Birleşmiş Milletler Sistemi ve Küresel Siberalan Güvenliği Regülasyonu

Year 2021, , 17 - 45, 31.03.2021

Tuba Eldem

https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.876091

Abstract

Daha yakın zamana kadar büyük ölçüde bilgisayar sistemlerinin teknik korumasıyla ilişkilendirilen siber güvenlik, son beş yılda önemli ekonomik, insani ve ulusal güvenlik riskleri doğuran geleneksel olmayan bir güvenlik sorun olarak küresel toplumun gündemini sıklıkla meşgul etmektedir. Evrensel üyeliğe sahip ve egemen eşitlik ilkesi tarafından yönlendirilen Birleşmiş Milletler (BM), ulusal ve uluslararası siberalan güvenliği tartışmalarının yapıldığı önemli küresel hükümetlerarası örgütlerden biridir. Siber güçlerin siber normları kendi gündemleri çerçevesinde şekillendirmede etkin bir örgütsel platform ve araç olarak kullandıkları BM Genel Kurulu’nda siber güvenliğin siyasi, askeri, mali ve insani boyutlarıyla ilgili yürütülen müzakereleri ve kararları inceleyen bu makale, bir yandan siber güvenlik konusunda uluslararası toplumda oluşan fay hatlarını ortaya koymakta, diğer yandan birçok farklı hükümetlerarası organ ve örgütsel platformda ele alındığı için oldukça parçalanmış nitelikte olan BM’nin siberalan güvenliği regülasyonu hakkında tematik ve bütüncül bir analiz sunmaktadır. Makale, siber güçler arasında uluslararası siber güvenlik rejiminin niteliğine yönelik normatif çatışmayı, devletlerin siberalanda artan gücünü ve etkisini ve küresel yönetişimde Batı’dan Doğu’ya doğru bir kaymayı içeren üç ana eğilimin siberalanı şekillendirdiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Ayrıca çalışma kapsamında, devletler arasında siberalandaki faaliyetleri düzenlemek için harekete geçme iradesinde fark edilebilir bir ivme göze çarpsa da ortaya çıkan düzenleyici çerçevenin odağı ve siberalanı yönetmeye yönelik temel yaklaşımla ilgili olarak uluslararası toplumda net bir ayrımın devam ettiği ve siberalanın 21. yüzyılın merkezi bir jeopolitik rekabet alanı olarak ortaya çıktığı sonucuna varılmaktadır.

Keywords

Uluslararası Siyaset, Uluslararası Örgütler, Birleşmiş Milletler, Uluslararası Siber Güvenlik, Uluslararası Güvenlik, Geleneksel Olmayan Güvenlik Tehditleri, Küresel Yönetişim

The United Nations System and the Regulation of Global Cyberspace Security

Abstract

Cybersecurity, which was until recently largely associated with the technical protection of computer systems, has in the last five years risen on the global community’s agenda as an important non- traditional security issue posing significant economic, humanitarian, and national security risks. The United Nations (UN), with its universal membership and guided by the sovereign equality principle, has emerged as one of the first important global intergovernmental organizations for international cybersecurity debates. However, its regulation of cybersecurity, covering all aspects of protection from risks arising from the use of cyberspace by citizens, businesses, and governments, is highly fragmented as it is implemented by many different intergovernmental bodies and organizational platforms. In this article, I examine UN resolutions on the political, military, economic, and humanitarian aspects of cybersecurity to provide a thematic and holistic analysis of UN’s activities regarding cybersecurity. I also reveal the fault lines in the international community on cybersecurity by examining debates in the UN General Assembly and other organizational platforms, which cyber powers use both as a forum and resource to shape the global cyber norms agenda. My analysis shows that three main trends shape cyberspace regulation at the UN: a normative conflict between cyber powers over the nature of the international cybersecurity regime; the increasing power and influence of states in cyberspace; and a shift from West to East in global cyberspace governance. While states are clearly willing to regulate activities in cyberspace, the article also reveals a clear divide within the international community regarding the focus of the emerging regulatory framework and the basic approach to managing cyberspace. I conclude that cyberspace is likely to remain a central area of geopolitical competition in the 21st century.

Keywords

International Politics, International Organizations, United Nations, International Cybersecurity, International Security, Non-Traditional Security Threats, Global Governance

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• UNGA Resolution 73/187 (2018). [on the report of the Third Committee (A/73/590)] Countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes, (17 December 2018), A/RES/73/187,  https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/73/187 
• UNGA Resolution 73/266 (2018). [on the report of the First Committee (A/73/505)] Advancing responsible State Behavior in Cyberspace in the Context of International Security, A/RES/73/266,  https://undocs.org/A/RES/73/266 >
• UNGA Resolution 73/27 (2018). [on the Report of the First Committee (A/73/505)] Developments in the Field of Information And Telecommunications In The Context Of International Security, (11 December 2018), A/RES/73/27 ,  https://undocs.org/A/RES/73/27 >
• UNGA resolution 74/173 (2019). [on the report of the Third Committee (A/74/400)] Promoting technical assistance and capacity-building to strengthen national measures and international cooperation to combat cybercrime, including information-sharing (18 December 2019) A/RES/74/173 , https://undocs.org/pdf?symbol=en/A/RES/74/173 
• UNGA Resolution 74/247 (2019). [on the report of the Third Committee (A/74/401)] Countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes, ( 27 December 2019), A/RES/74/247  https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N19/440/28/PDF/N1944028.pdf?OpenElement 
• UNGA Resolution A/C.3/74/L.11/Rev.1 (2019). Countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes (5 November 2019)  https://undocs.org/A/C.3/74/L.11/Rev.1 
• UN Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 2341 (2017) [on threats to international peace and security caused by terrorist acts], (13 February 2017), S/RES/2341 (2017),  https://undocs.org/S/RES/2341(2017) 
• Walker, S. (2019). Cyber-Insecurities? A Guide to the UN Cybercrime Debate, Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime, Geneva.  https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/TGIATOC-Report-Cybercrime-in-the-UN-01Mar1510-Web.pdf  (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Kasım 2020).
• WHO (2020). WHO Reports Fivefold İncrease in Cyber Attacks, Urges Vigilance (23 April), https://www.who.int/news/item/23-04-2020-who-reports-fivefold-increase-in-cyber-attacks-urges-vigilance (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Ocak 2021).
• World Economic Forum (WEF) (2020). The Global Risks Report 2020, Geneva, 2020  http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Global_Risk_Report_2020.pdf  (Erişim Tarihi: 1 Ağustos 2020)