erişim Tarihi: 05.05.2023)
  • McGeachy, H. (2019, Mayıs). US-China technology competition: Impacting a rules-based order. Sidney: United States Studies Centre at the University of Sydney Meltzer, J. P. (2020, Ekim). China’s digital services trade and data governance: How should the United States respond?. The Brookings Institution. Erişim Adresi: https://www.brookings.edu/articles/chinasdigital-services-trade-and-data-governance-how-should-the-united-states-respond/ (Erişim Tarihi: 05.05.2023)
  • Miller, M. (2021, 19 Şubat). Biden calls for creating ‘rules’ on cyber, tech to combat China and Russia threats. The Hill. Erişim Adresi: https://thehill.com/policy/cybersecurity/539598-biden-calls-for-creatingrules-on-cyber-tech-to-combat-china-and-russia/ (Erişim Tarihi: 02.05.2023)
  • Mok, C.ve Kwok, D. (2021, 2 Kasım). China’s neo-nationalism poses risks for international businesses. The Diplomat. Erişim Adresi: https://thediplomat.com/2021/11/chinas-neo-nationalism-poses-risksfor-international-businesses/ (Erişim Tarihi: 02.05.2023)
  • Mueller, M. L. ve Farhat, K. (2022). Regulation of platform market access by the United States and China: Neo-mercantilism in digital services. Policy & Internet, 14, 348–367. doi: 10.1002/poi3.305
  • NIST – The National Institute of Standards and Technology U.S. Department of Commerce (2019, 9 Ağustos). U.S. Leadership in AI: A plan for federal engagement in developing technical standards and related tools. Erişim Adresi: https://www.nist.gov/system/files/documents/2019/08/10/ai_ standards_fedengagement_plan_9aug2019.pdf
  • OECD (2022). The Blue Dot Network: A proposal for a global certification framework for quality infrastructure investment. Erişim Adresi: https://www.oecd.org/daf/blue-dot-network-proposalcertification.pdf
  • ODNI – Office of The Director of National Intelligence (2023, 6 Şubat). Annual threat assessment of The U.S. Intellligence Community. Erişim Adresi: https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/ ATA-2023-Unclassified-Report.pdf
  • Phillips, R. (2018, 25 Ocak). China’s belt and road Initiative – Panel I: Mercantilism with Chinese characteristics: Creating markets and cultivating influence – Testimony before the U.S.–China economic and security review commission. Erişim Adresi: https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/ Phillips_USCC%20Testimony_17Jan2018.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 05.05.2023)
  • PMC – Australian Goverment Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (2023). Quad working groups. Erişim Adresi: https://www.pmc.gov.au/quad-2023/quad-working-groups (Erişim Tarihi: 05.05.2023)
  • Seaman, J. (2020, Ocak). China and the new geopolitics of technical standardization. Notes de Ifri, Paris: The French Institute of International relations (Ifri) and Policy Center for the New South
  • Segal, A., Van Staden, C., Kania, E. B., Sacks, S. Ve Zaagman, E. (2019, 4 Şubat). Is an Iron Curtain falling across tech?. Foreign Policy. Erişim Adresi: https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/02/04/is-an-ironcurtain-falling-across-tech/ (Erişim Tarihi: 21.05.2023)
  • State Security Law of the People’s Republic of China (1993, 22 Şubat). Erişim Adresi: http://www.china.org. cn/english/government/207480.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 05.05.2023)
  • Sutter, K. M. (2021, Aralık). China’s recent trade measures and countermeasures: Issues for Congress. Washington: Congressional Research Service. Erişim Adresi: https://crsreports.congress.gov/ product/pdf/R/R46915 (Erişim Tarihi: 21.05.2023)
  • Sutter, K. M. (2022, Mart). Capturing the virtual domain: The Expansion of Chinese digital platforms. De La Bruyère, E, Strub, D. ve Marek, J. (Ed) China’s Digital Ambitions: A Global Strategy to Supplant the Liberal Order, (ss. 23-48) içinde. Washington: The National Bureau of Asian Research
  • Teleanu, S. (2021, Kasım). The Geopolitics of digital standards: China’s role in standard-setting organisations. Cenova: DiploFoundation/Geneva Internet Platform ve Multilateral Dialogue Konrad Adenauer Foundation Geneva The Chinese Communist Party Central Committee and the State Council Publish the “National Standardization Development Outline” (2021, 10 Ekim). Georgetown Center for securtiy and emerging technology. Erişim Adresi: https://cset.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/t0406_ standardization_outline_EN.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2023)
  • The International Trade Administration (t.y.). U.S.-EU rade and Technology Council (TTC). Erişim adresi: https://www.trade.gov/useuttc (Erişim Tarihi: 22.05.2023)
  • The White House (2021, Haziran). Building resilient supply chains, revitalizing American manufacturing and fostering broad-based growth. Erişim Adresi: https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/ uploads/2021/06/100-day-supply-chain-review-report.pdf Triolo, P., Allison, K., Brown, C. ve Broderick, K. (2020, 8 Nisan). The Digital Silk Road: expanding China’s digital footprint. Eurasiagroup. Erişim Adresi: https://www.eurasiagroup.net/files/upload/DigitalSilk-Road-Expanding-China-Digital-Footprint.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 02.05.2023)
  • United Nations Hub for Human Rights and Digital Technology. (t.y.). About. Erişim adresi: https://www. digitalhub.ohchr.org/about (Erişim Tarihi: 22.05.2023)
  • United States strategic approach to the People’s Republic of China (2020, Mayıs). Trumpwhitehouse. Erişim Adresi: https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/U.S.-StrategicApproach-to-The-Peoples-Republic-of-China-Report-5.24v1.pdf US bans new Huawei equipment sales over ‘unacceptable risk’ to national security (2022, 26 Kasım). The Guardian. Erişim adresi: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/26/us-bans-new-huaweiequipment-sales-over-unacceptable-risk-to-national-security (Erişim Tarihi: 10.07.2023)
  • What is the Chip 4 alliance? (t.y.). TRTworld. Erişim adresi: https://www.trtworld.com/business/what-isthe-chip-4-alliance-59586 (Erişim Tarihi: 21.05.2023)
  • Xuanzun, L. (2021, 14 Aralık). China urges regulating military use of AI, first time in UN history, showing global responsibility. Global Times. Erişim Adresi: https://www.globaltimes.cn/ page/202112/1241470.shtml (Erişim Tarihi: 22.05.2023)
  • Yu, F.-L. T. (2019). Neo-mercantilist policy and China’s rise as a global power. Yu, F.-L. T., Kwan, D. S. (Ed) Contemporary Issues in International Political Economy (ss. 175-196) içinde. Singapur: Palgrave Macmillan – Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-6462-4
  • Yüksel, U. ve Yalçıntaş, A. (2020, Nisan). Büyük veri çağında uluslararası politik ekonomi: ABD ve Çin’de dijital korumacılık. Historia 1923, 7, 76-93. doi: 10.1787/978.926.4252653-en

Teknolojik Soğuk Savaş: ABD-Çin Rekabetinin Dijital Merkantilizm Üzerinden Analizi

Year 2023, , 284 - 308, 26.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.1345741

Abstract

Bu çalışma dijital standartların belirlenmesi sürecinde yaşanan Çin-ABD rekabetini tarafların uyguladıkları dijital merkantilist politikalar üzerinden incelemektedir. Teknoloji unsuru uluslararası ilişkiler literatüründe sıklıkla dışsal bir faktör olarak ele alınmaktaysa da sistemik teknolojilerin güç dağılımında ciddi bir rol oynadıkları görülmektedir. Sistemik teknolojiler yalnızca teknolojiye sahip olunması anlamında değil standartların belirlenmesi sürecinde de büyük güçlerin mücadelesine sahne olmaktadır. Günümüzün güçler mücadelesi çerçevesinde hem Çin'in hem de ABD'nin dijital politikalarını merkantilist bir anlayışla şekillendirdikleri ve bu doğrultuda ulusal dijital endüstrileri ile korumacı politikalara birincil rol atfettikleri görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, her iki gücün dijital politika unsurları ortaya koydukları stratejileri, tekno-politik güç unsurları, korumacı önlemleri ve uluslararası girişimleri kapsamında incelenmektedir. ABD'nin uluslararası sistemdeki liderlik rolünü koruma, Çin'in de etki alanını genişletme saikleriyle standartların şekillendirilmesi sürecindeki politikalarına yön verdikleri gözlenmektedir. Paydaşlık anlayışına dayanan bir küresel yönetişime ihtiyaç duyulan süreçte dijital merkantilist politika uygulamalarının ve paktların ortaya çıkması, söz konusu politikaların teknolojik bir soğuk savaşa yol açıp açmayacağı sorularını sordurmaktadır. Devletlerarası ilişkilerin ötesine geçen ve küresel toplumu yakından ilgilendiren bu konuda Çin-ABD rekabetinin incelenmesi uluslararası sistemin geleceğinin anlaşılması açısından önem arz etmektedir.

References

  • AB, 5G ağı kurulumunda Huawei ile iş birliğine zorunlu yasak getirmeyi planlıyor (2023, 7 Haziran). Euronews. Erişim Adresi: https://tr.euronews.com/2023/06/07/ab-5g-agi-kurulumunda-huawei-ileis-birligine-zorunlu-yasak-getirmeyi-planliyor-ft (Erişim Tarihi: 10.07.2023)
  • ABD, Çin’in çip ihracatına yeni kısıtlamalar getirdi (2022, 7 Ekim). Gazete Oksijen. Erişim adresi: https:// gazeteoksijen.com/ekonomi/abd-cinin-cip-ihracatina-yeni-kisitlamalar-getirdi-162762 (Erişim Tarihi: 21.05.2023)
  • ABD-Çin ticaret savaşı (t.y.). Sputnik News. Erişim adresi: https://sputniknews.com.tr/abd-cin-ticaretsavasi-gumruk-vergisi-ithalat-ihracat/ (Erişim Tarihi: 21.05.2023)
  • ABD, “çip savaşıyla” Çin’in etrafına teknoloji duvarı örüyor (2022, 1 Kasım). TRT Haber. Erişim adresi: https://www.trthaber.com/haber/bilim-teknoloji/abd-cip-savasiyla-cinin-etrafina-teknolojiduvari-oruyor-720349.html (Erişim Tarihi: 22.05.2023)
  • Barts, D. ve Alper, A. (2022, 1 Aralık). U.S. bans new Huawei, ZTE equipment sales, citing national security risk. Reuters. Erişim adresi: https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/us-fccbans-equipment-sales-imports-zte-huawei-over-national-security-risk-2022-11-25/ (Erişim Tarihi: 21.05.2023)
  • Batabyal, A. A. (2023, 31 Mayıs). Amid fears of Chinese influence, the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States has grown more powerful. The Conversation. Erişim Adresi: https:// theconversation.com/amid-fears-of-chinese-influence-the-committee-on-foreign-investment-inthe-united-states-has-grown-more-powerful-206279 (Erişim Tarihi: 10.07.2023)
  • Biden Jr., J. R. (2020, 23 Ocak). Why America must lead again: Rescuing U.S. foreign policy after Trump. Foreign Affairs, March/April 2020. Erişim Adresi: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/unitedstates/2020-01-23/why-america-must-lead-again (Erişim Tarihi: 20.05.2023)
  • Brunnermeier, M., Doshi, R. ve James, H. (2018). Beijing’s bismarcian ghosts: How great powers compete economically. The Washington Quarterly, 41(3), 161-176. doi: 10.1080/0163660X.2018.152.0571
  • Bryan-Low, C., Packham, C., Lague, D., Stecklow, S. ve Stubbs, J. (2019, 21 Mayıs). Hobbling Huawei: Inside the U.S. war on China’s tech giant. Reuters. Erişim Adresi: https://www.reuters.com/investigates/ special-report/huawei-usa-campaign/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2023)ö
  • Chandran, N. (2018, Şubat). Alibaba’s ‘Digital Free Trade Zone’ has some worried about China links to Malaysia. CNBC. Erişim Adresi: https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/12/concerns-over-alibaba-leddigital-free-trade-zone-in-malaysia.html (Erişim Tarihi: 11.05.2023)
  • China submits position paper on regulating military application of AI (2021, 14 Aralık). CGTN News. Erişim Adresi: https://news.cgtn.com/news/2021-12-14/China-submits-position-paper-on-regulatingmilitary-application-of-AI-15YS6BQPWeI/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2023)
  • Chinese Telecommunications conglomerate Huawei and subsidiaries charged in racketeering oncspiracy and conspiracy to steal trade secrets (2020, 13 Şubat). Office Of Public Affairs – U.S. Department of Justice Basın Bülteni. Erişim Adresi: https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/chinese-telecommunicationsconglomerate-huawei-and-subsidiaries-charged-racketeering (Erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2023)
  • Congar, K. (2019, 11 Şubat). ABD Dışişleri Bakanı Pompeo Avrupalı müttefiklerini Huawei konusunda uyardı. Euronews. Erişim adresi: https://tr.euronews.com/2019/02/11/abd-disisleri-bakanipompeo-avrupali-muttefiklerini-huawei-konusunda-uyardi (Erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2023)
  • Çin, ChatGPT’yi yasakladı: ABD’nin propoganda aracı (2023, 27 Şubat). NTV. Erişim Adresi: https://w w w.ntv.com.tr/teknoloji/cin-chatgptyi-yasak ladi-ab dnin-prop ogandaaraci,AL9iP6bBOEaQSZlRYWVA-w (Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2023)
  • Çin, güvenlik riskleri sebebiyle Micron Technology satın almasını engelleyeceğini açıkladı (2023,22 Mayıs). Habertürk. Erişim adresi: https://www.haberturk.com/cin-guvenlik-riskleri-sebebiyle-microntechnology-satin-almasini-engelleyecegini-acikladi-3593657-teknoloji (Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2023)
  • Çin’in ilk Kişisel Verileri Koruma Kanunu yürürlüğe girdi, hazır mı sınız?. (2022, 25 Ocak). GSK Hukuk. Erişim Adresi: https://www.gsghukuk.com/tr/bultenler-yayinlar/makale-yazilar/cin-in-ilk-kisiselverileri-koruma-kanunu-yururluge-girdi-hazir-misiniz.html (Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2023) Çip dörtlüsü ile yeni küresel mücadele başlıyor (2022, 11 Ağustos). Analiz Gazetesi. Erişim adresi: https:// analizgazetesi.com.tr/haber/cip-dortlusu-ile-yeni-kuresel-mucadele-basliyor-9769/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2023)
  • De La Bruyère, E. (2022, Mart). Setting the Standards: Locking in China’s technological influence. De La Bruyère, E, Strub, D. ve Marek, J. (Ed) China’s Digital Ambitions: A Global Strategy to Supplant the Liberal Order, (ss. 49-72) içinde. Washington: The National Bureau of Asian Research
  • Esen, B. (2021). Teknoloji rekabetinde Huawei bir tehdit mi?. Maliye ve Finans Yazıları, 116, 93 – 118. doi: 10.33203/mfy.928736
  • Faaborg-Andersen, S., Temes, L. (2022, Temmuz). The Geopolitics of digital standarts. Cambridge: Harvard Kennedy School Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. Erişim Adresi: http://www. belfercenter.org/cyberproject
  • Gold, J. (2023, 8 Mayıs). EU’s changing stance on Huawei could impact 5G networks already in place. Network World. Erişim adresi: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3695730/eus-changingstance-on-huawei-could-impact-5g-networks-already-in-place.html (Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2023)
  • Hao, C. J. (2019, 30 Nisan). China’s digital Silk Road: A game changer for Asian economies. The Diplomat. Erişim Adresi: https://thediplomat.com/2019/04/chinas-digital-silk-road-a-game-changer-forasian-economies/ (Erişim Tarihi: 05.05.2023)
  • Herrera, G.L. (2003). Technology and International Systems, Millenium: Journal of International Studies, 32 (3), 559-593, doi: 10.1177/030.582.9803032.003.1001
  • Huawei backs away from 3Leaf acquisition (2011, 19 Şubat). Reuters. Erişim adresi: https://www.reuters. com/article/us-huawei-3leaf-idUSTRE71I389.201.10219 (Erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2023)
  • Karan, C. (2023, 24 Nisan). ABD’nin çip duvarları bütün dünya için büyük risk. Sputnik News. Erişim adresi: https://sputniknews.com.tr/20230424/abdnin-cip-duvarlari-butun-dunya-icin-buyukrisk-107.022.0093.html (Erişim Tarihi: 21.05.2023)
  • Khanapurkar, U. (2020). CFIUS 2.0: An Instrument of American economic statecraft targeting China. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs. 48(2), 226-240. doi: 10. 1177/ 1868 1026.209.06973
  • Krishnani A. (2021, 20 Nisan). A few countries cannot set global rules, says Chinese President Xi Jinping. The Hindu. Erişim Adresi: https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/a-few-countries-cannotset-global-rules-says-chinese-president-xi-jinping/article34368804.ece (Erişim Tarihi: 05.05.2023)
  • Kurlantzick, J. ve West, J. (2020, 18 Aralık). Assessing China’s digital silk road initiative: A transformative approach to technology financing or a danger to freedoms?. Council on Foreign Relations. Erişim Adresi: https://www.cfr.org/china-digital-silk-road/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2023)
  • Küresel rekabetin yeni cephesi: Çip duvarları (2023, 5 Mayıs). Cumhuriyet. Erişim adresi: https://www. cumhuriyet.com.tr/dunya/kuresel-rekabetin-yeni-cephesi-cip-duvarlari-2078225 (Erişim Tarihi: 21.05.2023)
  • Lee, H. (2021, Aralık). The battle to set digital technical standards. Global Asia, 16(4), 42-46
  • Mapping China’s digital silk road (2021, 19 Ekim). Reconnecting Asia. Erişim Adresi: https://reconasia.csis. org/mapping-chinas-digital-silk-road/ (Erişim Tarihi: 05.05.2023)
  • McGeachy, H. (2019, Mayıs). US-China technology competition: Impacting a rules-based order. Sidney: United States Studies Centre at the University of Sydney Meltzer, J. P. (2020, Ekim). China’s digital services trade and data governance: How should the United States respond?. The Brookings Institution. Erişim Adresi: https://www.brookings.edu/articles/chinasdigital-services-trade-and-data-governance-how-should-the-united-states-respond/ (Erişim Tarihi: 05.05.2023)
  • Miller, M. (2021, 19 Şubat). Biden calls for creating ‘rules’ on cyber, tech to combat China and Russia threats. The Hill. Erişim Adresi: https://thehill.com/policy/cybersecurity/539598-biden-calls-for-creatingrules-on-cyber-tech-to-combat-china-and-russia/ (Erişim Tarihi: 02.05.2023)
  • Mok, C.ve Kwok, D. (2021, 2 Kasım). China’s neo-nationalism poses risks for international businesses. The Diplomat. Erişim Adresi: https://thediplomat.com/2021/11/chinas-neo-nationalism-poses-risksfor-international-businesses/ (Erişim Tarihi: 02.05.2023)
  • Mueller, M. L. ve Farhat, K. (2022). Regulation of platform market access by the United States and China: Neo-mercantilism in digital services. Policy & Internet, 14, 348–367. doi: 10.1002/poi3.305
  • NIST – The National Institute of Standards and Technology U.S. Department of Commerce (2019, 9 Ağustos). U.S. Leadership in AI: A plan for federal engagement in developing technical standards and related tools. Erişim Adresi: https://www.nist.gov/system/files/documents/2019/08/10/ai_ standards_fedengagement_plan_9aug2019.pdf
  • OECD (2022). The Blue Dot Network: A proposal for a global certification framework for quality infrastructure investment. Erişim Adresi: https://www.oecd.org/daf/blue-dot-network-proposalcertification.pdf
  • ODNI – Office of The Director of National Intelligence (2023, 6 Şubat). Annual threat assessment of The U.S. Intellligence Community. Erişim Adresi: https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/ ATA-2023-Unclassified-Report.pdf
  • Phillips, R. (2018, 25 Ocak). China’s belt and road Initiative – Panel I: Mercantilism with Chinese characteristics: Creating markets and cultivating influence – Testimony before the U.S.–China economic and security review commission. Erişim Adresi: https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/ Phillips_USCC%20Testimony_17Jan2018.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 05.05.2023)
  • PMC – Australian Goverment Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (2023). Quad working groups. Erişim Adresi: https://www.pmc.gov.au/quad-2023/quad-working-groups (Erişim Tarihi: 05.05.2023)
  • Seaman, J. (2020, Ocak). China and the new geopolitics of technical standardization. Notes de Ifri, Paris: The French Institute of International relations (Ifri) and Policy Center for the New South
  • Segal, A., Van Staden, C., Kania, E. B., Sacks, S. Ve Zaagman, E. (2019, 4 Şubat). Is an Iron Curtain falling across tech?. Foreign Policy. Erişim Adresi: https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/02/04/is-an-ironcurtain-falling-across-tech/ (Erişim Tarihi: 21.05.2023)
  • State Security Law of the People’s Republic of China (1993, 22 Şubat). Erişim Adresi: http://www.china.org. cn/english/government/207480.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 05.05.2023)
  • Sutter, K. M. (2021, Aralık). China’s recent trade measures and countermeasures: Issues for Congress. Washington: Congressional Research Service. Erişim Adresi: https://crsreports.congress.gov/ product/pdf/R/R46915 (Erişim Tarihi: 21.05.2023)
  • Sutter, K. M. (2022, Mart). Capturing the virtual domain: The Expansion of Chinese digital platforms. De La Bruyère, E, Strub, D. ve Marek, J. (Ed) China’s Digital Ambitions: A Global Strategy to Supplant the Liberal Order, (ss. 23-48) içinde. Washington: The National Bureau of Asian Research
  • Teleanu, S. (2021, Kasım). The Geopolitics of digital standards: China’s role in standard-setting organisations. Cenova: DiploFoundation/Geneva Internet Platform ve Multilateral Dialogue Konrad Adenauer Foundation Geneva The Chinese Communist Party Central Committee and the State Council Publish the “National Standardization Development Outline” (2021, 10 Ekim). Georgetown Center for securtiy and emerging technology. Erişim Adresi: https://cset.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/t0406_ standardization_outline_EN.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2023)
  • The International Trade Administration (t.y.). U.S.-EU rade and Technology Council (TTC). Erişim adresi: https://www.trade.gov/useuttc (Erişim Tarihi: 22.05.2023)
  • The White House (2021, Haziran). Building resilient supply chains, revitalizing American manufacturing and fostering broad-based growth. Erişim Adresi: https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/ uploads/2021/06/100-day-supply-chain-review-report.pdf Triolo, P., Allison, K., Brown, C. ve Broderick, K. (2020, 8 Nisan). The Digital Silk Road: expanding China’s digital footprint. Eurasiagroup. Erişim Adresi: https://www.eurasiagroup.net/files/upload/DigitalSilk-Road-Expanding-China-Digital-Footprint.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 02.05.2023)
  • United Nations Hub for Human Rights and Digital Technology. (t.y.). About. Erişim adresi: https://www. digitalhub.ohchr.org/about (Erişim Tarihi: 22.05.2023)
  • United States strategic approach to the People’s Republic of China (2020, Mayıs). Trumpwhitehouse. Erişim Adresi: https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/U.S.-StrategicApproach-to-The-Peoples-Republic-of-China-Report-5.24v1.pdf US bans new Huawei equipment sales over ‘unacceptable risk’ to national security (2022, 26 Kasım). The Guardian. Erişim adresi: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/26/us-bans-new-huaweiequipment-sales-over-unacceptable-risk-to-national-security (Erişim Tarihi: 10.07.2023)
  • What is the Chip 4 alliance? (t.y.). TRTworld. Erişim adresi: https://www.trtworld.com/business/what-isthe-chip-4-alliance-59586 (Erişim Tarihi: 21.05.2023)
  • Xuanzun, L. (2021, 14 Aralık). China urges regulating military use of AI, first time in UN history, showing global responsibility. Global Times. Erişim Adresi: https://www.globaltimes.cn/ page/202112/1241470.shtml (Erişim Tarihi: 22.05.2023)
  • Yu, F.-L. T. (2019). Neo-mercantilist policy and China’s rise as a global power. Yu, F.-L. T., Kwan, D. S. (Ed) Contemporary Issues in International Political Economy (ss. 175-196) içinde. Singapur: Palgrave Macmillan – Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-6462-4
  • Yüksel, U. ve Yalçıntaş, A. (2020, Nisan). Büyük veri çağında uluslararası politik ekonomi: ABD ve Çin’de dijital korumacılık. Historia 1923, 7, 76-93. doi: 10.1787/978.926.4252653-en
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Relations (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Övgü Kalkan Küçüksolak 0000-0002-3052-9728

Publication Date September 26, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Kalkan Küçüksolak, Ö. (2023). Teknolojik Soğuk Savaş: ABD-Çin Rekabetinin Dijital Merkantilizm Üzerinden Analizi. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(2), 284-308. https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.1345741