LUSITANIA BÖLGESİ’NDE ROMANİZASYON VE KENTSEL GELİŞİM

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 147 - 180, 24.12.2024

Yüksel Arslantaş , Ömer Faruk Arıcan

https://doi.org/10.62809/matbuat.1492408

Öz

Roma’nın Kartacalılar ile Iberia yarımadası üzerinde yaptıkları ve MÖ. 218-201 yıllarına tarihlenen II. Pön Savaşı neticesinde Kartaca, Iberia’daki üstünlüğünü Roma lehine kaybetmiştir. Romalılar yaklaşık MÖ. 206 yılında yarımadanın kıyı kesimlerini ele geçirmiş ve bölgeyi ilk olarak Hispania Ulterior ve Hispania Citerior olmak üzere iki eyalete ayırmışlardır. Iberia yarımadası, Roma’nın geç cumhuriyet döneminde siyasi olarak iç çalkantılarına tanık olmuştur. İmparator Augustus, Hispania Ulterior eyaletini Lusitania ve Baetica olarak ikiye bölmüştür. Augustus döneminde başlayan restorasyon ve yenilik çalışmaları imparatorluğun en parlak dönemini yaşadığı MS. II. yüzyıla kadar devam etmiştir.
Çalışmamızda Lusitania eyaletinin siyasi yaşantısından çok Roma nüfuzu altına girmesi incelenmiştir. Iberia yarımadasının tarihsel coğrafyası genel hatlarıyla ele alınmış, Demir Çağı’ndan başlayarak Roma öncesi bölge kentlerine ve kırsal yaşantılarına genel hatlarıyla değinilmiştir. Eyaletin iç yapılanması, toplulukların Roma yaşamına adaptasyonu ve Roma’nın bölge üzerindeki kentleşme çalışmaları incelenmeye çalışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Roma, Lusitania, Eyalet, Romanizasyon, Kentleşme

ROMANIZATION AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE LUSITANIA REGION

Öz

Following the Second Punic War between Rome and the Carthaginians on the Iberian peninsula, which dates back to 218-201 BC, Carthage lost its supremacy in Iberia in favor of Rome. The Romans captured the coastal parts of the peninsula around 206 BC and divided the region into two provinces, Hispania Ulterior and Hispania Citerior. The Iberian peninsula witnessed internal political turmoil during Rome's late republican period. Emperor Augustus divided the province of Hispania Ulterior into Lusitania and Baetica. The restoration and renovation efforts that began during the reign of Augustus continued until the second century AD, when the empire was in its greatest heyday.
This study focuses on the Roman penetration of the province of Lusitania rather than its political life. The historical geography of the Iberian peninsula has been discussed in general terms, and the pre-Roman cities and rural life of the region, starting from the Iron Age, have been mentioned in general terms. The internal structuring of the province, the adaptation of the communities to Roman life and Rome's urbanization efforts in the region are examined.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Rome, Lusitania, Province, Romanization, Urbanization

Kaynakça

• AGUILO, J. (1930), Excavaciones de las Cogotas, Cardenosa (Avila). I. El Castro, Memorias de la Junta Superior de Excavaciones Arqueologicas 110, Madrid.
• AGUILO, J. (1932), Excavaciones de las Cogotas, Cardenosa (Avila). II. La necropolis, Memorias de la Junta Superior de Excavaciones Arqueologicas 120, Madrid.
• ALARCAO, Jorge de (1982), “O teatro гomano de Olisipo”, El teatro en la Hispania romana (simposio, Merida 1980), ss. 286-316.
• ALARCAO, Jorge de (1983), Portugal Romano. Lisbon
• ALARCAO, Jorge de ve ETIENNE, Robert (1977), Fouilles de Conimbriga I, L’Architecture, Paris.
• ALARCAO, Jorge de, ETIENNE, R., MAYET, F., (1990), Les Villas romaines de São Cucufate (Portugal), Livraria Castro e Silva, Lisbon.
• ALARCAO, Jorge de. (1988), Roman Portugal: Volume 1: An Introduction, Oxford, Aris&Philips.
• ALMEIDA, C.A.F. de (1975), “Influenzas meridinais na cultura castreja”, XIII Congreso Nacional de Arqueologia Huelva 1973, Zaragoza, ss. 491-498.
• ALMEIDA, D.F. de (1977), “Civitas Igaeditanorum et Egitania: municipium romain, ville episcopale Wisigotique”, P.M. Duval ve E. Frezouls (ed), içinde, Themes de recherches sur les villes antiques d’Occident, Paris, ss.39-55
• ALONSO, M. del Pilar (1970), “Los relieves del templo de Marte en Merida”, Habis, C.1, ss. 181-197.
• AMARAL, A.E. (1983), “Consideraçoes preliminares acerca do Forum II de Bobadela”, Coimbra Munda, C.5, ss.3-14.
• AMAUD, J.M. ve GAMITO, T.J. (1974-77) “Ceramicas estampilhadas da idade do ferro do sul de Portugal, O Arqueólogo Português, C.3, S.7-9, ss. 165-202.
• AMO, M. del (1982), “El teatro romano de Medellin”, El teatro en la Hispania romana (simposio, Merida 1980), ss. 317-336.
• BASCH, M. Almagro (1966), Las estelas decoradas del suroeste peninsular, Bibliotheca Praehistorica Hispana VШ, Madrid.
• BEERS, W., CAEIRO, J., LEONARD Jr., A. ve SOREN, D. (1984), “Investigaçoes em Mirobriga (Santiago do Cacem), Portugal 1981”, Arquivo de Beja, C.3, S.1, ss. 107-114.
• BEIRAO, C. vd., (1985), “Deposito votivo da П idade do ferro de Gaгvao: noticia da primeiгa campanha de escavaçoes’, O Arqueólogo Português, C.4, S.3, ss. 45-136.
• BELLIDO, A. G. (1972-1974), “El tetrapylon de Caper a (Capera, Caceres)”, Archivo espanol de Arqueologia, C.45-47, ss. 45-90.
• BELTRAN, A. (1976), “Las monedas romanas de Merida: su interpretacion historica”, Augusta Emerita: actas del bimilenario de Merida, ss. 93-105.
• BLAZQUEZ, J.M. (1975), La Romanizacion. II. La sociedad y la economia en la Hispania romana, Ciclos y temas de la historia de Espana, Madrid.
• BRUNT, P.A. (1981), “The revenues of Rome”, Journal o f Roman Studies, C.71, ss. 161-72.
• BURKERT, W. (1985), Greek Religion, Oxford, Harvard University Press.
• BURUAGA, J.A. Saenz de (1982), “Qbseгvaciones sobre el teatro romano de Merida”, El Teatro en la Hispania romana (simposio, Merida 1980), ss. 303-316.
• DE’ENCARNAÇAO, J. (1975), Divindades indigenas sob o dominio romano em Portugal: subsidios para o seu estudo, Lisbon, Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda,
• DE’ENCARNAÇAO, J. (1984), Inscriçoes romanas do Conventus Pacensis: subsidios para o estudo daromanizaçao, Coimbra, Instituto de Arqueologia da Faculdade de Letras.
• DIDIERJEAN, F., NEY, C. ve PAILLET, J.L., (1986), Belo III. Le Macellum, Publ. de la Casa de Velazquez, serie archёologique, C. 5, Madrid.
• EDMONDSON Jonathan (1987), Two Industries in Roman Lusitania: Mining and Garum Production, B.A.R. International Series 362, Oxford.
• EDMONDSON Jonathan (2002), “Romanization and Urban Development in Lusitania”, Thomas Blagg ve Martin Millett (ed.), içinde, The Early Roman Empire in the West, Oxford, Oxbow Books (3.baskı), ss. 151-178.
• ERSKINE, Andrew (2010), Roman Imperialism, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press.
• ETIENNE, R. (1982), “Les senateurs originates de Lusitanie’ in Epigrafia e ordine senatorio”, Tituli, S.5, ss.521-29.
• FABRE, G. (1974), “A propos d’une inscription sur brique inedite de Conimbriga”, Actas do III Congreso Nacional de Arqueologia, ss.191-200.
• FEVRIER, P.A., LEVEAU, P. (1982), Villes et campagnes dans l’Empire romain: actes du colloque a Aix-en-Provence, Aix-en-Provence.
• FINLEY, Moses I. (1977), “The ancient city: from Fustel de Coulanges to Max Weber and beyond”, Comparative Studies in Society and History, C.19, S.3, ss. 305-327.
• FIRMAT, M. L. Albertos (1975), “Organizaciones suprafamiliares en la Hispania Antigua”, Boletín del Seminario de Estudios de Arte y Arqueología, ss. 5-66.
• FIRMAT, M. L. Albertos (1981), “Organizaciones suprafamiliares en la Hispania Antigua II”, Boletín del Seminario de Estudios de Arte y Arqueología, ss. 208-214.
• FREIJEIRO, A. (1981), “Cancho Roano: un monumento proto-histoгico en los confines de la Antigua Lusitania”, Boletin de la Real Academia de Historia, C.178, ss. 225-241.
• GALSTERER, H. (1971), Untersuchungen Zum Römischen Städtewesen Auf der Iberischen Halbinsel (Madrider Forschungen, Bd. 8), Berlin, Walter de Gruyter.
• GAMITO, T.J. (1982), “A idade do ferro no sul de Portugal: problemas e perspectives”, Arqueologia, C.6, ss. 65-78.
• GANZERT, J. ve KOCKEL, V. (1988), “Augustus forum und Mars-Ultor-Tempel”, W.D. Heilmeyer, E. la Rocca ve H.G. Martin (ed.), içinde, Kaiser Augustus und der verlorene Republik, Mainz, ss.149-199.
• GOMEZ, F., Fernandez (1986), Excavaciones arqueologicas en El Raso de Candeleda, Avila.
• GORBEA M. Almagro (1970), “Hallazgo de un kylix atico en Medellin (Badajoz)’, XI Congreso Nacional de Arqueologia, Merida 1968, Zaragoza, ss. 437-448.
• GORGES, Jean-Gérard (1982), “Centuriation et organisation du territoire: notes preliminaires sur l’exemple de Merida in Fevrier and Leveau 1982”, Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez, ss. 101-110.
• GORGES, Jean-Gérard (1986), “Prospections archéologiques autour d'Emerita Augusta. Soixante-dix sites ruraux en quête de signification”, Revue des Études Anciennes, ss. 215-236.
• GOUDINEAU, C. (1979), Les fouilles de la Maison au Dauphin: recherches sur la romanisation de Vaison-la-Romaine, (Gallia, Suppl. XXXVП), Paris.
• GRAINGER, Sally (2018), “Garum and Liquamen, What's in a Name?”, Journal of Maritime Archaeology, C.13, S.3, ss.247-261.
• HARRISON, R. J. (1988), Spain at the Dawn o f History: Iberians, Phoenicians and Greeks, London.
• HAUSCHILD, T. (1982), “Zuг Typologie der romischen Tempel auf den iberischen Halbinsel: peripterale Anlagen in Barcelona, Merida und Evora”, Homenaje a Saenz de Buruaga, ss. 145-156.
• HERVAS, J.M. Roldan (1968-69), “Fuentes antiguas para el estudio de los Vettones”, Zephyrus, C.19-20, ss. 73-106.
• KALB, P. ve HÖCK, M. (1984), “Moron- historisch und archaologisch”, Madrider Mitteilungen, C.25, ss. 92-102.
• KIENAST, D. (1982), Augustus: Prinzeps und Monark, Darmstadt.
• MAIA, M. (1980), “Povos do sul de Portugal nas fontes classicas”- Celtici e Turduli”, Clio, C.2, ss. 67-70.
• MARQUES, A.H. (1978), Introduçao a historia de agricultura em Portugal: a questao cerealifera durante a Idade Media, Lisbon.
• MARTINEZ, J.M. (1976), “El templo de Diana”, Augusta Emerita: actas del bimilenario de Merida, ss. 43-53.
• MARTINEZ, J.M. (1983), El puente romana de Merida :Monografias Emeritenses 1, Badajoz.
• MARTINEZ, J.M. (1985), “Excavaciones en Augusta Emerita”, Arqueologia de las ciudades modernas superpuestas a las antiguas Zaragoza 1983, ss. 35-53.
• MARTINEZ, J.M. (1986), “Epoca romana”, M. Terron Albarгan (ed.), içinde, Historia de la Baja Extremadura, Badajoz, Part II.
• MARTINEZ, J.M. ve PINTIADO, J.A. (1982), “El puente romano de Aljucen”, Homenaje a D. J. Canovas Pesini, ss. 95-100.
• MATTINGLY, David J. (2013), Imperialism, Power, and Identity: Experiencing the Roman Empire, Princeton, Princeton University Press.
• MELENO, R. Lopez, ABAL, S., LUIS, J., ve S. G., JIMENEZ (1984), “El bronce de Alcantara. Una deditio del 104 AC.”, Gerion, C.2, ss. 265-323.
• MENAUT, G. (1984), “La formacion historica de los pueblos del norte de Hispania. El caso de Gallaecia como paradigma”, Veleia, C.1, ss. 271-287.
• MONTEAGUDO, Lopez G. (1982) “Las esculturas zoomorfas ‘Celticas’ de la peninsula iberica y sus paralelos polacos”, Archivo espanol de Arqueologia, C.55, ss. 3-30.
• MORAN, P. (1924-25), “Excavaciones en el Cerro de Berrueco”, Memorias de la Junta Superior de Excavaciones Arqueologicas 65, Madrid.
• MOTES, J. (1983), El sanctuario protohistorico de Zalamea de la Serena, Badajoz. II. 1981-82, Programa de investigaciones protohistoricas 5, Barcelona.
• MOTES, J. Maluquer de (1951), “De la Salamanca primitiva”, Zephyrus, C.2, ss.61-72.
• MOTES, J. Maluquer de (1956), Carta arqueologica de Espana: Salamanca, Salamanca.
• NOSTRAND, J. James van (1922), The Reorganization of Spain by Augustus, Berkeley, University of California Press.
• PEREIRA, M.A. (1970), Monumentos historicos do concelho de Maçao, Maçao.
• PIDAL, J.R. (1957), “Restitucion del texto y dimensiones de las inscripciones historicas del anfiteatro de Merida”, Archivo espanol de Arqueologia, C.30, ss. 205-217.
• PINEL, C. (1981), “El yacimiento tardorromano de ‘El Soto’, Calvarrasa de Abajo (Salamanca)”, Zephyrus, C.32-33, ss. 217-225.
• REVELL, Louise (2009), Roman imperialism and local identities. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
• RICHARDSON, J.S. (1986), Hispaniae: Spain and the development o f Roman Imperialism 218-82 BC, Cambridge.
• ROCHA, A. dos Santos (1905-1908), “Estaçoes preromanas da idade do ferro nas vizinhanças da Figueiгa da Foz em Portugal”, Portugalia, C.2, S.3, ss. 301-359.
• ROGERS, Guy M. (2012), The Mysteries of Artemis of Ephesos, Oxford, Yale University Press.
• SANCHEZ, V. Soria (1985) “Descubrimientos arqueologicos en Extremadura”, XVII Congreso Nacional de Arqueologia Logrono 1983, Zaragoza, ss. 483-499.
• SILVA, Tavares da C. (1980) “Contribuiçao para o estudo da cultura castreja na Beira Alta”, Actas do Seminario de Arqueologia do noroeste peninsular, C.2, ss. 171-181.
• SILVA, Tavares da C.vd., (1980-1981), “Escavaçoes arqueologicas no Castelo de Alcacer do Sal (campanha de 1979)”, Setubal Arqueologica, C.6-7, ss.149-218.
• SLADE, K.W., Biers, W.R., Biers, J.C. ve Soren, D. (1983), “Mirobriga: the 1983 season”, Muse, C.17, ss. 38-63.
• SQUARCIAPINO, M.F. (1976), Ipotesi di lavoro sul gruppo di scultuгe da Pan Caliente”, Augusta Emerita: actas del bimilenario de Merida, ss.55-62.
• TOVAR, A. (1966-1967), “L’inscription du Cabeço das Fraguas et la langue des Lusitaniens”, Etudes Celtiques, C.11, ss. 237-268.
• TRANOY, A. (1981), La Galice romaine: recherches sur le nord-ouest de la peninsule iberique dans l’antiquite, Publ. du Centre Pierre, Paris.
• TRILLMICH, W. (1986), “Ein historisches Relief in Merida mit Darstellung des M. Agrippa beim Opfer: ein Rekonstruktionsversuch”, Madrider Mitteilungen, C.27, ss. 279-304.
• UNTERMANN, J. (1980), “Hispania”, G. Neumann ve J. Untermann (ed.), içinde, Die Sprachen im römischen Reich der Kaiserzeit, Bonn, 1-17.
• VAZ, J.L. (1979), “Termino augustal de Goujoim (Armamar)”, Conimbriga, C.18, ss.133-138.
• VIVES, A. Escudero (1924), La moneda Hispanica Ш, Madrid.