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İSTANBUL’DAKİ AFRİKALI GÖÇMENLERİN ULUSÖTESİ SOSYAL ALANLARININ ENTEGRASYON SÜREÇLERİNE ETKİSİ

Year 2019, , 216 - 235, 24.07.2019
https://doi.org/10.14783/maruoneri.594943

Abstract

2000'li yılların başından itibaren literatürde entegrasyon ve ulusötesi göç
arasındaki kesişmelere artan bir ilgi vardır (Erdal, 2013; Faist, 2013;
Kivisto, 2003; Levitt, DeWind
& Vertovec, 2003). Faist (2013)
entegrasyon ve ulusötesi göçün birbiriyle ilişkili kavramlar olarak görülmesi
gerektiğini öne sürmekte ve ulusötesi aktiviteleri de entegrasyona alternatif
bir model olarak tanımlamaktadır. Bu makalede, İstanbul’daki Afrikalı
göçmenlerin entegrasyon süreçlerine ve stratejilerine odaklanılarak, ulusötesi
sosyal alanların entegrasyon süreçlerine etkisi incelenmektedir. 1990’lı
yılların sonlarından bu yana Türkiye, Sahra-altı Afrika’nın çeşitli ülkelerinden
gelen göçmenler için hem bir geçiş ülkesi hem de yerleşim yeri haline gelmiştir.
Avrupa’ya göç etme amacıyla Türkiye’ye gelen Afrikalı göçmenlerin çoğu amaçlarını
gerçekleştiremeyip uzun yıllar boyunca Türkiye’de yaşamaktadır. Afrika’nın
farklı ülkelerinden gelen Afrikalı göçmenlerin göçmen statüleri de farklılık göstermektedir.
Türkiye’de ikamet eden Afrikalı göçmenler sığınmacı, kısa süreli vizesi
olanlar, çalışma veya öğrenci vizesine sahip olanlar ve yasal olarak ülkeye
giriş yapmış ancak vizelerini yenilememiş olan belgesiz göçmenler gibi farklı göçmen
statülerine sahiptirler. Bazı Afrikalı göçmenler altı aydır Türkiye’de
bulunurken diğerleri on yıl ya da daha uzun süre Türkiye’de yaşamaktadır. Türkiye’de
bulundukları süre içinde oluşturdukları sosyo-kültürel ve ekonomik alanlar ülkeleri
ile bağlarının devamını sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, İstanbul’da yaşayan
Afrikalı göçmenlerin oluşturdukları ulusötesi sosyal alanların entegrasyon süreçlerine
etkisi 40 Afrikalı göçmen ile derinlemesine yüz yüze görüşmeler yapılarak elde
edilen bulgular çerçevesinde açıklanmıştır ve ulusötesi sosyal alanların
entegrasyon süreçlerini hızlandırdığı savunulmuştur. 

References

  • Ager, A. & Strang, A. (2008). Understanding integration: A conceptual framework. Journal of Refugee Studies, 21(2), 166–191.
  • Al-Ali, N., Black, R. & Koser, K. (2001). Refugees and transnationalism: The experience of Bosnian and Eritreans in Europe. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 27(4), 615–34.
  • Baird, T. (2011). The missing migration component of Turkey-Africa relations. Open Democracy, https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/missing-migration-component-of-turkey-africa-relations/. (Erişim Tarihi: 19 Mayıs 2019).
  • Basch, L., Glick Schiller, N. & Blanch-Szanton, C. (1994). Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation States. New York: Routledge.
  • Beaud, S. & Noiriel, G. (2003). Göçmenlerin ‘bütünleşmesini’ düşünmek. Toplumbilim, Göç Sosyolojisi Özel Sayısı, 17, 15-24,
  • Bilgili, O. (2015). Economic integration to send money back home?. Journal of Immigration and Refugee Studies, 13(4), 379–400.
  • Bloch, A. (2004). Labour market participation and conditions of employment: A comparison of minority ethnic groups and refugees in Britain. Sociological Research Online, 9 (2), 1-19.
  • Brewer, K. T. & Yükseker, D. (2006). A survey of African migrants and asylum seekers in İstanbul, MiReKoç Research Projects 2005-2006. İstanbul: Migration Research Program at Koç University.
  • Carling, J. & Hoelscher, K. (2013). The capacity and desire to remit: Comparing local and transnational influences. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 39(6), 939–958.
  • Castles, S., Korac, M. Vasta, E. & Vertovec, S. (2002). Integration: Mapping the Field. Centre for Migration and Policy Research and Refugee Studies Centre, Oxford: University of Oxford.
  • Coşkun, E. (2016). Türkiye' nin göç rejiminde toplumsal cinsiyet faktörü: Ugandalı göçmen kadınlar örneği. Fe Dergi, 8(1), 91-104.
  • Da Lomba, S. (2010). Legal and refugee status integration: A UK perspective. Journal of Refugee Studies, 23(4), 415–436.
  • Dahinden, J. (2013). Cities, migrant incorporation, and ethnicity: A network perspective on boundary work. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 14(1), 39-60.
  • Dekker, B. & Siegel, M. (2013). Transnationalism and Integration: Complements or substitutes?. UNI-MERIT Working Paper Series, 71, Maastricht: Maastricht University.
  • ECRE (2002). Position on the integration of refugees Europe. London: ECRE. http://www.ecre.org/topics/areas-of-work/integration/179.html. (Erişim Tarihi: 20 Mayıs 2019).
  • Erdal, M.B. (2013). Migrant transnationalism and multi-layered integration: Norwegian-Pakistani migrants own reflections. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 39(6), 983–999.
  • Erdal, M.B. & Oeppen, C. (2013). Migrant balancing acts: Understanding the interaction between integration and transnationalism. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 39(6), 867–884.
  • EU (2010). The Stockholm Programme: An Open and Secure Europe Serving and Protecting Citizens. Brussels: European Union.
  • Faist, T. (1999). Overcoming Immobility and Building Bridges: International South North Migration and Transnational Spaces. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Faist, T. (2000). Transnationalization in international migration: Implications for the study of citizenship and culture. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 23(2), 189–222.
  • Faist, T. (2013). The mobility turn: A new paradigm for the social sciences?. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 36(11), 1637- 46.
  • Faist, T., Fauser, M. & Kivisto, P. (2011). The Migration-Development Nexus: Transnational Perspectives. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Garces, B. M. & Penninx, R. (2016). Introduction: Integration as a three-way process approach?. Garces, B. M. & Penninx, R. (eds.) (pp. 1-9) Integration Processes and
  • Policies in Europe: Contexts, Levels and Actors. Londra: Springer.
  • Glick Schiller, N. Basch, L. & Blanch- Szanton, C. (1995). From immigrant to transmigrant: Theorising transnational migration. Anthropological Quarterly, 68(1), 48-63.
  • Glick-Schiller, N. & Wimmer, A. (2002). Methodological nationalism and beyond: Nation-state building, migration and the social sciences. Global Networks, 2(4), 301–334.
  • Grzymala-Kazlowska, A. (2015). The role of different forms of bridging capital for immigrant adaptation and upward mobility. The case of Ukrainian and Vietnamese immigrants settled in Poland. Ethnicities, 15(4), 460-490.
  • Hammond, L. (2013). Somali transnational activism and integration in the UK: Mutually supporting strategies. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 39(6), 1001–1017.
  • Ihlamur-Öner, S.G. & Şirin-Öner, N.A. (2014). Küreselleşme Çağında Göç: Kavramlar, Tartışmalar. İstanbul: İletişim Yayıncılık.
  • Kartal, B. & Başçı, E. (2014). Türkiye’ye yönelik mülteci ve sığınmacı hareketleri. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12(2), 275- 299.
  • King, R. & Collyer, M. (2016). Migration and development framework and its links to integration. Garces, B.M. &Penninx, R. (Eds.). (pp.167-188). Integration Processes and
  • Policies in Europe: Contexts, Levels and Actors. Londra: Springer.
  • Kivisto, P. (2001). Theorizing transnational immigration: A critical review of current efforts. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 24(4), 549–77.
  • Kivisto, P. (2003). Social spaces, transnational immigrant communities, and the politics of incorporation. Ethnicities, 3(1), 5–28.
  • Lacroix, T. (2013). Collective remittances and integration: North African and North Indian comparative perspectives. Journal of Ethnic and Racial Studies, 39(6), 1019–1035.
  • Levitt, P. (1998). Social remittances: Migration-driven local-level forms of cultural diffusion. International Migration Review, 32(4), 926-48.
  • Levitt, P. (2001). Transnational migration: Taking stock and future directions. Global Networks, 1(3), 195–216.
  • Levitt, P., DeWind, J. & Vertovec, S. (2003). International perspectives on transnational migration: An introduction. International Migration Review, 37(3), 565–75.
  • Lewellen, T. (2002). Antropology of Globalisation: Cultural Anthropology Enters the 21st Century. Wesport: Greenwood Publishing Group.
  • Mazzucato, V. (2008). The double engagement: Transnationalism and integration. Ghanaian migrants’ lives between Ghana and The Netherlands. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 34(2), 199-216.
  • Neuman, W. L. & Robson, K. (2014). Basics of Social Research. Toronto: Pearson Canada.
  • Østergaard-Nielsen, E. (2016). Sending country policies. Garces, B. M. & Penninx, R. (eds.). (pp.147-165) Integration Processes and Policies in Europe: Contexts, Levels and Actors. Londra: Springer.
  • Özdil, K. (2008). Creating new spaces, claiming rights. West African immigrants in Istanbul. Eckardt, F. & Wildner, K. (eds.). (pp. 279-298) Public Istanbul. Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag.
  • Özkan, M. & Akgün, B. (2010). Turkey’s opening to Africa. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 48(4), 525-546.
  • Phillimore, J. (2012). Implementing integration in the UK: Lessons for integration theory, policy and practice. Policy and Politics, 40(4), 525–545.
  • Phillimore, J. & Goodson, L. (2008). Making a place in the global city: The relevance of indicators of integration. Journal of Refugee Studies, 21(3), 305–325.
  • Portes, A. (1997). Globalization from below: The rise of transnational communities. Transnational Communities Programme, CMD Working Paper Series, 98 (8), Oxford: University of Oxford, http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/working%20papers/portes.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 21 Mayıs 2019).
  • Portes, A. (2001). Introduction: The debates and significance of immigrant transnationalism. Global Networks, 1(3), 181-93.
  • Portes, A., Guarnizo, L.E. & Landolt, P. (1999). The study of transnationalism: Pitfalls and promise of an emergent research field. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22(2), 217–37.
  • Portes, A., Guarnizo, L.E. & Haller, W.J. (2002). Transnational entrepreneurs: An alternative form of immigrant economic adaptation. American Sociological Review, 67(2), 278–98.
  • Pries, L. (2001). The approach of transnational social spaces; responding to new configuration of the social and the spatial. Pries, L. (eds.). (pp. 3-33) New Transnational Social Space: International Migration and Transnational Companies in the Early 21st Century. Londra: Routledge.
  • Robinson, V. (1998). Defining and measuring successful refugee integration. proceedings of ecre international conference on integration of refugees in Europe. Antwerp November 1998, Brussels: European Council on Refugees and Exiles.
  • Schunck, R. (2011). Transnational Activities and Immigrant Integration in Germany: Concurrent or Competitive Processes?. Londra: Springer.
  • Şaul, M. (2013). Sahra Altı Afrika ülkelerinden Türkiye’ye iş göçü. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 68(1), 83-121.
  • Şimşek, D. (2019). İstanbul’daki Afrikalı göçmenlerin gündelik ırkçılık deneyimleri. Mukaddime, 10(1), 233- 248.
  • Şimşek, D. (2019a). Transnational activities of Syrian refugees in Turkey: Hindering or supporting integration. International Migration, 57(2), 268- 282.
  • Smith, M. P. & Guarnizo, E. (1998) Transnationalism from Below. Londra: Transaction Publishers.
  • Strang, A. & Ager, A. (2010). Refugee integration: Emerging trends and remaining agendas. Journal of Refugee Studies, 23(4), 589–607.
  • Stubbs, P. (1996). Creative negotiations: Concepts and practice of integration of refugees, displaced persons and local communities in Croatia. Jambresic, R.K.&
  • Povrzanovic, M. (eds.). (pp.31-40). War, Exile, Everyday Life. Zagreb: Institute for Ethnology and Folklore Research.
  • Sturge, G., Bilgili, O. & Siegel, M. (2016). Migrants’ capacity as actors of development: Do skills matter for economic and social remittances. Global Networks, 16(4), 470–489.
  • Sturgis, P., Smith, I. B., Kuha, J. & Jackson, J. (2013). Ethnic diversity, segregation and the social cohesion of neighborhoods in London. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 37(8), 1286-1309.
  • Threadgold, T. & Court, G. (2005). Refugee inclusion: A literature review. Cardiff: Cardiff School of Journalism. Media and Cultural Studies, https://gweddill.gov.wales/docs/caecd/research/061128-refugee-inclusion-literature-review-en.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 23 Mayıs 2019).
  • Vertovec, S. (1999). Conceiving and researching transnationalism. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22(2), 447-462.
  • Vertovec, S. (2003). Migration and other modes of transnationalism: Towards conceptual cross fertilisation. International Migration Review, 37(3), 641–665.
  • Vertovec, S. (2004). Migrant transnationalism and modes of transformation. International Migration Review, 38(3), 970–1001.
  • Vertovec S. (2009). Transnationalism. Londra-New York: Routledge.
  • Waldinger, R. (2008). Between “here” and “there”: Immigrant cross-border activities and loyalties. International Migration Review, 42(1), 3-29.
  • Waldinger, R. & Fitzgerald, D. (2004). Transnationalism in question. American Journal of Sociology, 109(5), 1177-1195.
  • Wimmer, A. & Glick Schiller, N. (2002). Methodological nationalism and beyond: Nation-State building, migration and the social sciences. Global Networks, 2(4), 300-330.
Year 2019, , 216 - 235, 24.07.2019
https://doi.org/10.14783/maruoneri.594943

Abstract

References

  • Ager, A. & Strang, A. (2008). Understanding integration: A conceptual framework. Journal of Refugee Studies, 21(2), 166–191.
  • Al-Ali, N., Black, R. & Koser, K. (2001). Refugees and transnationalism: The experience of Bosnian and Eritreans in Europe. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 27(4), 615–34.
  • Baird, T. (2011). The missing migration component of Turkey-Africa relations. Open Democracy, https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/missing-migration-component-of-turkey-africa-relations/. (Erişim Tarihi: 19 Mayıs 2019).
  • Basch, L., Glick Schiller, N. & Blanch-Szanton, C. (1994). Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation States. New York: Routledge.
  • Beaud, S. & Noiriel, G. (2003). Göçmenlerin ‘bütünleşmesini’ düşünmek. Toplumbilim, Göç Sosyolojisi Özel Sayısı, 17, 15-24,
  • Bilgili, O. (2015). Economic integration to send money back home?. Journal of Immigration and Refugee Studies, 13(4), 379–400.
  • Bloch, A. (2004). Labour market participation and conditions of employment: A comparison of minority ethnic groups and refugees in Britain. Sociological Research Online, 9 (2), 1-19.
  • Brewer, K. T. & Yükseker, D. (2006). A survey of African migrants and asylum seekers in İstanbul, MiReKoç Research Projects 2005-2006. İstanbul: Migration Research Program at Koç University.
  • Carling, J. & Hoelscher, K. (2013). The capacity and desire to remit: Comparing local and transnational influences. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 39(6), 939–958.
  • Castles, S., Korac, M. Vasta, E. & Vertovec, S. (2002). Integration: Mapping the Field. Centre for Migration and Policy Research and Refugee Studies Centre, Oxford: University of Oxford.
  • Coşkun, E. (2016). Türkiye' nin göç rejiminde toplumsal cinsiyet faktörü: Ugandalı göçmen kadınlar örneği. Fe Dergi, 8(1), 91-104.
  • Da Lomba, S. (2010). Legal and refugee status integration: A UK perspective. Journal of Refugee Studies, 23(4), 415–436.
  • Dahinden, J. (2013). Cities, migrant incorporation, and ethnicity: A network perspective on boundary work. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 14(1), 39-60.
  • Dekker, B. & Siegel, M. (2013). Transnationalism and Integration: Complements or substitutes?. UNI-MERIT Working Paper Series, 71, Maastricht: Maastricht University.
  • ECRE (2002). Position on the integration of refugees Europe. London: ECRE. http://www.ecre.org/topics/areas-of-work/integration/179.html. (Erişim Tarihi: 20 Mayıs 2019).
  • Erdal, M.B. (2013). Migrant transnationalism and multi-layered integration: Norwegian-Pakistani migrants own reflections. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 39(6), 983–999.
  • Erdal, M.B. & Oeppen, C. (2013). Migrant balancing acts: Understanding the interaction between integration and transnationalism. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 39(6), 867–884.
  • EU (2010). The Stockholm Programme: An Open and Secure Europe Serving and Protecting Citizens. Brussels: European Union.
  • Faist, T. (1999). Overcoming Immobility and Building Bridges: International South North Migration and Transnational Spaces. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Faist, T. (2000). Transnationalization in international migration: Implications for the study of citizenship and culture. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 23(2), 189–222.
  • Faist, T. (2013). The mobility turn: A new paradigm for the social sciences?. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 36(11), 1637- 46.
  • Faist, T., Fauser, M. & Kivisto, P. (2011). The Migration-Development Nexus: Transnational Perspectives. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Garces, B. M. & Penninx, R. (2016). Introduction: Integration as a three-way process approach?. Garces, B. M. & Penninx, R. (eds.) (pp. 1-9) Integration Processes and
  • Policies in Europe: Contexts, Levels and Actors. Londra: Springer.
  • Glick Schiller, N. Basch, L. & Blanch- Szanton, C. (1995). From immigrant to transmigrant: Theorising transnational migration. Anthropological Quarterly, 68(1), 48-63.
  • Glick-Schiller, N. & Wimmer, A. (2002). Methodological nationalism and beyond: Nation-state building, migration and the social sciences. Global Networks, 2(4), 301–334.
  • Grzymala-Kazlowska, A. (2015). The role of different forms of bridging capital for immigrant adaptation and upward mobility. The case of Ukrainian and Vietnamese immigrants settled in Poland. Ethnicities, 15(4), 460-490.
  • Hammond, L. (2013). Somali transnational activism and integration in the UK: Mutually supporting strategies. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 39(6), 1001–1017.
  • Ihlamur-Öner, S.G. & Şirin-Öner, N.A. (2014). Küreselleşme Çağında Göç: Kavramlar, Tartışmalar. İstanbul: İletişim Yayıncılık.
  • Kartal, B. & Başçı, E. (2014). Türkiye’ye yönelik mülteci ve sığınmacı hareketleri. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12(2), 275- 299.
  • King, R. & Collyer, M. (2016). Migration and development framework and its links to integration. Garces, B.M. &Penninx, R. (Eds.). (pp.167-188). Integration Processes and
  • Policies in Europe: Contexts, Levels and Actors. Londra: Springer.
  • Kivisto, P. (2001). Theorizing transnational immigration: A critical review of current efforts. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 24(4), 549–77.
  • Kivisto, P. (2003). Social spaces, transnational immigrant communities, and the politics of incorporation. Ethnicities, 3(1), 5–28.
  • Lacroix, T. (2013). Collective remittances and integration: North African and North Indian comparative perspectives. Journal of Ethnic and Racial Studies, 39(6), 1019–1035.
  • Levitt, P. (1998). Social remittances: Migration-driven local-level forms of cultural diffusion. International Migration Review, 32(4), 926-48.
  • Levitt, P. (2001). Transnational migration: Taking stock and future directions. Global Networks, 1(3), 195–216.
  • Levitt, P., DeWind, J. & Vertovec, S. (2003). International perspectives on transnational migration: An introduction. International Migration Review, 37(3), 565–75.
  • Lewellen, T. (2002). Antropology of Globalisation: Cultural Anthropology Enters the 21st Century. Wesport: Greenwood Publishing Group.
  • Mazzucato, V. (2008). The double engagement: Transnationalism and integration. Ghanaian migrants’ lives between Ghana and The Netherlands. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 34(2), 199-216.
  • Neuman, W. L. & Robson, K. (2014). Basics of Social Research. Toronto: Pearson Canada.
  • Østergaard-Nielsen, E. (2016). Sending country policies. Garces, B. M. & Penninx, R. (eds.). (pp.147-165) Integration Processes and Policies in Europe: Contexts, Levels and Actors. Londra: Springer.
  • Özdil, K. (2008). Creating new spaces, claiming rights. West African immigrants in Istanbul. Eckardt, F. & Wildner, K. (eds.). (pp. 279-298) Public Istanbul. Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag.
  • Özkan, M. & Akgün, B. (2010). Turkey’s opening to Africa. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 48(4), 525-546.
  • Phillimore, J. (2012). Implementing integration in the UK: Lessons for integration theory, policy and practice. Policy and Politics, 40(4), 525–545.
  • Phillimore, J. & Goodson, L. (2008). Making a place in the global city: The relevance of indicators of integration. Journal of Refugee Studies, 21(3), 305–325.
  • Portes, A. (1997). Globalization from below: The rise of transnational communities. Transnational Communities Programme, CMD Working Paper Series, 98 (8), Oxford: University of Oxford, http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/working%20papers/portes.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 21 Mayıs 2019).
  • Portes, A. (2001). Introduction: The debates and significance of immigrant transnationalism. Global Networks, 1(3), 181-93.
  • Portes, A., Guarnizo, L.E. & Landolt, P. (1999). The study of transnationalism: Pitfalls and promise of an emergent research field. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22(2), 217–37.
  • Portes, A., Guarnizo, L.E. & Haller, W.J. (2002). Transnational entrepreneurs: An alternative form of immigrant economic adaptation. American Sociological Review, 67(2), 278–98.
  • Pries, L. (2001). The approach of transnational social spaces; responding to new configuration of the social and the spatial. Pries, L. (eds.). (pp. 3-33) New Transnational Social Space: International Migration and Transnational Companies in the Early 21st Century. Londra: Routledge.
  • Robinson, V. (1998). Defining and measuring successful refugee integration. proceedings of ecre international conference on integration of refugees in Europe. Antwerp November 1998, Brussels: European Council on Refugees and Exiles.
  • Schunck, R. (2011). Transnational Activities and Immigrant Integration in Germany: Concurrent or Competitive Processes?. Londra: Springer.
  • Şaul, M. (2013). Sahra Altı Afrika ülkelerinden Türkiye’ye iş göçü. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 68(1), 83-121.
  • Şimşek, D. (2019). İstanbul’daki Afrikalı göçmenlerin gündelik ırkçılık deneyimleri. Mukaddime, 10(1), 233- 248.
  • Şimşek, D. (2019a). Transnational activities of Syrian refugees in Turkey: Hindering or supporting integration. International Migration, 57(2), 268- 282.
  • Smith, M. P. & Guarnizo, E. (1998) Transnationalism from Below. Londra: Transaction Publishers.
  • Strang, A. & Ager, A. (2010). Refugee integration: Emerging trends and remaining agendas. Journal of Refugee Studies, 23(4), 589–607.
  • Stubbs, P. (1996). Creative negotiations: Concepts and practice of integration of refugees, displaced persons and local communities in Croatia. Jambresic, R.K.&
  • Povrzanovic, M. (eds.). (pp.31-40). War, Exile, Everyday Life. Zagreb: Institute for Ethnology and Folklore Research.
  • Sturge, G., Bilgili, O. & Siegel, M. (2016). Migrants’ capacity as actors of development: Do skills matter for economic and social remittances. Global Networks, 16(4), 470–489.
  • Sturgis, P., Smith, I. B., Kuha, J. & Jackson, J. (2013). Ethnic diversity, segregation and the social cohesion of neighborhoods in London. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 37(8), 1286-1309.
  • Threadgold, T. & Court, G. (2005). Refugee inclusion: A literature review. Cardiff: Cardiff School of Journalism. Media and Cultural Studies, https://gweddill.gov.wales/docs/caecd/research/061128-refugee-inclusion-literature-review-en.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 23 Mayıs 2019).
  • Vertovec, S. (1999). Conceiving and researching transnationalism. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22(2), 447-462.
  • Vertovec, S. (2003). Migration and other modes of transnationalism: Towards conceptual cross fertilisation. International Migration Review, 37(3), 641–665.
  • Vertovec, S. (2004). Migrant transnationalism and modes of transformation. International Migration Review, 38(3), 970–1001.
  • Vertovec S. (2009). Transnationalism. Londra-New York: Routledge.
  • Waldinger, R. (2008). Between “here” and “there”: Immigrant cross-border activities and loyalties. International Migration Review, 42(1), 3-29.
  • Waldinger, R. & Fitzgerald, D. (2004). Transnationalism in question. American Journal of Sociology, 109(5), 1177-1195.
  • Wimmer, A. & Glick Schiller, N. (2002). Methodological nationalism and beyond: Nation-State building, migration and the social sciences. Global Networks, 2(4), 300-330.
There are 70 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Makale Başvuru
Authors

Doğuş Şimşek This is me 0000-0002-8025-5390

Publication Date July 24, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019

Cite

APA Şimşek, D. (2019). İSTANBUL’DAKİ AFRİKALI GÖÇMENLERİN ULUSÖTESİ SOSYAL ALANLARININ ENTEGRASYON SÜREÇLERİNE ETKİSİ. Öneri Dergisi, 14(52), 216-235. https://doi.org/10.14783/maruoneri.594943

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Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü

Göztepe Kampüsü Enstitüler Binası Kat:5 34722  Kadıköy/İstanbul

e-ISSN: 2147-5377