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A Longitudinal Assessment Design for Modeling College Students’ Psychological Resilience

Year 2020, Volume: 51 Issue: 51, 220 - 242, 15.01.2020
https://doi.org/10.15285/maruaebd.531154

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to design and evaluate the usefulness of a longitudinal assessment design when measuring constructs that are expected to show variance over time. An eight-week design was formulated for measuring college students’ psychological resilience as a part of an on-going prospective longitudinal study investigating college students’ social-emotional experiences over the course of a semester. Application data include the 80 students’ eight weekly self-ratings from an on-line scale asking them about “How resilient do you feel?” (1 to 5) and “Are you experiencing any serious life events this week?” (0 or 1). For comparative purposes, the students have also been asked to respond to two additional (one-time only) resilience scales: the Brief Resilience Scale and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. Consistent with expectations, the measurements collected using the eight weekly self-rating scales have been found more useful in delineating whether or not and to what extent the construct of resilience operates differently for different students compared to the data collected from the scales applied just once. The findings provide an ample amount of support for the argument that measurements obtained using a longitudinal assessment design provide more in-depth information about the latent trait of interest than cross-sectional assessment designs. The results also show time to be able to be an important factor in tracking intra-person variances, which may in turn help diagnose potential group differences within the population. Researchers who are interested in measuring change or growth over time are highly recommended to build longitudinal assessment designs to help quantify intra-individual differences over time.

References

  • Ahern, N. R., Kiehl, E. M., Lou Sole, M. & Byers, J. (2006). A review of instruments measuring resilience. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing, 29(2), 103-125.Basım, H. N. & Çetin, F. (2011). Yetişkinler için psikolojik dayanıklılık ölçeği’nin güvenilirlik ve geçerlilik çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 22(2), 104-114.Bernard, H. R., Killworth, P., Kronenfeld, D. & Sailer, L. (1984). The problem of informant accuracy: The validity of retrospective data. Annual Review of Anthropology, 13(1), 495-517.Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events?. American Psychologist, 59(1), 20-28.Bonanno, G. A. (2005). Resilience in the face of potential trauma. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(3), 135-138.Bonanno, G. A., Galea, S., Bucciarelli, A. & Vlahov, D. (2007). What predicts psychological resilience after disaster? The role of demographics, resources, and life stress. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(5), 671-682.Brug, J., Conner, M., Harré, N., Kremers, S., McKellar, S. & Whitelaw, S. (2004). The transtheoretical model and stages of change: a critique: observations by five commentators on the paper by Adams, J. and White, M. (2004) why don't stage-based activity promotion interventions work?. Health Education Research, 20(2), 244-258.Campell-Sills, L. & Stein, MB. (2007). Psychometric analysis and refinement of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC): Validation of a 10 item measure of resilience. Journal of Trauma Stress, 20(6), 1019-1028.Collie, R. J., Martin, A. J., Bottrell, D., Armstrong, D., Ungar, M. & Liebenberg, L. (2017). Social support, academic adversity and academic buoyancy: a person-centered analysis and implications for academic outcomes. Educational Psychology, 37(5), 550-564.Conger, R. D. & Conger, K. J. (2002). Resilience in Midwestern families: Selected findings from the first decade of a prospective, longitudinal study. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64(2), 361-373.Connor, K. M. & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CDRISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18, 76–82.Crane, M., Lewis, V., Cohn, A. D., Hodson, S. E., Parslow, R., Bryant, R. A. & Forbes, D. (2012). A protocol for the longitudinal study of psychological resilience in the Australian Defence Force. Journal of Military and Veterans Health, 20(4), 36.Doğan, T. (2015). Kısa psikolojik sağlamlık ölçeği’nin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 93-102.Funder, D. C. (2001). Personality. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 197–221.Funder, D. C. (2006). Towards a resolution of the personality triad: Persons, situations, and behaviors. Journal of Research in Personality, 40(1), 21-34.Garmezy, N., Masten, A. S. & Tellegen, A. (1984). The study of stress and competence in children: A building block for developmental psychopathology. Child Development, 55, 97-111.Hoffman, L. (2015). Longitudinal analysis: Modeling within-person fluctuation and change. New York: Routledge.Karaırmak, Ö. (2010). Establishing the psychometric qualities of the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in a trauma survivor sample. Psychiatry research, 179(3), 350-356. Lai, J. C. & Yue, X. (2014). Using the Brief Resilience Scale to assess Chinese people’s ability to bounce back from stress. Sage Open, 4(4), 1-9. Lukow, H. R., Godwin, E. E., Marwitz, J. H., Mills, A., Hsu, N. H. & Kreutzer, J. S. (2015). Relationship between resilience, adjustment, and psychological functioning after traumatic brain injury: a preliminary report. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 30(4), 241-248.Masten, A. S., Cutuli, J. J., Herbers, J. E. & Reed, M. G. J. (2009). Resilience in development. C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Ed.), In The Oxford handbook of positive psychology (2. baskı) (117-132). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Messick, S. (1995). Validity of psychological assessment: Validation of inferences from persons' responses and performances as scientific inquiry into score meaning. American Psychologist, 50(9), 741-749.Muthén, B. O. & Curran, P. J. (1997). General longitudinal modeling of individual differences in experimental designs: A latent variable framework for analysis and power estimation. Psychological Methods, 2(4), 371-402.Norris, F. H., Tracy, M. & Galea, S. (2009). Looking for resilience: Understanding the longitudinal trajectories of responses to stress. Social Science & Medicine, 68(12), 2190-2198.Pidgeon, A. M. & Keye, M. (2014). Relationship between resilience, mindfulness, and psychological well-being in University students. International Journal of Liberal Arts and Social Science, 2(5), 27-32.Polk, L. V. (1997). Toward a middle-range theory of resilience. Advances in Nursing Science, 19(3), 1-13. Richardson, G. E., Neiger, B., Jensen, S. & Kumpfer, K. (1990). The resiliency model. Health Education, 21, 33-39.Richardson, G. E. (2002). The metatheory of resilience and resiliency. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 307-321.Rutter, M. (1985). Resilience in the face of adversity: protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorders. British Journal of Psychology, 147, 598-611.Rutter. M. (1987). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57, 316-331.Rutter, M. (1990). Competence under stress: Risk and protective factors. J. Rolf, A.S. Masten, D. Cicchetti, K. H. Nuechterlein & S. Weintraub (Ed.), In Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology (181-214). New York: Cambridge University Press.Rutter, M. (1993). Resilience: Some conceptual considerations. Journal of Adolescent Health, 14(8), 626-631. Smith, BW., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P. & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15, 194-200.Souri, H. & Hasanirad, T. (2011). Relationship between resilience, optimism and psychological well-being in students of medicine. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 1541-1544.Werner, E. E. & Smith, R. S. (1992). Overcoming the odds: High risk children from birth to adulthood. New York: Cornell University Press.Werner E.E. (2013). What can we learn about resilience from large-scale longitudinal studies?. S. Goldstein & R. Brooks (Ed.), In Handbook of resilience in children (87- 102). Boston, MA: Springer. Windle, G., Bennett, K. M. & Noyes, J. (2011). A methodological review of resilience measurement scales. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 9(1), 8.

Psikolojik Dayanıklılık İçin Boylamsal Bir Ölçme Modeli: Üniversite Öğrencileri Üzerine Bir Uygulama

Year 2020, Volume: 51 Issue: 51, 220 - 242, 15.01.2020
https://doi.org/10.15285/maruaebd.531154

Abstract

Araştırmacıların, ilgilendikleri özelliklerin zaman içinde değişip değişmediği ve bireylerin içinde bulundukları koşullardan etkilenip etkilenmediği sorularına verecekleri cevaplar, araştırma sonucunda yaptıları çıkarımların geçerliği açısından oldukça önemlidir. Eğer bir özellik için alınan ölçümlerin zaman içinde değişmesi bekleniyorsa, kullanılan ölçme ve değerlendirme yönteminin bu değişkenliği yakalayabilmesi için uyumlu hale getirilmesi yani bir süreç olarak planlanması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışma,  bu amaçla, yani zaman içerisinde değişim/gelişim gösteresi beklenen özelliklerin ölçülmesinde kullanılabilecek, boylamsal bir ölçme modeli önermektedir. Model, psikolojik dayanıklılık için geliştirilen boylamsal bir ölçme deseninin çalışıldığı bir uygulama üzerinden örneklendirmişti. Yaşanan zorlukların ölçme sürecine dâhil edildiği ve bireylerin sekiz hafta boyunca çevrimiçi olarak izlendiği boylamsal bir çalışmadan elde edilen bulgular, haftalık ölçümler (tek tek) ve zaman serisi ölçümler (sekiz haftalık uygulama) karşılaştırılarak tartışılmıştır. Tek uygulamalar için ayrıca, Kısa Psikolojik Dayanıklılık ve Connor-Davidson Psikolojik Dayanıklılık Ölçekleri kullanılmıştır. Gazi Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi öğrencilerinden, gönüllü olan katılımcıların olduğu çalışma grubundan toplanan veriler göstermiştir ki, bireylerin psikolojik dayanıklılık düzeyleri zaman içinde değişmekle birlikte, bu değişim yaşanan bir zorluk sonrası tepki örüntülerinde gözlenen farklılaşmadan kaynaklanabilmekteidr. Tek-seferlik ölçümler kullanıldığında gözlenmesi mümkün olmayan, ancak sekiz haftalık ölçümler üzerinden ayırma analizi ile çalışılan bu örüntüler göstermiştir ki, öğrenciler, kuramsal olarak da desteklenebilecek şekilde, yeterlik, savunmasızlık, dayanıklılık ve uyumsuzluk olarak adlandırılabilecek dört ayrı alt gruba ayrılmaktadırlar. Uygulamanın da örneklendirdiği gibi, boylamsal olarak tasarlanacak ölçme modelleri, tek seferlik uygulamaları ve ilgili ikincil değişkenleri de içerecek şekilde genişletilebilirler. Böylece, ölçmeye konu olan özelliklerin yapılarındaki dinamikliği gerğince yansıtabilecek ölçme sonuçları elde edilebilecektir. 

References

  • Ahern, N. R., Kiehl, E. M., Lou Sole, M. & Byers, J. (2006). A review of instruments measuring resilience. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing, 29(2), 103-125.Basım, H. N. & Çetin, F. (2011). Yetişkinler için psikolojik dayanıklılık ölçeği’nin güvenilirlik ve geçerlilik çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 22(2), 104-114.Bernard, H. R., Killworth, P., Kronenfeld, D. & Sailer, L. (1984). The problem of informant accuracy: The validity of retrospective data. Annual Review of Anthropology, 13(1), 495-517.Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events?. American Psychologist, 59(1), 20-28.Bonanno, G. A. (2005). Resilience in the face of potential trauma. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(3), 135-138.Bonanno, G. A., Galea, S., Bucciarelli, A. & Vlahov, D. (2007). What predicts psychological resilience after disaster? The role of demographics, resources, and life stress. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(5), 671-682.Brug, J., Conner, M., Harré, N., Kremers, S., McKellar, S. & Whitelaw, S. (2004). The transtheoretical model and stages of change: a critique: observations by five commentators on the paper by Adams, J. and White, M. (2004) why don't stage-based activity promotion interventions work?. Health Education Research, 20(2), 244-258.Campell-Sills, L. & Stein, MB. (2007). Psychometric analysis and refinement of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC): Validation of a 10 item measure of resilience. Journal of Trauma Stress, 20(6), 1019-1028.Collie, R. J., Martin, A. J., Bottrell, D., Armstrong, D., Ungar, M. & Liebenberg, L. (2017). Social support, academic adversity and academic buoyancy: a person-centered analysis and implications for academic outcomes. Educational Psychology, 37(5), 550-564.Conger, R. D. & Conger, K. J. (2002). Resilience in Midwestern families: Selected findings from the first decade of a prospective, longitudinal study. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64(2), 361-373.Connor, K. M. & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CDRISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18, 76–82.Crane, M., Lewis, V., Cohn, A. D., Hodson, S. E., Parslow, R., Bryant, R. A. & Forbes, D. (2012). A protocol for the longitudinal study of psychological resilience in the Australian Defence Force. Journal of Military and Veterans Health, 20(4), 36.Doğan, T. (2015). Kısa psikolojik sağlamlık ölçeği’nin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 93-102.Funder, D. C. (2001). Personality. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 197–221.Funder, D. C. (2006). Towards a resolution of the personality triad: Persons, situations, and behaviors. Journal of Research in Personality, 40(1), 21-34.Garmezy, N., Masten, A. S. & Tellegen, A. (1984). The study of stress and competence in children: A building block for developmental psychopathology. Child Development, 55, 97-111.Hoffman, L. (2015). Longitudinal analysis: Modeling within-person fluctuation and change. New York: Routledge.Karaırmak, Ö. (2010). Establishing the psychometric qualities of the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in a trauma survivor sample. Psychiatry research, 179(3), 350-356. Lai, J. C. & Yue, X. (2014). Using the Brief Resilience Scale to assess Chinese people’s ability to bounce back from stress. Sage Open, 4(4), 1-9. Lukow, H. R., Godwin, E. E., Marwitz, J. H., Mills, A., Hsu, N. H. & Kreutzer, J. S. (2015). Relationship between resilience, adjustment, and psychological functioning after traumatic brain injury: a preliminary report. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 30(4), 241-248.Masten, A. S., Cutuli, J. J., Herbers, J. E. & Reed, M. G. J. (2009). Resilience in development. C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Ed.), In The Oxford handbook of positive psychology (2. baskı) (117-132). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Messick, S. (1995). Validity of psychological assessment: Validation of inferences from persons' responses and performances as scientific inquiry into score meaning. American Psychologist, 50(9), 741-749.Muthén, B. O. & Curran, P. J. (1997). General longitudinal modeling of individual differences in experimental designs: A latent variable framework for analysis and power estimation. Psychological Methods, 2(4), 371-402.Norris, F. H., Tracy, M. & Galea, S. (2009). Looking for resilience: Understanding the longitudinal trajectories of responses to stress. Social Science & Medicine, 68(12), 2190-2198.Pidgeon, A. M. & Keye, M. (2014). Relationship between resilience, mindfulness, and psychological well-being in University students. International Journal of Liberal Arts and Social Science, 2(5), 27-32.Polk, L. V. (1997). Toward a middle-range theory of resilience. Advances in Nursing Science, 19(3), 1-13. Richardson, G. E., Neiger, B., Jensen, S. & Kumpfer, K. (1990). The resiliency model. Health Education, 21, 33-39.Richardson, G. E. (2002). The metatheory of resilience and resiliency. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 307-321.Rutter, M. (1985). Resilience in the face of adversity: protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorders. British Journal of Psychology, 147, 598-611.Rutter. M. (1987). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57, 316-331.Rutter, M. (1990). Competence under stress: Risk and protective factors. J. Rolf, A.S. Masten, D. Cicchetti, K. H. Nuechterlein & S. Weintraub (Ed.), In Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology (181-214). New York: Cambridge University Press.Rutter, M. (1993). Resilience: Some conceptual considerations. Journal of Adolescent Health, 14(8), 626-631. Smith, BW., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P. & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15, 194-200.Souri, H. & Hasanirad, T. (2011). Relationship between resilience, optimism and psychological well-being in students of medicine. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 1541-1544.Werner, E. E. & Smith, R. S. (1992). Overcoming the odds: High risk children from birth to adulthood. New York: Cornell University Press.Werner E.E. (2013). What can we learn about resilience from large-scale longitudinal studies?. S. Goldstein & R. Brooks (Ed.), In Handbook of resilience in children (87- 102). Boston, MA: Springer. Windle, G., Bennett, K. M. & Noyes, J. (2011). A methodological review of resilience measurement scales. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 9(1), 8.
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Studies on Education
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Derya Akbaş 0000-0001-9852-4782

Nilüfer Kahraman This is me 0000-0003-2523-0155

Publication Date January 15, 2020
Acceptance Date September 1, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 51 Issue: 51

Cite

APA Akbaş, D., & Kahraman, N. (2020). Psikolojik Dayanıklılık İçin Boylamsal Bir Ölçme Modeli: Üniversite Öğrencileri Üzerine Bir Uygulama. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 51(51), 220-242. https://doi.org/10.15285/maruaebd.531154