Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Psikolojik Sağlamlığı: Algılanan Ebeveyn Tutumları ve Öz-Duyarlığın Rolü

Abstract

Bu araştırmada, üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik sağlamlık düzeyleri, algılanan ebeveyn tutumları ve öz-duyarlık değişkenleri açısından incelenmiştir. İlişkisel tarama modelinde yürütülen çalışmanın örneklemini, iki farklı devlet üniversitesinde öğrenim gören toplam 433 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Katılımcıların 240’ı kadın (%55,4) ve 193’ü erkektir (%44,6). Araştırmada, Kısaltılmış Algılanan Ebeveyn Tutumları Ölçeği-Çocuk Formu (KAET-Ç), Öz-Duyarlık Ölçeği, Kısa Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği ve araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanan Kişisel Bilgi Formu kullanılmıştır. Değişkenler arasındaki ilişkileri belirlemek için Pearson Çarpım Moment Korelasyon Analizi, psikolojik sağlamlığın yordayıcılarını incelemek için ise çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizi uygulanmıştır. Araştırma bulguları, hem anne hem de baba için algılanan duygusal sıcaklık tutumunun, psikolojik sağlamlık ve öz-duyarlığın olumlu alt boyutlarıyla pozitif yönde ilişkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Buna karşılık, aşırı koruyucu ve reddedici ebeveyn tutumlarının, psikolojik sağlamlık ve öz-duyarlığın olumlu alt boyutlarıyla anlamlı düzeyde negatif ilişkiler gösterdiği bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, algılanan anne tutumlarının psikolojik sağlamlığı %8, baba tutumlarının %7 ve öz-duyarlığın ise %50 oranında anlamlı bir şekilde yordadığı belirlenmiştir. Bu bulgular, hem ebeveyn tutumlarının hem de öz-duyarlığın, üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik sağlamlığı üzerinde önemli bir rol oynadığını göstermektedir.

Keywords

• Algılanan Ebeveyn Tutumları
• Öz-duyarlık
• Psikolojik Sağlamlık
• Çoklu Doğrusal Regresyon.

Resilience of University Students: The Role of Perceived Parental Attitudes and Self-Compassion

Abstract

In this study, the resilience levels of university students were examined in terms of perceived parental attitudes and self-compassion. The research has been designed in the correlational survey model. The sample of the research consists of a total of 433 students from two different universities in Turkey. 240 female (55.4%) and 193 male (44.6%) students participated in the study. Data were collected through the Perceived Parental Attitudes Scale-Child Form (EMBU), Self- Compassion Scale, The Brief Resilience Scale and the Personal Information Form prepared by the researchers. Pearson Product-Moment Correlation analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between the variables. Then, Multiple Linear Regression analysis was performed to examine to what extent perceived parental attitudes and self-compassion traits of university students were predicted resilience levels. The study findings indicate that perceived parental attitudes of emotional warmth, for both mothers and fathers, are positively associated with psychological resilience and the positive subdimensions of self-compassion. In contrast, overprotective and rejecting parental attitudes show a significant negative relationship with psychological resilience and the positive subdimensions of self-compassion. Additionally, regression analyses indicated that perceived maternal attitudes predicted 8% of resilience, paternal attitudes predicted 7%, and self-compassion predicted 50% of resilience. These results demonstrate that both parental attitudes and self-compassion play a significant role in shaping the resilience of university students.

Keywords

• Perceived Parental Attitudes
• Self-Compassion
• Resilience
• Multiple Linear Regression.

References

1. Aka, B. T., & Gencoz, T. (2014). Perceived parenting styles, emotion recognition and regulation in relation to psychological well-being. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 159, 529-533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.12.418
2. Akın, Ü., Akın, A., ve Abacı, R. (2007). Öz-duyarlık Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 33(33), 1-10.
3. Arrindell, W. A., Sanavio, E., Aguilar, G., Sica, C., Hatzichristou, C., Eisemann, M., Recinos, L.A., Gaszner, P., Peter, M.,
4. Battagliese, G., Kallai, J. & Ende, J. (1999). The development of a short form of the EMBU: Its appraisal with students in Greece, Guatemala, Hungary and Italy. Personality and individual Differences, 27(4), 613- 628. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00192-5
5. Benard, B. (1993). Fostering resiliency in kids. Educational leadership, 51(3), 44-48.
6. Bluth, K., Mullarkey, M., & Lathren, C. (2018). Self-compassion: A potential path to adolescent resilience and positive exploration, Journal of child and family studies, 27(9), 3037-3047. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1125-1
7. Campbell-Sills, L., Forde, D. R., & Stein, M. B. (2009). Demographic and childhood environmental predictors of resilience in a community sample. Journal of psychiatric research, 43(12), 1007-1012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.01.013
8. Cox, M. J., Owen, M. T., Lewis, J. M., & Henderson, V. K. (1989). Marriage, adult adjustment, and early parenting.Child development, 60(5), 1015-1024. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130775

9. Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. New York: Sage Publications.
10. Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113(3), 487–496. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033- 2909.113.3.487
11. Deniz, M. E., & Sümer, A. S. (2010). Farklı öz-anlayış düzeylerine sahip üniversite öğrencilerinde depresyon, anksiyete ve stresin değerlendirilmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 35(158), 115-127.
12. Dirik, G., Yorulmaz, O., & Karancı, A. N. (2014). Çocukluk dönemi ebeveyn tutumlarının değerlendirilmesi: Kısaltılmış algılanan ebeveyn tutumları-çocuk formu. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 26(2), 123-130.
13. Doğan, T. (2015). Kısa Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği’nin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 93-102.
14. Epli, H., Batık, M.V., Çabuker, N.D. Çelik, S.B. (2021). Relationship between psychological resilience and parental acceptance-rejection: The mediating role of self-compassion. Current Psychology, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01822-4
15. Gizir, C. (2007). Psikolojik sağlamlık, risk faktörleri ve koruyucu faktörler üzerine bir derleme çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(28), 113-128.
16. Ipsos. (2024). Ipsos World Mental Health Monitor Report. https://www.ipsos.com/en-id/ipsos-world-mental-health-day-report-2024 Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2025
17. Kağıtçıbaşı, C. (2017). Family, self, and human development across cultures: Theory and applications. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315205281
18. Karaırmak, O. (2006). Resilience, risk and protective factors. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 26(3), 129-142.
19. Kelly, A. C., & Dupasquier, J. (2016). Social safeness mediates the relationship between recalled parental warmth and the capacity for self-compassion and receiving compassion. Personality and Individual Differences, 89, 157-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.10.017
20. Kılıç, C. (2020). Türkiye’de ruhsal hastalıkların yaygınlığı ve ruhsal tedavi ihtiyacı konusunda neredeyiz?. Toplum ve Hekim Dergisi, 35(3), 179-187.
21. Krovetz, M. L. (1999). Resiliency: A key element for supporting youth at-risk. The Clearing House, 73(2), 121-123. https://doi.org/10.1080/00098659909600163
22. Leary, M. R., Tate, E. B., Adams, C. E., Batts Allen, A., & Hancock, J. (2007). Self- compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: The implications of treating oneself kindly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(5), 887–904. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.5.887
23. Masten, A. S. (1994). Resilience in individual development: Successful adaptation despite risk and adversity: Challenges and prospects. Margaret C Wang ve Edmund W. Gordon (Ed.), Educational resilience in inner city America: Challenges and prospects içinde (s. 3-25). New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203052723
24. Moon, J. R., Song, J., Huh, J., Kang, I. S., Park, S. W., Chang, S. A., ... & Jun, T. G. (2017). The relationship between parental rearing behavior, resilience, and depressive symptoms in adolescents with congenital heart disease. Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine, 4, (55), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2017.00055
25. Neff, K. (2003). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and identity, 2(2), 85-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309032
26. Neff, K. D. (2009). The role of self-compassion in development: A healthier way to relate to oneself. Human Development, 52(4), 211-214. https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000215071
27. Neff, K. D., & McGehee, P. (2010). Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults. Self and identity, 9(3), 225-240. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860902979307
28. Neff, K. D., & Germer, C. K. (2013). A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self‐compassion program. Journal of clinical psychology, 69(1), 28-44. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21923
29. Ogelman, H. G. (2015). Predictor effect of parental acceptance-rejection levels on resilience of preschool children. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 174, 622-628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.592
30. Pepping, C. A., Davis, P. J., O'Donovan, A., & Pal, J. (2015). Individual differences in self- compassion: The role of attachment and experiences of parenting in childhood. Self and Identity, 14(1), 104-117. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2014.955050
31. Perris, C., Jacobsson, L., Linndström, H., von Knorring, L., & Perris, H. (1980). Development of a new inventory for assessing memories of parental rearing behaviour. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 61(4), 265-274. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600- 0447.1980.tb00581.x
32. Raes, F. (2010). Rumination and worry as mediators of the relationship between self- compassion and depression and anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(6), 757-761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.01.023
33. Rohner, R. P. (2004). The parental" acceptance-rejection syndrome": universal correlates of perceived rejection. American psychologist, 59(8), 830-840. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.8.830
34. Rohner, R. P., Khaleque, A., & Cournoyer, D. E. (2005). Parental acceptance‐rejection: Theory, methods, cross‐cultural evidence, and implications. Ethos, 33(3), 299-334. https://doi.org/10.1525/eth.2005.33.3.299
35. Rutter, M. (2006). Implications of resilience concepts for scientific understanding. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1376.002
36. Sağlık Bakanlığı, (2019). Sağlık Bakanlığı Ulusal Ruh Sağlığı Eylem Planı (2020-2023). https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/Yayinlarimiz/Eylem_Planlari/Ulusal_Ruh_Sagligi_Eylem_Plani_2021-2023.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2025
37. Seligman, M. E. (1999). Positive social science. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 1(3), 181-182. https://doi.org/10.1177/109830079900100306
38. Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: assessing the ability to bounce back. International journal of behavioral medicine, 15(3), 194-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705500802222972
39. Thompson, B. L., & Waltz, J. (2008). Self‐compassion and PTSD symptom severity. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 21(6), 556-558. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20374
40. Van Dam, N. T., Sheppard, S. C., Forsyth, J. P., & Earleywine, M. (2011). Self-compassion is a better predictor than mindfulness of symptom severity and quality of life in mixed anxiety and depression. Journal of anxiety disorders, 25(1), 123-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.08.011
41. Wagner, B. M., Cohen, P., & Brook, J. S. (1996). Parent/adolescent relationships: Moderators of the effects of stressful life events.Journal of Adolescent Research, 11(3), 347-374. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743554896113005
42. World Health Organization. (2022). World mental health report: transforming mental health for all. Geneva. https://www.who.int/teams/world-mental-health-report Erişim tarihi: 25.02.2023.
43. Yavuzer, H. (2016). Çocuk Psikolojisi (43.Basım). İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
44. Yavuzer, H. (2019). Ana-Baba ve Çocuk. (23.Basım). İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
45. Young, J., Klosko, J. S. ve Weishaar, M. E. (2009). Şema Terapi. Tuğrul Veli Soylu (Çev.). İstanbul: Litera Yayıncılık.
46. Zakeri, H., Jowkar, B., & Razmjoee, M. (2010). Parenting styles and resilience. Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1067-1070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.236
47. Zhong, X., Wu, D., Nie, X., Xia, J., Li, M., Lei, F., ... & Mahendran, R. (2016). Parenting style, resilience, and mental health of community-dwelling elderly adults in China. BMC Geriatrics, 16(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-016-0308-0