Artificial Intelligence 101 for Architectural Education
Year 2025,
Volume: 20 Issue: MX Yaratıcı Endüstriler Çalıştayı 2024: Yapay Zeka Çağında Yaratıcı Endüstriler Özel Sayısı, 219 - 237, 24.04.2025
Sema Alaçam
,
Orkan Zeynel Güzelci
,
Saadet Zeynep Bacınoğlu
,
Hülya Nur Kızılyaprak
,
Can Uzun
,
Emirhan Coşkun
,
İlker Karadağ
Abstract
This study explores the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in architectural education, reflecting on its transformative impact on design pedagogy. It reviews the evolution of digital technologies within architectural curricula, highlighting key phases from CAD/CAM to computational design thinking and the current era of AI. The research investigates how AI is being implemented in architectural schools through both curricular and extracurricular activities, including specialized courses, workshops, and experimental projects. By evaluating the challenges and potentials of current practices, this study offers recommendations for integrating AI into architectural education to foster a more data-driven and innovative learning environment. This analysis aims to prepare future architects to adopt AI tools across all stages of design, from conceptualization to construction, thereby addressing the evolving demands of the profession.
References
- Alaçam, S., Bacınoğlu, Z., İpek, Y., & Çağdaş, G. (2014). Introducing concepts of graphical programming through exercises based on light-shadow dichotomy. In New challenges on practice, researching and teaching geometries and drawing: Geometrias Conference, Lisbon, Portugal (pp. 107-114).
- Alaçam, S., & Güzelci, O. Z. (2017). Digitizing the unexplored: Bridging the concrete experience and abstract geometry through physical experiments. In 5th eCAADe Regional International Symposium, Wales (pp. 55-62).
- Alaçam, S., Çakıcı Alp, N., & Cesur, D. (2018). Algorithmic leaps: Design and fabrication of Gölcük Ceramic Museum interior exhibition elements. Yapı: Mimarlık, Tasarım, Kültür ve Sanat Dergisi, (437), 74-81.
- Bacınoğlu, S. Z., & Alaçam, S. (2014). A context-based approach to digital architectural modelling education. In Rethinking comprehensive design: Speculative counterculture, Proceedings of the 19th CAADRIA International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia, Kyoto, Japan (pp. 811-820).
- Başarır, L. (2022). Modelling AI in architectural education. Gazi University Journal of Science, 35(4), 1260-1278.
- Bernstein, P. (2022). Machine learning: Architecture in the age of artificial intelligence. RIBA Publishing.
- Carpo, M. (2011). The alphabet and the algorithm. MIT Press.
- Carpo, M. (2017). The second digital turn: Design beyond intelligence. MIT Press.
- Ceylan, S. (2021). Artificial intelligence in architecture: An educational perspective. In CSEDU (1) (pp. 100-107). SCITEPRESS.
- Duarte, J. P., Celani, G., & Pupo, R. (2012). Inserting computational technologies in architectural curricula. In Computational design methods and technologies: Applications in CAD, CAM and CAE education (pp. 390-411). IGI Global.
- Gürer, E., Alaçam, S., & Çağdaş, G. (2012). A dynamic methodology for embedding generative system approaches in architectural design education. In ICONARCH International Congress of Architecture and Planning: Architecture and Technology (pp. 368-374). Konya Technical University Faculty of Architecture and Design.
- Güzelci, O. Z., Alaçam, S., Bacınoğlu, S. Z., & Şener, S. M. (2021). Integrating the algorithmic tectonics to design process with CAD/CAM: Challenges and opportunities. In M. Dal (Ed.), Architectural sciences and technology (pp. 195-224). Livre de Lyon.
- Horvath, A. S., & Pouliou, P. (2024). AI for conceptual architecture: Reflections on designing with text-to-text, text-to-image, and image-to-image generators. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 13(3), 593-612.
- Khan, A. R., & Thilagam, N. L. (2022). The virtual design studio and the key integrals. Open House International, 47(2), 316-337.
- Korra, C., Akshita Sadhana, V., Reddy, A. R. K., Yelagandula, M., & Vemula, L. (2022). Transformative approaches in architectural education: Leveraging artificial intelligence for enhanced design, creativity, and technical integration. International Journal of Transcontinental Discoveries, 9(1), 33-43.
- Luescher, A., & Elwazani, S. (2006). Adapting digital technologies to architectural education need. In Computing in Architecture/Re-Thinking the Discourse: The Second International Conference of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (pp. 26-40). ASCAAD.
- Mitchell, W. J., & McCullough, M. (1991). Digital design media. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
- Perkovic, L., & Settle, A. (2009). Computational thinking across the curriculum: A conceptual framework (College of Computing and Digital Media Technical Report No. 10-001). DePaul University.
- Picon, A. (2010). Digital culture in architecture: An introduction for the design professions. Birkhäuser.
- Sanusi, I. T., & Oyelere, S. S. (2020). Pedagogies of machine learning in K-12 context. In 2020 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) (pp. 1-8). IEEE.
- Schiek, A. F. (2008). Exploring architectural education in the digital age. In The 26th International Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe) (Vol. 26, pp. 861-870). eCAADe.
- Schmitt, G. (1997). Design medium—design object. In CAAD Futures 1997: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures (pp. 3-13). Springer.
- Sorguç, A., Yemişçioğlu, M. K., & Yetkin, O. (2022). Demystifying machine learning for architecture students. Eskişehir Technical University Journal of Science and Technology A-Applied Sciences and Engineering, 23, 60-67.
- Tong, H., & Çağdaş, G. (2005). Global bir tasarım stüdyosuna doğru. Stüdyo: Tasarım Kuram Eleştiri Dergisi, 3, 4-5.
- Tong, H., Türel, A., Şenkal, H., Ergun, S. F. Y., Güzelci, O. Z., & Alaçam, S. (2023a). Can AI function as a new mode of sketching: A teaching experiment with freshmen. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 18(18), 234–248.
- Tong, H., Ülken, G., Türel, A., Şenkal, H., Ergün, F. Y., Güzelci, O. Z., & Alaçam, S. (2023b). An attempt to integrate AI-based techniques into first-year design representation courses. In K. Vaes & J. Verlinden (Eds.), Connectivity and creativity in times of conflicts. Cumulus Conference Proceedings (pp. 12-15). Anversa.
- URL-1: Retrieved 12.06.2024 from https://asd.sutd.edu.sg/programme/bachelor-of-science-architecture-and-sustainable-design/courses/20224-artificial-architectural-intelligences-in-design/
- URL-2: Retrieved 11.05.2024 from https://asd.sutd.edu.sg/programme/bachelor-of-science-architecture-and-sustainable-design/courses/20318-creative-machine-learning/
- URL-3: Retrieved 14.05.2024 from https://arch.usc.edu/courses/582-ai-in-sustainable-architecture-practice
- URL- 4: Retrieved 05.05.2024 from https://mmr.ieu.edu.tr/en/syllabus/type/read/id/ARCH+362
- URL-5: Retrieved 05.05.2024 from https://catalog.metu.edu.tr/course.php?prog=854&course_code=8540723
- URL-6: Retrieved 05.05.2024 from https://ninova.itu.edu.tr/en/courses/faculty-of-architecture/25368/mim-344/
- URL-7: Retrieved 05.05.2024 from https://mbl.itu.edu.tr/mbl-549e-special-topics-in-architectural-design-computing/
- URL-8: Retrieved 05.05.2024 from https://lee.itu.edu.tr/egitim/ders-katalog-formlari?code=MBL559E
- Ünlü, E., & Alaçam, S. (2021). Design to experiment—Experiment to design: Tool-(User, Breaker, Designer). In Formal Methods in Architecture: The 5th International Symposium on Formal Methods in Architecture (5FMA), Lisbon 2020 (pp. 19-27). Springer.
- Van Der Vlist, B., Van De Westelaken, R., Bartneck, C., Hu, J., Ahn, R., Barakova, E., & Feijs, L. (2008). Teaching machine learning to design students. In Technologies for E-Learning and Digital Entertainment: Third International Conference, Edutainment 2008, Nanjing, China, June 25-27 (pp. 206-217). Springer.
- Varinlioğlu, G., Halıcı, S., & Alaçam, S. (2015). Computational approaches for basic design education: Pedagogical notes based on an intense student workshop. In XIX Congresso da Sociedade Ibero Americana de Gráfica Digital 2015 (pp. 576-580).
- Varinlioğlu, G., Alaçam, S., Başarır, L., Genca, Ö., & Üçok, I. (2016a). Bilgisayar destekli teknik çizimde yeni yaklaşımlar: Temsil araçları arası dönüşüm. Yapı, (419), 137-141.
- Varinlioğlu, G., Halıcı, S. M., & Alaçam, S. (2016b). Computational thinking and the architectural curriculum: Simple to complex or complex to simple? In 34th eCAADe International Conference: Complexity and Simplicity, Vol. 1, Oulu School of Architecture, Finland, August 22-26, 2016 (pp. 253-259).
- Varinlioğlu, G., Başarır, L., Genca, O., & Vaizoğlu, Z. (2017). Challenges in raising digital awareness in architectural curriculum. In Computer-Aided Architectural Design. Future Trajectories: 17th International Conference, CAAD Futures 2017, Istanbul, Turkey, July 12-14, 2017, Selected Papers (pp. 136-150). Springer.
- Wing, J. (2006). Computational thinking. Communications of the ACM, 49(3), 33-35.
- Wojtowicz, J., Papazian, P., Fargas, J., Davidson, J. N., & Cheng, N. (1993). Asynchronous architecture. In F. Morgan & R. W. Pohlman (Eds.), Education and Practice: The Critical Interface, ACADIA’93 (pp. 107-117), USA.
- Wurzer, G., Alaçam, S., & Lorenz, W. (2011). How to teach architects (computer) programming. In Proceedings of the 29th eCAADe Conference (pp. 51-56).
- Zeytin, E., Kösenciğ, K. Ö., & Öner, D. (2024). The role of AI design assistance in the architectural design process: An empirical research with novice designers. Journal of Computational Design, 5(1), 1-30.
MİMARLIK EĞİTİMİ İÇİN YAPAY ZEKA 101
Year 2025,
Volume: 20 Issue: MX Yaratıcı Endüstriler Çalıştayı 2024: Yapay Zeka Çağında Yaratıcı Endüstriler Özel Sayısı, 219 - 237, 24.04.2025
Sema Alaçam
,
Orkan Zeynel Güzelci
,
Saadet Zeynep Bacınoğlu
,
Hülya Nur Kızılyaprak
,
Can Uzun
,
Emirhan Coşkun
,
İlker Karadağ
Abstract
Bu çalışma, yapay zekanın (YZ) mimarlık eğitimine entegrasyonunu araştırarak, tasarım pedagojisindeki dönüştürücü etkisini ele almaktadır. Mimarlık müfredatında dijital teknolojilerin evrimini gözden geçirerek, CAD/CAM'den hesaplamalı tasarım düşüncesine ve günümüzün YZ çağındaki gelişmelere kadar olan ana aşamaları vurgulamaktadır. Araştırma, YZ’nin mimarlık okullarında nasıl uygulandığını hem müfredat içi hem de müfredat dışı faaliyetler aracılığıyla, özel dersler, atölyeler ve deneysel projeler gibi unsurları inceleyerek ortaya koymaktadır. Mevcut uygulamaların zorluklarını ve potansiyellerini değerlendirerek, daha veri odaklı ve yenilikçi bir öğrenme ortamı oluşturmak için YZ’nin mimarlık eğitimine entegrasyonuna yönelik öneriler sunmaktadır. Bu analiz, geleceğin mimarlarının kavramsallaştırmadan inşa sürecine kadar tasarımın her aşamasında, YZ araçlarını benimsemelerini sağlayarak mesleğin gelişen taleplerine yanıt vermeye hazırlamayı amaçlamaktadır.
References
- Alaçam, S., Bacınoğlu, Z., İpek, Y., & Çağdaş, G. (2014). Introducing concepts of graphical programming through exercises based on light-shadow dichotomy. In New challenges on practice, researching and teaching geometries and drawing: Geometrias Conference, Lisbon, Portugal (pp. 107-114).
- Alaçam, S., & Güzelci, O. Z. (2017). Digitizing the unexplored: Bridging the concrete experience and abstract geometry through physical experiments. In 5th eCAADe Regional International Symposium, Wales (pp. 55-62).
- Alaçam, S., Çakıcı Alp, N., & Cesur, D. (2018). Algorithmic leaps: Design and fabrication of Gölcük Ceramic Museum interior exhibition elements. Yapı: Mimarlık, Tasarım, Kültür ve Sanat Dergisi, (437), 74-81.
- Bacınoğlu, S. Z., & Alaçam, S. (2014). A context-based approach to digital architectural modelling education. In Rethinking comprehensive design: Speculative counterculture, Proceedings of the 19th CAADRIA International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia, Kyoto, Japan (pp. 811-820).
- Başarır, L. (2022). Modelling AI in architectural education. Gazi University Journal of Science, 35(4), 1260-1278.
- Bernstein, P. (2022). Machine learning: Architecture in the age of artificial intelligence. RIBA Publishing.
- Carpo, M. (2011). The alphabet and the algorithm. MIT Press.
- Carpo, M. (2017). The second digital turn: Design beyond intelligence. MIT Press.
- Ceylan, S. (2021). Artificial intelligence in architecture: An educational perspective. In CSEDU (1) (pp. 100-107). SCITEPRESS.
- Duarte, J. P., Celani, G., & Pupo, R. (2012). Inserting computational technologies in architectural curricula. In Computational design methods and technologies: Applications in CAD, CAM and CAE education (pp. 390-411). IGI Global.
- Gürer, E., Alaçam, S., & Çağdaş, G. (2012). A dynamic methodology for embedding generative system approaches in architectural design education. In ICONARCH International Congress of Architecture and Planning: Architecture and Technology (pp. 368-374). Konya Technical University Faculty of Architecture and Design.
- Güzelci, O. Z., Alaçam, S., Bacınoğlu, S. Z., & Şener, S. M. (2021). Integrating the algorithmic tectonics to design process with CAD/CAM: Challenges and opportunities. In M. Dal (Ed.), Architectural sciences and technology (pp. 195-224). Livre de Lyon.
- Horvath, A. S., & Pouliou, P. (2024). AI for conceptual architecture: Reflections on designing with text-to-text, text-to-image, and image-to-image generators. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 13(3), 593-612.
- Khan, A. R., & Thilagam, N. L. (2022). The virtual design studio and the key integrals. Open House International, 47(2), 316-337.
- Korra, C., Akshita Sadhana, V., Reddy, A. R. K., Yelagandula, M., & Vemula, L. (2022). Transformative approaches in architectural education: Leveraging artificial intelligence for enhanced design, creativity, and technical integration. International Journal of Transcontinental Discoveries, 9(1), 33-43.
- Luescher, A., & Elwazani, S. (2006). Adapting digital technologies to architectural education need. In Computing in Architecture/Re-Thinking the Discourse: The Second International Conference of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (pp. 26-40). ASCAAD.
- Mitchell, W. J., & McCullough, M. (1991). Digital design media. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
- Perkovic, L., & Settle, A. (2009). Computational thinking across the curriculum: A conceptual framework (College of Computing and Digital Media Technical Report No. 10-001). DePaul University.
- Picon, A. (2010). Digital culture in architecture: An introduction for the design professions. Birkhäuser.
- Sanusi, I. T., & Oyelere, S. S. (2020). Pedagogies of machine learning in K-12 context. In 2020 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) (pp. 1-8). IEEE.
- Schiek, A. F. (2008). Exploring architectural education in the digital age. In The 26th International Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe) (Vol. 26, pp. 861-870). eCAADe.
- Schmitt, G. (1997). Design medium—design object. In CAAD Futures 1997: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures (pp. 3-13). Springer.
- Sorguç, A., Yemişçioğlu, M. K., & Yetkin, O. (2022). Demystifying machine learning for architecture students. Eskişehir Technical University Journal of Science and Technology A-Applied Sciences and Engineering, 23, 60-67.
- Tong, H., & Çağdaş, G. (2005). Global bir tasarım stüdyosuna doğru. Stüdyo: Tasarım Kuram Eleştiri Dergisi, 3, 4-5.
- Tong, H., Türel, A., Şenkal, H., Ergun, S. F. Y., Güzelci, O. Z., & Alaçam, S. (2023a). Can AI function as a new mode of sketching: A teaching experiment with freshmen. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 18(18), 234–248.
- Tong, H., Ülken, G., Türel, A., Şenkal, H., Ergün, F. Y., Güzelci, O. Z., & Alaçam, S. (2023b). An attempt to integrate AI-based techniques into first-year design representation courses. In K. Vaes & J. Verlinden (Eds.), Connectivity and creativity in times of conflicts. Cumulus Conference Proceedings (pp. 12-15). Anversa.
- URL-1: Retrieved 12.06.2024 from https://asd.sutd.edu.sg/programme/bachelor-of-science-architecture-and-sustainable-design/courses/20224-artificial-architectural-intelligences-in-design/
- URL-2: Retrieved 11.05.2024 from https://asd.sutd.edu.sg/programme/bachelor-of-science-architecture-and-sustainable-design/courses/20318-creative-machine-learning/
- URL-3: Retrieved 14.05.2024 from https://arch.usc.edu/courses/582-ai-in-sustainable-architecture-practice
- URL- 4: Retrieved 05.05.2024 from https://mmr.ieu.edu.tr/en/syllabus/type/read/id/ARCH+362
- URL-5: Retrieved 05.05.2024 from https://catalog.metu.edu.tr/course.php?prog=854&course_code=8540723
- URL-6: Retrieved 05.05.2024 from https://ninova.itu.edu.tr/en/courses/faculty-of-architecture/25368/mim-344/
- URL-7: Retrieved 05.05.2024 from https://mbl.itu.edu.tr/mbl-549e-special-topics-in-architectural-design-computing/
- URL-8: Retrieved 05.05.2024 from https://lee.itu.edu.tr/egitim/ders-katalog-formlari?code=MBL559E
- Ünlü, E., & Alaçam, S. (2021). Design to experiment—Experiment to design: Tool-(User, Breaker, Designer). In Formal Methods in Architecture: The 5th International Symposium on Formal Methods in Architecture (5FMA), Lisbon 2020 (pp. 19-27). Springer.
- Van Der Vlist, B., Van De Westelaken, R., Bartneck, C., Hu, J., Ahn, R., Barakova, E., & Feijs, L. (2008). Teaching machine learning to design students. In Technologies for E-Learning and Digital Entertainment: Third International Conference, Edutainment 2008, Nanjing, China, June 25-27 (pp. 206-217). Springer.
- Varinlioğlu, G., Halıcı, S., & Alaçam, S. (2015). Computational approaches for basic design education: Pedagogical notes based on an intense student workshop. In XIX Congresso da Sociedade Ibero Americana de Gráfica Digital 2015 (pp. 576-580).
- Varinlioğlu, G., Alaçam, S., Başarır, L., Genca, Ö., & Üçok, I. (2016a). Bilgisayar destekli teknik çizimde yeni yaklaşımlar: Temsil araçları arası dönüşüm. Yapı, (419), 137-141.
- Varinlioğlu, G., Halıcı, S. M., & Alaçam, S. (2016b). Computational thinking and the architectural curriculum: Simple to complex or complex to simple? In 34th eCAADe International Conference: Complexity and Simplicity, Vol. 1, Oulu School of Architecture, Finland, August 22-26, 2016 (pp. 253-259).
- Varinlioğlu, G., Başarır, L., Genca, O., & Vaizoğlu, Z. (2017). Challenges in raising digital awareness in architectural curriculum. In Computer-Aided Architectural Design. Future Trajectories: 17th International Conference, CAAD Futures 2017, Istanbul, Turkey, July 12-14, 2017, Selected Papers (pp. 136-150). Springer.
- Wing, J. (2006). Computational thinking. Communications of the ACM, 49(3), 33-35.
- Wojtowicz, J., Papazian, P., Fargas, J., Davidson, J. N., & Cheng, N. (1993). Asynchronous architecture. In F. Morgan & R. W. Pohlman (Eds.), Education and Practice: The Critical Interface, ACADIA’93 (pp. 107-117), USA.
- Wurzer, G., Alaçam, S., & Lorenz, W. (2011). How to teach architects (computer) programming. In Proceedings of the 29th eCAADe Conference (pp. 51-56).
- Zeytin, E., Kösenciğ, K. Ö., & Öner, D. (2024). The role of AI design assistance in the architectural design process: An empirical research with novice designers. Journal of Computational Design, 5(1), 1-30.