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MIGA Konvansiyonunun Uygulama Alanı ve Konvansiyon Kapsamındaki Uyuşmazlıklara İlişkin Çözüm Yöntemleri

Year 2018, Volume: 24 Issue: 1, 374 - 399, 18.07.2018
https://doi.org/10.33433/maruhad.445674

Abstract

Dünya Bankası Grubunun en genç üyesi olan Çok Taraflı Yatırım Garanti Ajansının (MIGA) temel amacı, üye ülke yatırımcılarının, diğer üye ülkelerdeki yatırımları sebebiyle uğrayabilecekleri ticari olmayan riskleri garanti altına almaktır. Bu amaç çerçevesinde MIGA Konvansiyonu’nda, ev sahibi devletteki “döviz transferi”, “kamulaştırma ve benzeri tedbirler”, “savaş ve toplumsal kargaşa durumları” ve “sözleşmenin ihlali” risklerine karşı garanti sağlanmıştır. Konvansiyon kapsamında MIGA garantisinden faydalanmaya elverişli yatırım türleri ile yatırımcıların özelliklerine de yer verilmiştir. Konvansiyon’da ayrıca, Ajans ve üye devletler arasında ortaya çıkabilecek uyuşmazlıklara ilişkin olarak, müzakerelerden sonuç alınamaması halinde, “uzlaştırma” veya “tahkim” yollarına başvurulması öngörülmüştür. Söz konusu uyuşmazlık çözüm yolları bakımından; uzlaştırmacının tayini, hakem heyetinin teşekkülü, uyuşmazlığa uygulanacak hukuk ve tesis edilen kararların icrası konularında özgün hükümlere yer verilmiştir. Türkiye’nin 1988 yılından bu yana üye olduğu MIGA, ülkemizde son yıllarda özellikle sağlık, ulaşım ve finans sektörlerinde önemli yatırımlara garanti sağlamıştır. Bahse konu hukuki çerçevenin analizi, ülkemizin MIGA garantisi kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen yatırımlara ilişkin hak ve yükümlülüklerinin tespiti bakımından önem arz etmektedir.

References

  • AIA, Association for International Arbitration, Arbitration and Mediation in the ACP-EU Relations, AIA Series, Maklu Publishers, Antwerp-Apeldoorn, 2008.
  • AKBIYIK Azra Arkan, Çok Taraflı Yatırım Garanti Kuruluşu Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), Bilgi Toplumunda Hukuk; Ünal Tekinalp’e Armağan, Beta Yayınları, Cilt 3, ss. 157-172, İstanbul, 2003.
  • BAROUDI Merli Margaret, Innovation in Political Risk Insurance: Experience from the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, Global Policy, University of Durham and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Vol. 8, Issue 3, pp. 406-413, September 2017.
  • COMEAUX Paul E./ KINSELLA N. Stephen, Reducing Political Risk in Developing Countries: Bilateral Investment Treaties, Stabilization Clauses, and MIGA & (and) OPIC Investment Insurance, New York Law School Journal of International and Comparative Law, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 1-48, 1994.
  • ÇAL Sedat, Uluslararası Yatırım Tahkimi ve Kamu Hukuku İlişkisi, Seçkin Yayınları, Ankara, 2009.
  • ÇELİKEL Aysel/ (ÖZTEKİN) GELGEL Günseli, Yabancılar Hukuku, Beta Yayınları, Yenilenmiş 20. Bası, İstanbul, Ocak 2014.
  • DÜNDAR Efe, Uluslararası Ticaret Hukukunda Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar ve Çok Uluslu Şirketler İncelemesi, Marmara Üniversitesi Öneri Dergisi, Cilt 11, Sayı 41, ss. 273-282, Ocak 2014.
  • GİRAY Faruk Kerem, Türkiye’nin Taraf Olduğu İki Taraflı Yatırımların Karşılıklı Teşviki ve Korunması Anlaşmalarında Öngörülen İhtilaf Çözüm Yolları, Milletlerarası Hukuk ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni, Prof. Dr. Yılmaz Altuğ’a Armağan, Cilt 17, Sayı 1-2, ss. 217-228, 1997-1998.
  • HEYMANN Monika C. E., International Law and the Settlement of Investment Disputes Relating to China, Journal of International Economic Law Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 507-526, Oxford University Press, 2008.
  • HOWSE Robert, International Investment Law and Arbitration: A Conceptual Framework, New York University School of Law, Institute for International Law and Justice, IILJ Working Paper 2017/1 (MegaReg Series), 2017.
  • IEG World Bank/ IFC/ MIGA, The World Bank Group Guarantee Instruments 1990-2007 An Independent Evaluation, The World Bank, Washington, D.C., No. 48454, 2009.
  • KARAAĞAÇ Ömür, Türk Hukukunda Yabancı Yatırımcı Olarak Şirketlerin Taşınmaz Mal Edinmeleri (Yabancı Şirketler ile Yabancı Sermayeli Şirketler), Lykeion Yayınları, Ankara, Ekim 2017.
  • LAMBERT Olivier J. L., Maintaining FDI Flows in a Risk-Averse World, MIGA Europe Office, Bilbao- Spain, September 30-October 1, 2013.
  • MIGA, Rules of Arbitration for Disputes under Contracts of Guarantee of the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, Washington, January 1990.
  • MIGA, Investment Guarantee Guide, July 2015.
  • MIGA, MIGA Guarantee Will Help Turkey Grow its Export Sector, Press Release, Washington, April 7, 2015.
  • MIGA, Utilizing MIGA Products to Support Renewable Energy Projects, April 25, 2014.
  • MICALE Valerio/ FRISARI Gianleo/ HERVÉ-MIGNUCCI Morgan/ MAZZA Federico, Risk Gaps: Policy Risk Instruments, A CPI Report, Climate Policy Initiative, January 2013.
  • ROWAT Malcolm D., Multilateral Approaches to Improving the Investment Climate of Developing Countries: The Cases of ICSID and MIGA, Harvard International Law Journal, Vol. 33, No. I, pp. 103-144, Winter 1992.
  • SCHEFER Krista Nadakavukaren, International Investment Law Text, Cases and Materials, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2013.
  • SHIHATA Ibrahim F. I., The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, The International Lawyer, pp. 485- 497, 1986 (MIGA).
  • SHIHATA Ibrahim F. I., The Settlement of Disputes regarding Foreign Investments: The Role of the World Bank, with Particular Reference to ICSID and MIGA, Arab Law Quarterly, pp. 265-279, 1986 (Settlement of Disputes).
  • SINN Stefan, Second Thoughts on MIGA, Intereconomics, ISSN 0020-5346, Verlag Weltarchiv, Hamburg, Vol. 21, Iss. 6, pp. 269-276, 1986.
  • STEVENS Margrete/ LOVE Ben, Investor-State Mediation: Observations on the Role of Institutions, Contemporary Issues in International Arbitration and Mediation: The Fordham Papers, Vol. 3, Editor: Arthur W. Rovine, pp. 389-417, 2009.
  • SORNARAJAH M., The International Law on Foreign Investment, Cambridge University Press, Third Edition, Cambridge 2011.
  • TAN Celine, Risky Business: Political Risk Insurance and the Law and Governance of Natural Resources, Natural Resources and Sustainable Development: International Economic Law Perspectives, Ed. Tan Celine/ Faundez Julio, Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 28-49, 2017.
  • TİRYAKİOĞLU Bilgin, Doğrudan Yatırımların Uluslararası Hukukta Korunması, Dayınlarlı Hukuk Yayınları, Ankara 2003.
  • TÜRK EXIMBANK, 2016 Faaliyet Raporu, İstanbul, 30 Mart 2017.
  • TÜRK EXIMBANK, Faaliyet Raporu 2017, İstanbul, 30 Mart 2018.
  • UNCTAD, Investor-State Disputes: Prevention and Alternatives to Arbitration, UNCTAD Series on International Investment Policies for Development, United Nations New York and Geneva, 2010.
  • WIPR, World Investment and Political Risk, MIGA, World Bank Group, Washington, 2013.
  • WILLIAMS S. Linn, Political and Other Risk Insurance: OPIC, MIGA, EXIMBANK and Other Providers, Pace International Law Review, Vol. 5:59, pp. 62-113, 1993.
  • WORLD BANK, Memorandum to the Board of Directors Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) Strategy & Business Outlook FY18-20, March 23, 2017 (Memorandum).
  • WORLD BANK, Non-Honoring of Financial Obligations, MIGA Brief. Washington, World Bank, July 2013 (NHFO).
  • WORLD BANK, Providing Political Risk Insurance and Credit Enhancement Solutions, MIGA, World Bank Group, Washington, May 2017 (Credit Enhancement Solutions).
  • YILMAZ Alper Çağrı, Uluslararası Enerji Yatırımlarının Korunması, XII Levha Yayınları, 1. Baskı, İstanbul, Haziran 2013.
  • YILMAZ Yasemin, Garanti Sözleşmesi Contract of Guaranty, Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, Yıl: 5, Sayı: 19, ss. 1079-1116. Ekim 2014.
  • Berne Union Statistics 2012-2016 (https://www.berneunion.org/DataReports).
  • EBRD, The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development,Elazig Hospital PPP, Türkçe (http://www.ebrd.com/cs/Satellite?c=Content&cid=1395254035431&d=Mobile&pagename=EBRD%2FContent%2FContentLayout)
  • EDWARDS Sophie, Meet MIGA, The World Bank Agency Coming of Age, May 16, 2018 (https://www. devex.com/news/meet-miga-the-world-bank-agency-coming-of-age-92489).
  • MIGA History (https://www.miga.org/who-we-are/history).
  • MIGA Member Countries (https://www.miga.org/who-we-are/member-countries).
  • MIGA Access to Information Policy (https://www.miga.org/documents/Access_Information_Policy.pdf).
  • MIGA Commentary on the Convention Establishing The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (Commentary) (https://www.miga.org/Documents/MIGA%20Convention%20February%202016. pdf).
  • MIGA Operational Policies (Operational Policies) (https://www.miga.org/Documents/Operational- Policies.pdf).
  • MIGA, MIGA Strategic Directions FY15-17 (Strategic Directions) (https://www.miga.org/documents/ miga_fy15-17_strategy.pdf).
  • MIGA, Political Risk Insurance Solutions, March 2015 (https://nl4worldbank.files.wordpress.com/2017/07/ miga-presentation-pri-fy17.pdf).
  • Uluslararası Para Fonu Özet Bilgi (https://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/tur/sdrt.pdf).
  • WORLD BANK, Amendments to MIGA’s Convention (http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BODINT/ Resources/Convention_Changes_Fact_Sheet.pdf).
  • WORLD BANK, MIGA: Helping Keep Sustainable Investments on Track (English), MIGA Brief, Washington, World Bank Group, 2015 (Sustainable Investments) (http://documents.worldbank. org/curated/en/471191502706726555/MIGA-helping-keep-sustainable-investments-on-track).
  • ICSID, ICSID and the World Bank Group (https://icsid.worldbank.org/en/Pages/about/ICSID%20And%20 The%20World%20Bank%20Group.aspx).
Year 2018, Volume: 24 Issue: 1, 374 - 399, 18.07.2018
https://doi.org/10.33433/maruhad.445674

Abstract

References

  • AIA, Association for International Arbitration, Arbitration and Mediation in the ACP-EU Relations, AIA Series, Maklu Publishers, Antwerp-Apeldoorn, 2008.
  • AKBIYIK Azra Arkan, Çok Taraflı Yatırım Garanti Kuruluşu Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), Bilgi Toplumunda Hukuk; Ünal Tekinalp’e Armağan, Beta Yayınları, Cilt 3, ss. 157-172, İstanbul, 2003.
  • BAROUDI Merli Margaret, Innovation in Political Risk Insurance: Experience from the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, Global Policy, University of Durham and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Vol. 8, Issue 3, pp. 406-413, September 2017.
  • COMEAUX Paul E./ KINSELLA N. Stephen, Reducing Political Risk in Developing Countries: Bilateral Investment Treaties, Stabilization Clauses, and MIGA & (and) OPIC Investment Insurance, New York Law School Journal of International and Comparative Law, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 1-48, 1994.
  • ÇAL Sedat, Uluslararası Yatırım Tahkimi ve Kamu Hukuku İlişkisi, Seçkin Yayınları, Ankara, 2009.
  • ÇELİKEL Aysel/ (ÖZTEKİN) GELGEL Günseli, Yabancılar Hukuku, Beta Yayınları, Yenilenmiş 20. Bası, İstanbul, Ocak 2014.
  • DÜNDAR Efe, Uluslararası Ticaret Hukukunda Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar ve Çok Uluslu Şirketler İncelemesi, Marmara Üniversitesi Öneri Dergisi, Cilt 11, Sayı 41, ss. 273-282, Ocak 2014.
  • GİRAY Faruk Kerem, Türkiye’nin Taraf Olduğu İki Taraflı Yatırımların Karşılıklı Teşviki ve Korunması Anlaşmalarında Öngörülen İhtilaf Çözüm Yolları, Milletlerarası Hukuk ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni, Prof. Dr. Yılmaz Altuğ’a Armağan, Cilt 17, Sayı 1-2, ss. 217-228, 1997-1998.
  • HEYMANN Monika C. E., International Law and the Settlement of Investment Disputes Relating to China, Journal of International Economic Law Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 507-526, Oxford University Press, 2008.
  • HOWSE Robert, International Investment Law and Arbitration: A Conceptual Framework, New York University School of Law, Institute for International Law and Justice, IILJ Working Paper 2017/1 (MegaReg Series), 2017.
  • IEG World Bank/ IFC/ MIGA, The World Bank Group Guarantee Instruments 1990-2007 An Independent Evaluation, The World Bank, Washington, D.C., No. 48454, 2009.
  • KARAAĞAÇ Ömür, Türk Hukukunda Yabancı Yatırımcı Olarak Şirketlerin Taşınmaz Mal Edinmeleri (Yabancı Şirketler ile Yabancı Sermayeli Şirketler), Lykeion Yayınları, Ankara, Ekim 2017.
  • LAMBERT Olivier J. L., Maintaining FDI Flows in a Risk-Averse World, MIGA Europe Office, Bilbao- Spain, September 30-October 1, 2013.
  • MIGA, Rules of Arbitration for Disputes under Contracts of Guarantee of the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, Washington, January 1990.
  • MIGA, Investment Guarantee Guide, July 2015.
  • MIGA, MIGA Guarantee Will Help Turkey Grow its Export Sector, Press Release, Washington, April 7, 2015.
  • MIGA, Utilizing MIGA Products to Support Renewable Energy Projects, April 25, 2014.
  • MICALE Valerio/ FRISARI Gianleo/ HERVÉ-MIGNUCCI Morgan/ MAZZA Federico, Risk Gaps: Policy Risk Instruments, A CPI Report, Climate Policy Initiative, January 2013.
  • ROWAT Malcolm D., Multilateral Approaches to Improving the Investment Climate of Developing Countries: The Cases of ICSID and MIGA, Harvard International Law Journal, Vol. 33, No. I, pp. 103-144, Winter 1992.
  • SCHEFER Krista Nadakavukaren, International Investment Law Text, Cases and Materials, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2013.
  • SHIHATA Ibrahim F. I., The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, The International Lawyer, pp. 485- 497, 1986 (MIGA).
  • SHIHATA Ibrahim F. I., The Settlement of Disputes regarding Foreign Investments: The Role of the World Bank, with Particular Reference to ICSID and MIGA, Arab Law Quarterly, pp. 265-279, 1986 (Settlement of Disputes).
  • SINN Stefan, Second Thoughts on MIGA, Intereconomics, ISSN 0020-5346, Verlag Weltarchiv, Hamburg, Vol. 21, Iss. 6, pp. 269-276, 1986.
  • STEVENS Margrete/ LOVE Ben, Investor-State Mediation: Observations on the Role of Institutions, Contemporary Issues in International Arbitration and Mediation: The Fordham Papers, Vol. 3, Editor: Arthur W. Rovine, pp. 389-417, 2009.
  • SORNARAJAH M., The International Law on Foreign Investment, Cambridge University Press, Third Edition, Cambridge 2011.
  • TAN Celine, Risky Business: Political Risk Insurance and the Law and Governance of Natural Resources, Natural Resources and Sustainable Development: International Economic Law Perspectives, Ed. Tan Celine/ Faundez Julio, Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 28-49, 2017.
  • TİRYAKİOĞLU Bilgin, Doğrudan Yatırımların Uluslararası Hukukta Korunması, Dayınlarlı Hukuk Yayınları, Ankara 2003.
  • TÜRK EXIMBANK, 2016 Faaliyet Raporu, İstanbul, 30 Mart 2017.
  • TÜRK EXIMBANK, Faaliyet Raporu 2017, İstanbul, 30 Mart 2018.
  • UNCTAD, Investor-State Disputes: Prevention and Alternatives to Arbitration, UNCTAD Series on International Investment Policies for Development, United Nations New York and Geneva, 2010.
  • WIPR, World Investment and Political Risk, MIGA, World Bank Group, Washington, 2013.
  • WILLIAMS S. Linn, Political and Other Risk Insurance: OPIC, MIGA, EXIMBANK and Other Providers, Pace International Law Review, Vol. 5:59, pp. 62-113, 1993.
  • WORLD BANK, Memorandum to the Board of Directors Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) Strategy & Business Outlook FY18-20, March 23, 2017 (Memorandum).
  • WORLD BANK, Non-Honoring of Financial Obligations, MIGA Brief. Washington, World Bank, July 2013 (NHFO).
  • WORLD BANK, Providing Political Risk Insurance and Credit Enhancement Solutions, MIGA, World Bank Group, Washington, May 2017 (Credit Enhancement Solutions).
  • YILMAZ Alper Çağrı, Uluslararası Enerji Yatırımlarının Korunması, XII Levha Yayınları, 1. Baskı, İstanbul, Haziran 2013.
  • YILMAZ Yasemin, Garanti Sözleşmesi Contract of Guaranty, Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, Yıl: 5, Sayı: 19, ss. 1079-1116. Ekim 2014.
  • Berne Union Statistics 2012-2016 (https://www.berneunion.org/DataReports).
  • EBRD, The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development,Elazig Hospital PPP, Türkçe (http://www.ebrd.com/cs/Satellite?c=Content&cid=1395254035431&d=Mobile&pagename=EBRD%2FContent%2FContentLayout)
  • EDWARDS Sophie, Meet MIGA, The World Bank Agency Coming of Age, May 16, 2018 (https://www. devex.com/news/meet-miga-the-world-bank-agency-coming-of-age-92489).
  • MIGA History (https://www.miga.org/who-we-are/history).
  • MIGA Member Countries (https://www.miga.org/who-we-are/member-countries).
  • MIGA Access to Information Policy (https://www.miga.org/documents/Access_Information_Policy.pdf).
  • MIGA Commentary on the Convention Establishing The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (Commentary) (https://www.miga.org/Documents/MIGA%20Convention%20February%202016. pdf).
  • MIGA Operational Policies (Operational Policies) (https://www.miga.org/Documents/Operational- Policies.pdf).
  • MIGA, MIGA Strategic Directions FY15-17 (Strategic Directions) (https://www.miga.org/documents/ miga_fy15-17_strategy.pdf).
  • MIGA, Political Risk Insurance Solutions, March 2015 (https://nl4worldbank.files.wordpress.com/2017/07/ miga-presentation-pri-fy17.pdf).
  • Uluslararası Para Fonu Özet Bilgi (https://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/tur/sdrt.pdf).
  • WORLD BANK, Amendments to MIGA’s Convention (http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BODINT/ Resources/Convention_Changes_Fact_Sheet.pdf).
  • WORLD BANK, MIGA: Helping Keep Sustainable Investments on Track (English), MIGA Brief, Washington, World Bank Group, 2015 (Sustainable Investments) (http://documents.worldbank. org/curated/en/471191502706726555/MIGA-helping-keep-sustainable-investments-on-track).
  • ICSID, ICSID and the World Bank Group (https://icsid.worldbank.org/en/Pages/about/ICSID%20And%20 The%20World%20Bank%20Group.aspx).
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Law in Context
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Alper Çağrı Yılmaz This is me

Publication Date July 18, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 24 Issue: 1

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