KÜRESEL FİNANSAL KRİZİN ETKİSİNE YENİDEN BAKIŞ: FİNANSAL VE TİCARİ BAĞLANTILAR
Year 2025,
Volume: 52 Issue: 2, 403 - 420, 30.12.2025
Erdal Özmen
,
Fatma Taşdemir
Abstract
Biz bu çalışmamızda 2008-2009 küresel finansal krizi sırasında yükselen piyasa ve gelişmekte olan ekonomilerin büyüme performansını belirleyen temel faktörleri araştırıyoruz. Bu faktörleri araştırmada, finansal ve ticaret kanallarını ele alıyoruz ve özellikle finansal kanala odaklanıyoruz. Sonuçlarımız, kriz öncesi rezerv seviyeleri, kısa vadeli borç, kredi büyümesi, finansal derinlik, cari açık, de jure ve de facto finansal açıklık, ticaret açıklığı ile imalat ve hizmet sektörlerinin GSYİH içindeki paylarının büyüme çöküşünü açıklamada teorik beklentilerle uyumlu şekilde anlamlı olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca, sonuçlarımız finansal kanal değişkenlerinin etkilerinin de facto döviz kuru rejimlerine bağlı olarak değişim sergilediğini göstermektedir.
References
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References
AIZENMAN, J., CHEUNG, Y.W. and ITO, H. (2015), “International Reserves Before and After the Global Crisis: Is There No End to Hoarding?”, Journal of International Money and Finance, 52, 102–126.
-
AIZENMAN, J., HO, S.H., HUYNH, L.D.T., SAADAOUI, J. and UDDIN, G.S. (2024), “Real Exchange Rate and International Reserves in The Era of Financial Integration”. Journal of International Money and Finance,141, 103014.
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ALLEGRET J.P. and ALLEGRET A. (2019), “Did Foreign Exchange Holding Influence Growth Performance During the Global Financial Crisis?”,The World Economy, 42 (3), 680-710.
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BENIGNO, G., FORNARO, L. and WOLF, M. (2022), “Reserve Accumulation,Growth and Financial Crises”, Journal of International Economics, 139, 103660.
-
BERGIN, P.R., CHOI, W.J. and PYUN, J.H. (2023), “Catching Up By ‘Deglobalizing’: Capital Account Policy and Economic Growth”, Journal of International Money and Finance, 138, 102920.
-
BERKMEN, S.P., GELOS, G., RENNHACK, R. and WALSH, J.P. (2012), “The global financial crisis: Explaining cross-country differences in the output impact”, Journal of International Money and Finance, 31 (1), 42–59.
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BLANCHARD, O., FARUQEE, H., DAS, M., FORBES, K.J. and TESAR, L.L. (2010), “The Initial Impact of The Crisis on Emerging Market Countries”, Brookings papers on economic activity, 263-307.
-
BUSSIÈRE, M., CHENG, G., CHINN, M.D. and LISACK, N. (2015), “For a Few Dollars More: Reserves and Growth in Times of Crises”, Journal of International Money and Finance 52, 127–145.
-
CALVO, G., IZQUIERDO, A. and LOO-KUNG, R. (2013), “Optimal Holdings of International Reserves: Self Insurance Against Sudden Stops”, Monetaria, 1 (1), 1–35.
-
CALVO, G.A. and REINHART, C.M. (2002), “Fear of Floating”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117 (2), 379-408.
-
CECCHETTI, S.G., KING, M.R. and YETMAN, J. (2013), “Weathering the Financial Crisis: Policy Decisions or Luck?”, BIS Working Paper 351.
-
CHEN, H-Y., SHENG-SYAN CHEN, S.S. and CHANG, C-C. (2024), “How Do Institutions Affect Output Recovery After Financial Crises?”, Journal of International Money and Finance, 146, 103-120.
-
CHINN, M.D. and ITO, H. (2006), “What Matters for Financial Development? Capital Controls, Institutions, and Interactions”, Journal of Development Economics, 81 (1), 163-192.
-
CHOI, W.J. and TAYLOR, A.M. (2022), “Precaution Versus Mercantilism: Reserve Accumulation, Capital Controls, and the Real Exchange Rate”, Journal of International Economics,139, 103649.
-
CLAESSENS, S., DELL’ARICCIA, G., IGAN, D. and LAEVEN, L. (2010), “Cross-Country Experiences and Policy Implications from the Global Financial Crisis”, Economic Policy, 25 (62), 267–293.
-
DE NICOLÒ, G. and JUVENAL, L. (2014), “Financial Integration, Globalization, and Real Activity”, Journal of Financial Stability,10, 65-75.
-
DEVEREUX, M.B. and YU, C. (2020), “International Financial Integration and Crisis Contagion”, The Review of Economic Studies, 87 (3), 1174-1212.
-
EDWARDS, S. (2011), “Exchange-Rate Policies in Emerging Countries: Eleven Empirical Regularities from Latin America and East Asia”, Open Economies Review, 22, 533-563.
-
EICHENGREEN, B., PARK, D. and SHIN, K. (2024), “Economic Resilience: Why Some Countries Recover More Robustly Than Others from Shocks”, Economic Modelling, 136, 106748.
-
ERDEM, F.P. and ÖZMEN, E. (2015), “Exchange Rate Regimes and Business Cycles: An Empirical Investigation”, Open Economies Review, 26, 1041-1058.
-
FRANKEL, J.A. and SARAVELOS, G. (2012), “Can Leading Indicators Assess Country Vulnerability? Evidence from the 2008–09 Global Financial Crisis”, Journal of International Economics. 87 (2), 216–231.
-
HAUSMANN-GUIL, G., VAN WINCOOP, E. and ZHANG, G. (2016), “The Great Recession: Divide Between Integrated and Less Integrated Countries”, IMF Economic Review, 64 (1), 134-176.
-
ILZETZKI, E., REINHART, C. and ROGOFF, K. (2019), “Exchange Arrangements Entering The 21st Century: Which Anchor Will Hold?”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 134 (2), 599–646.
-
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF). (2013), “Dancing Together? Spillovers, Common Shocks, and the Role of Financial and Trade Linkages”, World Economic Outlook, IMF, 81-111.
-
JEANNE, O. and RANCIÈRE, R. (2011), “The Optimal Level of International Reserves for Emerging Market Countries: A New Formula and Some Applications”,The Economic Journal, 121 (155), 905-930.
-
KALDOR, N. (1966), “Causes of the Slow Rate of Economic Growth of the United Kingdom”, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
-
KIM, K. and PYUN, J.H. (2018), “Exchange Rate Regimes and theInternational Transmission of Business Cycles: Capital AccountOpenness Matters”, Journal of International Money and Finance, 44–61.
-
KOSE, M.A. and OHNSORGE, F. (2021), “A Decade After the Global Recession: Lessons and Challenges for Emerging and Developing Economies”, Washington DC: World Bank.
-
KOSE, M.A. and TERRONES, M.E. (2015), “Collapse and Revival: Understanding Global Recessions and Recoveries”, Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.
-
KOSE, M.A., PRASAD, E., ROGOFF, K. and WEI, S-J. (2009), “Financial Globalization: A Reappraisal”, IMF Staff Papers, 56 (1), 8-62.
-
LANE, P.R. and MILESI-FERRETTI, G.M. (2011), “The Cross-Country Incidence of the Global Crisis”, IMF Economic Review, 59 (1), 77–110.
-
LEVY, D., MAYER, T. and RAVIV, A. (2022), “Economists in the 2008 Financial Crisis: Slow to See, Fast to Act”, Journal of Financial Stability, 60, 100986.
-
MARCHIONNE, F., PISICOLI, B. and FRATIANNI, M. (2022), “Regulation, Financial Crises, and Liberalization Traps”, Journal of Financial Stability, 63,101060.
-
MATHONNAT, C., MINEA, A. and VOIA, M. (2022), “Does More Finance Lead to Longer Crises?”, The World Economy, 45 (1), 111-135.
-
MIHAILOV, A. and NASIR, H. (2022), “Sudden Stops, Productivity and the Optimal Level of International Reserves for Small Open Economies”, Open Economies Review, 33, 825-851.
-
OZKAN, G.F. and UNSAL, F.D. (2017), “It Is Not Your Fault, But It Is Your Problem: Global Financial Crisis and Emerging Markets”, OxfordEconomic Papers, 69 (3), 591-611.
-
ÖZMEN, E. and YAŞAR, Ö.D. (2016), “Emerging Markets Sovereign Bond Spreads, Credit Ratings and Global Financial Crisis”, Economic Modelling, 59, 93-101.
-
RODRIK, D. (2006), “The Social Cost of Foreign Exchange Reserves”, International Economic Journal, 20 (3), 253-266.
-
ROSE, A. and SPIEGEL, M. (2011), “Cross-Country Causes and Consequences of The Crisis: An Update”, European Economic Review, 55 (3), 309–24.
-
SUFI, A. and TAYLOR, A.M. (2021), “Financial Crises: A Survey”, NBER Working Paper No. w29155.
-
SVIRYDZENKA, K. (2016), “Introducing A New Broad-Based Index ofFinancial Development”, IMF Working Paper No. WP/16/5.
The incidence of the global financial crisis revisited: Financial and trade linkages
Year 2025,
Volume: 52 Issue: 2, 403 - 420, 30.12.2025
Erdal Özmen
,
Fatma Taşdemir
Abstract
We investigate the main determinants of growth performance of emerging market and developing economies during the global financial crisis of 2008-2009. We consider financial and trade channels with a focus on the former. Our results suggest that pre-crisis levels of reserves, short-term debt, credit growth, financial depth, current account deficits, de jure and de facto financial openness, trade openness and the shares of manufacturing and services in GDP are all significant with theory-consistent expected signs in explaining the growth collapse. We further find that the impacts of the financial channel variables vary with the prevailing de facto exchange rate regimes.
Ethical Statement
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Thanks
We kindly request that our article be considered for the special issue to be published in memory of Prof. Dr. Güzin Erlat.
References
-
References
AIZENMAN, J., CHEUNG, Y.W. and ITO, H. (2015), “International Reserves Before and After the Global Crisis: Is There No End to Hoarding?”, Journal of International Money and Finance, 52, 102–126.
-
AIZENMAN, J., HO, S.H., HUYNH, L.D.T., SAADAOUI, J. and UDDIN, G.S. (2024), “Real Exchange Rate and International Reserves in The Era of Financial Integration”. Journal of International Money and Finance,141, 103014.
-
ALLEGRET J.P. and ALLEGRET A. (2019), “Did Foreign Exchange Holding Influence Growth Performance During the Global Financial Crisis?”,The World Economy, 42 (3), 680-710.
-
BENIGNO, G., FORNARO, L. and WOLF, M. (2022), “Reserve Accumulation,Growth and Financial Crises”, Journal of International Economics, 139, 103660.
-
BERGIN, P.R., CHOI, W.J. and PYUN, J.H. (2023), “Catching Up By ‘Deglobalizing’: Capital Account Policy and Economic Growth”, Journal of International Money and Finance, 138, 102920.
-
BERKMEN, S.P., GELOS, G., RENNHACK, R. and WALSH, J.P. (2012), “The global financial crisis: Explaining cross-country differences in the output impact”, Journal of International Money and Finance, 31 (1), 42–59.
-
BLANCHARD, O., FARUQEE, H., DAS, M., FORBES, K.J. and TESAR, L.L. (2010), “The Initial Impact of The Crisis on Emerging Market Countries”, Brookings papers on economic activity, 263-307.
-
BUSSIÈRE, M., CHENG, G., CHINN, M.D. and LISACK, N. (2015), “For a Few Dollars More: Reserves and Growth in Times of Crises”, Journal of International Money and Finance 52, 127–145.
-
CALVO, G., IZQUIERDO, A. and LOO-KUNG, R. (2013), “Optimal Holdings of International Reserves: Self Insurance Against Sudden Stops”, Monetaria, 1 (1), 1–35.
-
CALVO, G.A. and REINHART, C.M. (2002), “Fear of Floating”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117 (2), 379-408.
-
CECCHETTI, S.G., KING, M.R. and YETMAN, J. (2013), “Weathering the Financial Crisis: Policy Decisions or Luck?”, BIS Working Paper 351.
-
CHEN, H-Y., SHENG-SYAN CHEN, S.S. and CHANG, C-C. (2024), “How Do Institutions Affect Output Recovery After Financial Crises?”, Journal of International Money and Finance, 146, 103-120.
-
CHINN, M.D. and ITO, H. (2006), “What Matters for Financial Development? Capital Controls, Institutions, and Interactions”, Journal of Development Economics, 81 (1), 163-192.
-
CHOI, W.J. and TAYLOR, A.M. (2022), “Precaution Versus Mercantilism: Reserve Accumulation, Capital Controls, and the Real Exchange Rate”, Journal of International Economics,139, 103649.
-
CLAESSENS, S., DELL’ARICCIA, G., IGAN, D. and LAEVEN, L. (2010), “Cross-Country Experiences and Policy Implications from the Global Financial Crisis”, Economic Policy, 25 (62), 267–293.
-
DE NICOLÒ, G. and JUVENAL, L. (2014), “Financial Integration, Globalization, and Real Activity”, Journal of Financial Stability,10, 65-75.
-
DEVEREUX, M.B. and YU, C. (2020), “International Financial Integration and Crisis Contagion”, The Review of Economic Studies, 87 (3), 1174-1212.
-
EDWARDS, S. (2011), “Exchange-Rate Policies in Emerging Countries: Eleven Empirical Regularities from Latin America and East Asia”, Open Economies Review, 22, 533-563.
-
EICHENGREEN, B., PARK, D. and SHIN, K. (2024), “Economic Resilience: Why Some Countries Recover More Robustly Than Others from Shocks”, Economic Modelling, 136, 106748.
-
ERDEM, F.P. and ÖZMEN, E. (2015), “Exchange Rate Regimes and Business Cycles: An Empirical Investigation”, Open Economies Review, 26, 1041-1058.
-
FRANKEL, J.A. and SARAVELOS, G. (2012), “Can Leading Indicators Assess Country Vulnerability? Evidence from the 2008–09 Global Financial Crisis”, Journal of International Economics. 87 (2), 216–231.
-
HAUSMANN-GUIL, G., VAN WINCOOP, E. and ZHANG, G. (2016), “The Great Recession: Divide Between Integrated and Less Integrated Countries”, IMF Economic Review, 64 (1), 134-176.
-
ILZETZKI, E., REINHART, C. and ROGOFF, K. (2019), “Exchange Arrangements Entering The 21st Century: Which Anchor Will Hold?”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 134 (2), 599–646.
-
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF). (2013), “Dancing Together? Spillovers, Common Shocks, and the Role of Financial and Trade Linkages”, World Economic Outlook, IMF, 81-111.
-
JEANNE, O. and RANCIÈRE, R. (2011), “The Optimal Level of International Reserves for Emerging Market Countries: A New Formula and Some Applications”,The Economic Journal, 121 (155), 905-930.
-
KALDOR, N. (1966), “Causes of the Slow Rate of Economic Growth of the United Kingdom”, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
-
KIM, K. and PYUN, J.H. (2018), “Exchange Rate Regimes and theInternational Transmission of Business Cycles: Capital AccountOpenness Matters”, Journal of International Money and Finance, 44–61.
-
KOSE, M.A. and OHNSORGE, F. (2021), “A Decade After the Global Recession: Lessons and Challenges for Emerging and Developing Economies”, Washington DC: World Bank.
-
KOSE, M.A. and TERRONES, M.E. (2015), “Collapse and Revival: Understanding Global Recessions and Recoveries”, Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.
-
KOSE, M.A., PRASAD, E., ROGOFF, K. and WEI, S-J. (2009), “Financial Globalization: A Reappraisal”, IMF Staff Papers, 56 (1), 8-62.
-
LANE, P.R. and MILESI-FERRETTI, G.M. (2011), “The Cross-Country Incidence of the Global Crisis”, IMF Economic Review, 59 (1), 77–110.
-
LEVY, D., MAYER, T. and RAVIV, A. (2022), “Economists in the 2008 Financial Crisis: Slow to See, Fast to Act”, Journal of Financial Stability, 60, 100986.
-
MARCHIONNE, F., PISICOLI, B. and FRATIANNI, M. (2022), “Regulation, Financial Crises, and Liberalization Traps”, Journal of Financial Stability, 63,101060.
-
MATHONNAT, C., MINEA, A. and VOIA, M. (2022), “Does More Finance Lead to Longer Crises?”, The World Economy, 45 (1), 111-135.
-
MIHAILOV, A. and NASIR, H. (2022), “Sudden Stops, Productivity and the Optimal Level of International Reserves for Small Open Economies”, Open Economies Review, 33, 825-851.
-
OZKAN, G.F. and UNSAL, F.D. (2017), “It Is Not Your Fault, But It Is Your Problem: Global Financial Crisis and Emerging Markets”, OxfordEconomic Papers, 69 (3), 591-611.
-
ÖZMEN, E. and YAŞAR, Ö.D. (2016), “Emerging Markets Sovereign Bond Spreads, Credit Ratings and Global Financial Crisis”, Economic Modelling, 59, 93-101.
-
RODRIK, D. (2006), “The Social Cost of Foreign Exchange Reserves”, International Economic Journal, 20 (3), 253-266.
-
ROSE, A. and SPIEGEL, M. (2011), “Cross-Country Causes and Consequences of The Crisis: An Update”, European Economic Review, 55 (3), 309–24.
-
SUFI, A. and TAYLOR, A.M. (2021), “Financial Crises: A Survey”, NBER Working Paper No. w29155.
-
SVIRYDZENKA, K. (2016), “Introducing A New Broad-Based Index ofFinancial Development”, IMF Working Paper No. WP/16/5.