New strategies in combating antimicrobial resistance: Antibacterial potential of imidazole-containing molecules

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 3, 496 - 510, 20.12.2024

Samet Poyraz

Öz

Diseases are treated with pharmaceuticals derived from both natural and synthetic sources, with synthetic formulations predominating. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics in treating microorganisms responsible for infectious diseases has resulted in the emergence of novel resistance mechanisms including multidrug-resistant bacteria. The World Health Organization identifies antimicrobial resistance as one of the most critical health challenges currently and in the foreseeable future. To resolve this issue, it is essential to identify novel medication candidates with diverse antibacterial modes of action. Therefore, it is essential to develop and promote novel drug candidates containing the imidazole ring, a five-membered heterocyclic structure featuring one or more nitrogen atoms, alongside various heterocycles recognized for their notable antibacterial efficacy. In recent years, researchers have designed and synthesized molecules containing imidazole rings and significant heterocyclic structures, examining their antibacterial efficacy against diverse Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria that have acquired resistance to current pharmaceuticals. This study evaluates the factors contributing to antimicrobial resistance, the function of heterocyclic compounds in combating this resistance, and the antibacterial properties of imidazole ring-containing molecules synthesized in the past five years (2020-2024).

Anahtar Kelimeler

Antimicrobial resistance, antibacterial, heterocyclic compounds, imidazole derivatives

Antimikrobiyal dirençle mücadelede yeni stratejiler: İmidazol içeren moleküllerin antibakteriyel potansiyeli

Öz

Hastalıklar hem doğal hem de sentetik kaynaklı ilaçlarla tedavi edilirken tedavilerde kullanılan ilaçların büyük çoğunluğunu sentetik ilaç formülasyonları oluşturmaktadır. Enfeksiyon hastalıklarına neden olan mikroorganizmaların tedavisinde antibiyotiklerin bilinçsizce kullanılması, çoklu ilaca dirençli bakteriler de dahil olmak üzere yeni direnç mekanizmalarının ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü’ne göre günümüzde ve yakın gelecekte karşılaşılabilecek en ciddi sağlık sorunlarından biri de antimikrobiyal dirençtir. Bu sorunun bertaraf edilebilmesi için farklı antimikrobiyal etki mekanizmalarına sahip yeni ilaç adaylarının keşfedilmesi önem arz etmektedir. Bu yüzden, önemli antibakteriyel özellikleriyle bilinen farklı heterosikliklerin yanısıra önemli antibakteriyel etkileri olan ve yapısında bir ya da daha fazla azot atomu bulunan beş üyeli heterosiklik yapılardan olan imidazol halkasını taşıyan yeni ilaç adaylarının geliştirilmesi ve pazarlanması önemlidir. Araştırmacılar, son yıllarda yapısında imidazol halkası ve önemli heterosiklik yapılar taşıyan bileşikler tasarlayıp sentezlemiş ve bunların antibakteriyel etkilerini mevcut ilaçlara karşı direnç geliştirmiş olan çeşitli Gram negatif ve Gram pozitif bakterilere karşı araştırmıştır. Bu çalışmada, antimikrobiyal dirence neden olan faktörler, heterosiklik bileşiklerin bu direnci ortadan kaldırmadaki rolü ve son beş yılda (2020-2024) sentezlenen imidazol halkası içeren moleküllerin antibakteriyel aktiviteleri değerlendirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Antimikrobiyal direnç, antibakteriyel, heterosiklik bileşikler, imidazole türevleri

Kaynakça

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